Metabolic engineering and pathway construction for biotechnological production of relevant polyhydroxyalkanoates in microorganisms

Biochemical Engineering Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 81-96

  Steinbüchel, Alexander ^a   Lütke Eversloh, Tina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biodegradable polymers; Bioplastics; Biopolymer production; Metabolic engineering; Microbial polyesters; Pathway construction; PHA; PHA synthase; PHB; Poly(3HB); Polyhydroxyalkanoates

Indexed keywords

BIOSYNTHESIS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; ENZYMES; GENES; MICROORGANISMS; POLYESTERS;

MATERIAL PROPERTIES;

BIOMATERIALS;

3 HYDROXYVALERIC ACID; 4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; POLYESTER; POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE SYNTHASE; POLYHYDROXYALKANOIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALERIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

BACILLUS; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCEDURES; CELL INCLUSION; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CYTOPLASM; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; EUKARYOTE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; MATERIALS TESTING; METABOLIC ENGINEERING; MICROORGANISM; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROKARYOTE; PROTEIN ENGINEERING; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; REVIEW; STRUCTURAL GENE; SYNTHESIS; WAUTERSIA EUTROPHA;

EUKARYOTA; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 4544314878     PISSN: 1369703X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-703X(03)00036-6     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. A. Steinbüchel, Perspectives for biotechnological production and utilization of biopolymers: metabolic engineering of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis pathways as a successful example, Macromol. Biosci. 1 (2001) 1-24.
2. A.J. Anderson, E.A. Dawes, Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates, Microbiol. Rev. 54 (1990) 450-472.
3. Y. Doi, Microbial Polyesters, first ed., VCH Publishers, New York, 1990.
4. J. Hocking, R.H. Marchessault, Biopolyesters, in: G.F.L. Griffin (Ed.), Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers, Chapman and Hall, London, 1994, pp. 48-96.
5. R.N. Reusch, Non-storage poly(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates (complexed PHAs) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 123-171.
6. A. Steinbüchel, H.E. Valentin, Diversity of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 128 (1995) 219-228.
7. T. Lütke-Eversloh, K. Bergander, H. Luftmann, A. Steinbüchel, Identification of a new class of biopolymer: bacterial synthesis of a sulfur-containing polymer with thioester linkages, Microbiol. UK 147 (2001) 11-19.
8. T Lütke-Eversloh, K. Bergander, H. Luftmann, A. Steinbüchel, Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-mercaptobutyrate) as a sulfur analogue to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), Biomacromolecules 2 (2001) 1061-1065.
9. T. Lütke-Eversloh, J. Kawada, R.H. Marchessault, A. Steinbüchel, Characterization of microbial polythioesters: physical properties of novel copolymers synthesized by Ralstonia eutropha, Biomacromolecules 3 (2002) 159-166.
10. H.M. Müller, D. Seebach, Poly(hydroxyfettsäureester), eine fünfte Klasse von physiologisch bedeutsamen organischen biopolymeren? Angew. Chem. 105 (1993) 483-509.
11. D. Jendrossek, A. Schirmer, H.G. Schlegel, Biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46 (1996) 451-463.
12. S.Y. Lee, S.J. Park, Fermentative production of SCL-PHAs, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 263-290.
13. R.A. Weusthuis, B. Kessler, M.P.M. Dielissen, B. Witholt, G. Eggink, Fermentative production of medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate), in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 291-316.
14. J. Asrar, K.J. Gruys, Biodegradable polymer (Biopol®), in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 53-90.
15. D. Byrom, Production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate: poly-β -hydroxyvalerate copolymers, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 103 (1992) 247-250.
16. S.F. Williams, D.P. Martin, Applications of PHAs in medicine and pharmacy, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 91-127.
17. A. Steinbüchel, New degradable resins, in: H.J. Rehm, G. Reed, A. Pühler, P. Stadler (Eds.), Biotechnology, second ed., Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 423-438.
18. G.W. Haywood, A.J. Anderson, E.A. Dawes, The importance of PHB-synthase substrate specificity in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 57 (1989) 1-6.
19. U. Pieper-Fürst, M.H. Madkour, F. Mayer, A. Steinbüchel, Purification and characterization of a 14-kilodalton protein that is bound to the surface of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules in Rhodococcus ruber, J. Bacteriol. 176 (1994) 4328-4337.
20. A. Steinbüchel, K. Aerts, W. Babel, C. Föllner, M. Liebergesell, M.H. Madkour, F. Mayer, U. Pieper-Fürst, A. Pries, H.E. Valentin, R. Wieczorek, Considerations of the structure and biochemistry of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acid inclusions, Can. J. Microbiol. 41 (Suppl. 1) (1995) 94-105.
21. A. Maehara, Y. Doi, Z. Nishiyama, Y. Takagi, S. Ueda, H. Nakano, T. Yamane, PhaR: a protein of unknown function conserved among short-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoic acids producing bacteria, is a DNA-binding protein and represses Paracoccus denitrificans phaP expression in vitro, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 200 (2001) 9-15.
22. G.M. York, J. Stubbe, A.J. Sinskey, The Ralstonia eutropha PhaR protein couples synthesis of the PhaP phasin to the presence of polyhydroxybutyrate in cells and promotes polyhydroxybutyrate production, J. Bacteriol. 184 (2002) 59-66.
23. M. Pötter, M.H. Madkour, F. Mayer, A. Steinbüchel, Regulation of phasin expression and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granule formation in Ralstonia eutropha H16, Microbiol. UK 148 (2002) 2405-2412.
24. R.H. Marchessault, K. Okamura, C.J. Su, Macromolecules 3 (1970) 735-740.
25. B.H.A. Rehm, A. Steinbüchel, Biochemical and genetic analysis of PHA synthases and other proteins required for PHA synthesis, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 25 (1999) 3-19.
26. A. Steinbüchel, S. Hein, Biochemical and molecular basis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids in microorganisms, in: A. Steinbüchel, W. Babel (Eds.), Biopolyesters, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 71 (2001) 81-123.
27. B.H.A. Rehm, A. Steinbüchel, PHA synthases: the key enzymes of PHA synthesis, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 173-215.
28. G.J. McCool, M.C. Cannon, PhaC and PhaR are required for polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthase activity in Bacillus megaterium, J. Bacteriol. 183 (2001) 4235-4243.
29. S. Kalousek, D. Dennis, W. Lubitz, Genetic engineering of PHB synthase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103 (1992) 426-427.
30. T.U. Gerngross, K.D. Snell, O.P. Peoples, A.J. Sinskey, E. Csuhai, S. Masamune, J. Stubbe, Overexpression and purification of the soluble polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Alcaligenes eutrophus: evidence for a required post-translational modification for catalytic activity, Biochemistry 33 (1994) 9311-9320.
31. A. Hoppensack, B.H.A. Rehm, A. Steinbüchel, Analysis of 4-phosphopantetheinylation of polyhydroxybutyrate synthase from Ralstonia eutropha: generation of β-alanine auxotrophic Tn5 mutants and cloning of the panD gene region, J. Bacteriol. 181 (1999) 1429-1435.
32. U. Müh, A.J. Sinskey, D.P. Kirby, W.S. Lane, J. Stubbe, PHA synthase from Chromatium vinosum: cysteine 149 is involved in covalent catalysis, Biochemistry 38 (1999) 826-837.
33. S. Taguchi, A. Maehara, K. Takase, M. Nakahara, A. Nakamura, Y. Doi, Analysis of mutational effects of a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) polymerase on bacterial PHB accumulation using an in vivo assay system, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 198 (2001) 65-71.
34. Y. Jia, W. Yuan, J. Wodzinska, C. Park, A.J. Sinskey, J. Stubbe, Mechanistic studies on class I polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase from Ralstonia eutropha: classes I and III synthases share a similar catalytic mechanism, Biochemistry 40 (2001) 1011-1019.
35. Y. Jia, T.J. Kappock, T. Frick, A.J. Sinskey, J. Stubbe, Lipases provide a new mechanistic model for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthases: characterization of the functional residues in Chromatium vinosum PHB synthase, Biochemistry 39 (2000) 3927-3936.
36. A.A. Amara, A. Steinbüchel, B.H.A. Rehm, In vivo evolution of the Aeromonas punctata polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase: isolation and characterization of modified PHA synthase with enhanced activity, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59 (2002) 477-482.
37. T. Kichise, S. Taguchi, Y. Doi, Enhanced accumulation and changed monomer composition in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolyester by in vitro evolution of Aeromonas caviae PHA synthase, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (2002) 2411-2419.
38. D.K.Y. Solaiman, R.D. Ashby, T.A. Foglia, Synthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) by Escherichia coli expressing mutated and chimeric PHA synthase genes, Biotechnol. Lett. 24 (2002) 1011-1016.
39. K. Taguchi, S. Taguchi, K. Sudesh, A. Maehara, T. Tsuge, Y. Doi, Metabolic pathways and engineering of PHA biosynthesis, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbachel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 217-247.
40. 2, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57 (1991) 6-12.
41. M. Miyake, K. Takase, M. Narato, E. Khatipov, J. Schnackenberg, M. Shirai, R. Kurane, Y. Asada, Polyhydroxybutyrate production from carbon dioxide by cyanobacteria, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 84 (2000) 991-1002.
42. Y. Poirier, D.E. Dennis, K. Klomparens, C. Sommerville, Polyhydroxybutyrate: biodegradable thermoplastic, produced in transgenic plants, Science 256 (1992) 520-523.
43. Poirier, Y., Gruys, K.J., Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in transgenic plants, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 401-435.
44. K.D. Snell, O. Peoples, Polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers and their production in transgenic plants, Metabol. Eng. 4 (2002) 29-40.
45. L. Rohlin, M.K. Oh, J.C. Liao, Microbial pathway engineering for industrial processes: evolution, combinatorial biosynthesis and rational design, Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 4 (2001) 330-335.
46. G.M. York, B.H. Junker, J. Stubbe, A.J. Sinskey, Accumulation of the PhaP phasin of Ralstonia eutropha is dependent on production of polyhydroxybutyrate in cells, J. Bacteriol. 183 (2001) 4217-4226.
47. A. Steinbüchel, B. Füchtenbusch, Bacterial and other biological systems for polyester production, Trends Biotechnol. 16 (1998) 419-427.
48. S.Y. Lee, S.H. Hong, S.J. Park, R. van Wegen, A.P.J. Middelberg, Metabolic flux analysis of the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 249-261.
49. R. Carlson, D. Fell, F. Srienc, Metabolic pathway analysis of a recombinant yeast for rational strain development, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 79 (2002) 121-134.
50. S. Kobayashi, H. Uyama, Enzymatic polymerization to polyesters, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 373-400.
51. S. Zhang, R.W. Lenz, S. Goodwin, In vitro biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 353-372.
52. R. Jossek, A. Steinbüchel, In vitro synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by using an enzymatic coenzyme A recycling system, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 168 (1998) 319-324.
53. S.-J. Liu, A. Steinbüchel, A novel genetically engineered pathway for synthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acids) in Escherichia coli, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 739-743.
54. S. Slater, K.L. Houmiel, M. Tran, T.A. Mitsky, N.B. Taylor, S.R. Padgette, K.J. Gruys, Multiple β-ketothiolaes mediate poly(β -hydroxyalkanoate) copolymer synthesis in Ralstonia eutropha, J. Bacteriol. 180 (1998) 1979-1987.
55. P.A. Holmes, L.F. Wright, S.H. Collins, Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 052.459 (1981).
56. S. Textor, V.F. Wendisch, A.A. De Graaf, U. Müller, M.I. Linder, W. Buckel, Propionate oxidation in Escherichia coli: evidence for operation of a methylcitrate cycle in bacteria, Arch. Microbiol. 168 (1997) 428-436.
57. R.V. Noanto, P.E. Mantelatto, C.E.V. Rossell, Integrated production of biodegradable plastic, sugar and ethanol, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57 (2001) 1-5.
58. C.O. Brämer, L.F. Silva, J.G.C. Gomez, H. Priefert, A. Steinbüchel, Identification of the 2-methylcitrate pathway involved in the catabolism of propionate in the polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing strain Burkholderia sacchari IPT101(T) and analysis of a mutant accumulating a copolyester with higher 3-hydroxyvalerate content, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (2002) 271-279.
59. H.E. Valentin, T.A. Mitsky, D.A. Mahadeo, M. Tran, K.J. Gruys, Application of a propionyl coenzyme A synthetase for poly(3-hydroxypropionate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate) accumulation in recombinant Escherichia coli, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 5253-5258.
60. H. Priefert, A. Steinbüchel, Identification and molecular characterization of the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase gene (acoE) of Alcaligenes eutrophus, J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 6590-6599.
61. G. Schweiger, W. Buckel, On the dehydration of (R)-lactate in the fermentation of alanine to propionate by Clostridium propionicum, FEBS Lett. 171 (1984) 79-84.
62. H.E. Valentin, A. Steinbüchel, Application of enzymatically synthesized short-chain-length hydroxy fatty acid coenzyme A thioesters for assay of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthases, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40 (1994) 699-709.
63. S. Slater, T. Gallaher, D. Dennis, Production of poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58 (1992) 1089-1094.
64. H.G. Rhie, D. Dennis, Role of fadR and atoC (Con) mutations in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) synthesis in recombinant pha+ Escherichia coli, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1995) 2487-2492.
65. H.E. Valentin, A. Steinbüchel, Accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid-co-4-hydroxyvaleric acid) by mutants and recombinant strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 3 (1995) 169-175.
66. J.J. Bozell, L. Moens, D.C. Elliott, Y. Wang, G.G. Neuenscwander, S.W. Fitzpatrick, R.J. Bilski, J.L. Jarnefeld, Production of levulinic acid and use as a platform chemical for derived products, Res. Conserv. Recycl. 28 (2000) 227-239.
67. V. Gorenflo, G. Schmack, R. Vogel, A. Steinbüchel, Development of a process for the biotechnological large-scale production of 4-hydroxyvalerate-containing polyesters and characterization of their physical and mechanical properties, Biomacromolecules 2 (2001) 45-57.
68. C.O. Brämer, A. Steinbüchel, The methylcitric acid pathway in Ralstonia eutropha: new genes identified in propionate metabolism, Microbiol. UK 147 (2001) 2203-2214.
69. T. Yamane, X.-F. Chen, S. Ueda, Growth-associated production of poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) from n-pentanol by a methylotrophic bacterium, Paracoccus denitrificans, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 (1996) 380-384.
70. A. Steinbüchel, U. Pieper, Production of a copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyvaleric acid from single unrelated carbon sources by a mutant of Alcaligenes eutrophus, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37 (1992) 1-6.
71. S. Slater, T.A. Mitsky, K.L. Houmiel, M. Hao, S.E. Reiser, N.B. Taylor, M. Tran, H.E. Valentin, D.J. Rodriguez, D.A. Stone, S.R. Padgette, G. Kishore, K.J. Gruys, Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis and Brassica for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalterate) copolymer production, Nat. Biotechnol. 17 (1999) 1011-1016.
72. G. Haywood, A.J. Anderson, D.R. Williams, E.A. Dawes, D.F. Ewing, Accumulation of a poly(hydroxyalkanoate) copolymer containing primarily 3-hydroxyvalerate from simple carbohydrate substrates by Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 40126, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 13 (1991) 83-88.
73. A.J. Anderson, D.R. Williams, E.A. Dawes, D.F. Ewing, Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in Rhodococcus ruber, Can. J. Microbiol. 41 (Suppl. 1) (1995) 4-13.
74. H.M. Alvarez, R. Kalscheuer, A. Steinbüchel, Accumulation of storage lipids in species of Rhodococcus and Nocardia and effect of inhibitors and polyethylene glycol, Fett-Lipid 99 (1997) 239-246.
75. R. Williams, A.J. Anderson, E.A. Dawes, D.F. Ewing, Production of a co-polyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyvaleric acid from succinic acid by Rhodococcus rubber-biosynthetic considerations, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40 (1994) 717-723.
76. H.E. Valentin, D. Dennis, Metabolic pathway for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) formation in Nocardia corallina: inactivation of mutB by chromosomal integration of a kanamycin resistance gene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 (1996) 372-379.
77. I.S. Aldor, S.-W. Kim, K.L. Jones Prather, J.D. Keasling, Metabolic engineering of a novel propionate-independent pathway for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (2002) 3848-3854.
78. M.J. De Smet, G. Eggink, B. Witholt, J. Kingma, H. Wynberg, Characterization of intracellular inclusions formed by Pseudomonas oleovorans during growth on octane, J. Bacteriol. 154 (1983) 870-878.
79. G.W. Haywood, A.J. Anderson, D.F. Ewing, E.A. Dawes, Accumulation of a polyhydroxyalkanoate containing primarily 3-hydroxydecanoate from simple carbohydrate substrates by Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIMB 40135, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56 (1990) 3354-3359.
80. A. Timm, A. Steinbüchel, Formation of polyesters consisting of medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids from gluconate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other fluorescent pseudomonads, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56 (1990) 3360-3367.
81. G. Eggink, R.G. Lageveen, B. Altenburg, B. Witholt, Controlled and functional expression of the Pseudomonas oleovorans alkane utilizing system in Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 17712-17718.
82. O. Favre-Bulle, T. Schouten, J. Kingma, B. Witholt, Bioconversion of N-octane to octanoic acid by a recombinant Escherichia coli cultured in a two-liquid phase bioreactor, BioTechnology 9 (1991) 367-371.
83. G.W. Huisman, E. Wonink, R. Meima, B. Kazemier, P. Terpstra, B. Witholt, Metabolism of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) by Pseudomonas oleovorans, J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 2191-2198.
84. R.A. Gross, C. DeMello, R.W. Lenz, H. Brandl, R.C. Fuller, Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans, Macromolecules 22 (1989) 1106-1115.
85. R.D. Ashby, T.A. Foglia, Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis from triglyceride substrates, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49 (1998) 431-437.
86. S. Langenbach, B.H.A. Rehm, A. Steinbüchel, Functional expression of the PHA synthase gene PhaC1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Escherichia coli results in poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 150 (1997) 303-309.
87. Q.S. Qi, B.H.A. Rehm, A. Steinbüchel, Synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) in Escherichia coli expressing the PHA synthase gene phaC2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; comparison of PhaC1 and PhaC2, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 157 (1997) 155-162.
88. Q.S. Qi, A. Steinbüchel, B.H.A. Rehm, Metabolic routing towards polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthesis in recombinant Escherichia coli (fadR): inhibition of fatty acid beta-oxidation by acrylic acid, FEMS Microbiol, Lett. 167 (1998) 89-94.
89. M.A. Prieto, M.B. Kellerhals, G.B. Bozzato, D. Radnovic, B. Witholt, B. Kessler, Engineering of stable recombinant bacteria for production of chiral medium-chain-length poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999) 3265-3271.
90. T. Fukui, Y. Doi, Cloning and analysis of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) biosynthesis genes of Aeromonas caviae, J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 4821-4830.
91. T. Tsuge, T. Fukui, H. Matsusaki, S. Taguchi, G. Kobayashi, A. Ishizaki, Y. Doi, Molecular cloning of two (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their use for polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 184 (2000) 193-198.
92. K. Taguchi, Y. Aoyagi, H. Matsusaki, T. Fukui, Y. Doi, Co-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase genes induces PHA produces in Escherichia coli HB101 strain, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 176 (1999) 183-190.
93. Q. Ren, N. Sierro, B. Witholt, B. Kessler, FabG, an NADPH-dependent 3-ketoacyl reductase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, provides precursors for medium-chain-length poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 2978-2981.
94. Q. Ren, N. Sierro, M. Kellerhals, B. Kessler, B. Witholt, Properties of engineered poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates produced in recombinant Escherichia coli strains, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 1311-1320.
95. G.N.M. Huijberts, G. Eggink, P. De Waard, G.W. Huisman, B. Witholt, Pseudomonas putida KT2442 cultivated on glucose accumulates poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) consisting of saturated and unsaturated monomers, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58 (1992) 536-544.
96. G.N.M. Huijberts, T.C. De Rijk, P. De Waard, G. Eggink, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Pseudomonas putida fatty acid metabolic routes involved in poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis, J. Bacteriol. 176 (1994) 1661-1666.
97. B.H.A. Rehm, N. Krüger, A. Steinbüchel, A new metabolic link between fatty acid de novo synthesis and polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthesis-the phaG gene from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 encodes a 3-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein coenzyme A transferase, J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 24044-24051.
98. N. Hoffmann, A. Steinbüchel, B.H.A. Rehm, The Pseudomonas aeruginosa phaG gene product is involved in the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids consisting of medium-chain-length constituents from non-related carbon sources, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 184 (2000) 253-260.
99. K. Matsumoto, H. Matsusaki, S. Taguchi, M. Seki, Y. Doi, Cloning and characterization of the Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 phaG gene involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis, Biomacromolecules 2 (2001) 142-147.
100. N. Hoffmann, A. Steinbüchel, B.H.A. Rehm, Homologous functional expression of cryptic phaG from Pseudomonas oleovorans establishes the transacylase-mediated polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthetic pathway, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 54 (2000) 665-670.
101. S. Klinke, M. Dauner, G. Scott, B. Kessler, B. Witholt, Inactivation of isocitrate lyase leads to increased production of medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) in Pseudomonas putida, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 909-913.
102. S. Fiedler, A. Steinbüchel, B.H.A. Rehm, PhaG-mediated synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) consisting of medium-chain-length constituents form non-related carbon sources in recombinant Pseudomonas fragi, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 2117-2124.
103. B.H.A. Rehm, A. Steinbüchel, Heterologous expression of the acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase gene from the plant Umbellularia californica mediates polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis in recombinant Escherichia coli, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 55 (2001) 205-209.
104. S. Klinke, Q. Ren, B. Witholt, B. Kessler, Production of medium-chain-length poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) from gluconate by recombinant Escherichia coli, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999) 540-548.
105. V. Mittendorf, E.J. Robertson, R.M. Leech, N. Kruger, A. Steinbüchel, Y. Poirier, Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates in Arabidopsis thaliana using intermediates of peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 13397-13402.
106. Y. Poirier, N. Erard, J.M.C. Petetot, Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate in the peroxisome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using intermediates of fatty acid beta-oxidation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (2001) 5254-5260.
107. Y. Poirier, N. Erard, J.M.C. Petetot, Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate in the peroxisome of Pichia pastoris, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 207 (2002) 97-102.
108. Y. Saito, Y. Doi, Microbial synthesis and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in Comamonas acidovorans, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 16 (1994) 99-104.
109. K. Mukai, Y. Doi, Y. Sema, K. Tomita, Substrate specificities in hydrolysis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by microbial esterases, Biotechnol. Lett. 15 (1993) 601-604.
110. K.E. Jaeger, A. Steinbüchel, D. Jendrossek, Substrate specificities of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerases and lipases: bacterial lipases hydrolyse poly(ω-hydroxyalkanoates), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1995) 3113-3118.
111. M. Kunioka, Y. Nakamura, Y. Doi, New bacterial copolyesters produced in Alcaligenes eutrophus from organic acids, Polym. Commun. 29 (1988) 174-176.
112. Y. Doi, A. Segawa, M. Kunioka, Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in A. eutrophus, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 12 (1990) 1012-1106.
113. K. Sudesh, T. Fukui, K. Taguchi, T. Iwata, Y. Doi, Improved production of poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) by Comamonas acidovorans and its freeze-fracture morphology, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 25 (1999) 79-85.
114. M.H. Choi, S.C. Yoon, R.W. Lenz, Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) and poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) with subsequent degradation by Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (1999) 1570-1577.
115. S. Song, S. Hein, A. Steinbüchel, Cloning, nucleotide sequence and primary biochemical characterization of esterase EstA from Ralstonia eutropha CH34, Biotechnol. Lett. 22 (2000) 443-449.
116. H.E. Valentin, G. Zwingmann, A. Schönebaum, A. Steinbüchel, Metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) from 4-hydroxybutyrate by Alcaligenes eutrophus, Eur. J. Biochem. 227 (1995) 43-609.
117. T. Lütke-Eversloh, A. Steinbüchel, Biochemical and molecular characterization of a succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase involved in the catabolism of 4-hydroxybutyric acid in Ralstonia eutropha, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 181 (1999) 63-71.
118. S. Hein, B. Söhling, G. Gottschalk, A. Steinbüchel, Biosynthesis of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) by recombinant strains of Escherichia coli, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 153 (1997) 411-418.
119. S. Song, S. Hein, A. Steinbüchel, Production of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) by fed-batch cultures of recombinant strains of Escherichia coli, Biotechnol. Lett. 21 (1999) 193-197.
120. Y. Doi, A. Segawa, S. Nakamura, M. Kunioka, 1990. Production of biodegradable copolyesters by Alcaligenes eutrophus, in: E.A. Dawes (Ed.), Novel Biodegradable Microbial Polymers, Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, pp. 37-48.
121. S. Fetzner, Bacterial dehalogenation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 50 (1998) 633-657.
122. H.E. Valentin, D. Dennis, Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in recombinant Escherichia coli grown on glucose, J. Biotechnol. 58 (1997) 33-38.
123. H.E. Valentin, S. Reiser, K.J. Gruys, Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) formation from gamma-aminobutyrate and glutamate, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 67 (2000) 291-299.
124. W. Buckel, Unusual enzymes involved in five pathways of glutamate fermentation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57 (2001) 263-273.
125. A. Gerhardt, I. Cinkaya, D. Linder, G. Huisman, W. Buckel, Fermentation of 4-aminobutyrate by Clostridium aminobutyricum: cloning of two genes involved in the formation and dehydration of 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, Arch. Microbiol. 174 (2000) 189-199.
126. A. Timm, D. Byrom, A. Steinbüchel, Formation of blends of various poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acids) by a recombinant strain of Pseudomonas oleovorans, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33 (1990) 296-301.
127. H. Preusting, J. Kingma, G. Huisman, A. Steinbüchel, B. Witholt, Formation of polyester blends by a recombinant strain of Pseudomonas oleovorans: different poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) are stored in separate granules, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1 (1983) 45-53.
128. M. Liebergesell, F. Mayer, A. Steinbüchel, Analysis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid biosynthesis genes of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria reveals synthesis of a polyester exhibiting an unusual composition, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40 (1993) 292-300.
129. T. Fukui, Y. Doi, Cloning and analysis of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) biosynthesis genes of Aeromonas caviae, J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 4821-4830.
130. S.H. Lee, D.H. Oh, W.S. Ahn, Y. Lee, J. Choi, S.Y. Lee, Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by high-cell-density cultivation of Aeromonas hydrophila, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 67 (2000) 240-244.
131. M. Kato, H.J. Bao, C.K. Kang, T. Fukui, Y. Doi, Production of a novel copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids by Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 from sugars, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 45 (1996) 363-370.
132. P.R. Green, J. Kemper, L. Schechtman, L. Guo, M. Satkowski, S. Fiedler, A. Steinbüchel, B.H.A. Rehm, Formation of short chain length/medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers by fatty acid β-oxidation inhibited Ralstonia eutropha, BioMacromolecules 3 (2002) 208-213.
133. D. Dennis, M. McCoy, A. Stangl, H.E. Valentin, Z. Wu, Formation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha, J. Biotechnol. 64 (1998) 177-186.
134. R.V. Antonio, A. Steinbüchel, B.H.A. Rehm, Analysis of in vitro substrate specificity of the PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha: formation of novel copolyesters in recombinant Escherichia coli, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 182 (2000) 111-117.
135. G.Q. Chen, G. Zhang, S.J. Park, S.Y. Lee, Industrial scale production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57 (2001) 50-55.
136. S.Y. Lee, S.J. Park, Biosynthesis and fermentative production of SCL-MCL-PHAs, in: Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (Eds.), Biopolymers, vol. 3a, Wiley/VCH, Weinheim, 2002, pp. 317-336.
137. P. Dürre, New insights and novel developments in clostridial acetone/butanol/isopropanol fermentation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49 (1998) 639-648.
138. S.-J. Liu, A. Steinbüchel, Exploitation of butyrate kinase and phosphotransbutyrylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum for the in vitro biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53 (2000) 545-552.
139. H.-J. Gao, W.U. Qiong, G.-Q. Chen, Enhanced production of D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid by recombinant Escherichia coli, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 213 (2002) 59-65.
140. J. Choi, S.Y. Lee, Economic consideration in the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by bacterial fermentation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53 (2001) 646-649.