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Excess energy is quickly dissipated into the surrounding environment.
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This is true for the "Brownian ratchet" model, which most systems published so far are based on. Alternatively, the "power stroke" model is triggered by a conformational change induced by bonding or reaction of an energy-rich molecule, which results in movement of the motor.
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The direction of rotation in a three-dimensional world is always relative to a reference point. For instance, the turning of a spinning wheel appears to be clockwise or counterclockwise depending on whether the observer is in front or behind the wheel, even though the movement of the wheel is identical for both cases.
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The coupling of mutually controlled receptor sites leads to interesting molecular functions as shown by the following examples: a) conformation control using molecular switches:M. Karle, D. Bockelmann, D. Schumann, C. Griesinger, U. Koert, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 4684-4687; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4546-4549;
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The coupling of mutually controlled receptor sites leads to interesting molecular functions as shown by the following examples: a) conformation control using molecular switches:M. Karle, D. Bockelmann, D. Schumann, C. Griesinger, U. Koert, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 4684-4687; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4546-4549;
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