‘Ecstasy’ intoxication: Life-threatening manifestations and resuscitative measures in the intensive care setting

European Journal of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 309-313

  Ben Abraham, Ron ^a   Szold, Oded ^a   Rudick, Valery ^a   Weinbroum, Avi A ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

3; 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Ecstasy; Intensive care; Intoxication

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; PSYCHEDELIC AGENT; STREET DRUG;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; COMA; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; ISRAEL; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; RESUSCITATION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEIZURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COMA; FEMALE; HALLUCINOGENS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; ISRAEL; MALE; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; N-METHYL-3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE; RESUSCITATION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEIZURES; STREET DRUGS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 4544288384     PISSN: 09699546     EISSN: 14735695     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00063110-200312000-00013     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Henry JA, Jeffreys KJ, Dawling S. Toxicity and deaths from 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘ecstasy’). Lancet 1992; 40:384-387.
2. Gore SM. Fatal uncertainty: death-rate from use of ecstasy or heroin. Lancet 1999; 354:1265-1266.
3. Chadwick IS, Curry PD, Linsley A, Freemont AJ, Doran B. Ecstasy, 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a fatality associated with coagulopathy and hyperthermia. J Roy Soc Med 1991; 84:371.
4. Maxwell DL, Polkey MI, Henry JA. Hyponatremia and catatonic stupor after taking ‘ecstasy’. BMJ 1993; 307:1399.
5. Kollef MH, Wragge T, Pasque C. Determinants of mortality and multiorgan dysfunction in cardiac surgery patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Chest 1995; 107:1395-1401.
6. Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH. Cocaine and other stimulants. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:1173-1182.
7. Ginsberg MD, Hertzman M, Schmidt-Nowara WW. Amphetamine intoxication with coagulopathy, hyperthermia, and reversible renal failure. Syndrome resembling heatstroke. Ann Intern Med 1970; 73:81-85.
8. Logan AS, Stickle B, O’Keefe N, Hewitson H. Survival following ‘ecstasy’ ingestion with a peak temperature of 42 degrees C. Anaesthesia 1993; 48:1017-1018.
9. Tehan B, Hardern R, Bodenham A. Hyperthermia associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘eve’). Anaesthesia 1993; 48:507-510.
10. McCann U, Slate SO, Ricaurte GA. Adverse reaction with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy). Drug Safety 1996; 15:107-115.
11. Milroy CM, Clark JC, Forrest AR. Pathology of deaths associated with ‘ecstasy’ and ‘eve’ misuse. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:149-153.
12. Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Emergency department presentation of cocaine intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:182-186.
13. Steele TD, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 1994; 89:539-551.
14. Graeme KA. New drugs of abuse. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2000; 18:625-636.
15. Gudelsky GA, Yamamoto BK, Nash JF. Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 264:325-330.
16. Holmes SB, Banerjee AK, Alexander WD. Hyponatremia and seizure after ecstasy use. Postgrad Med J 1999; 75:32-33.
17. Satchell SC, Connaughton M. Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and extreme rise in serum creatine kinase following MDMA ingestion. Br J Hosp Med 1994; 51:495.
18. Morgan MJ. Memory deficits associated with recreational use of ‘ecstasy’ (MDMA). Psychopharmacology 1999; 141:30-36.
19. Morgan MJ. Recreational use of ‘ecstasy’ (MDMA) is associated with elevated impulsivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 19:252-264.
20. Parrott AC. Human research on MDMA (3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine) neurotoxicity: cognitive and behavioural indices of change. Neuropsychobiology 2000; 42:17-24.
21. Bolla KI, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA. Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA (‘ecstasy’) users. Neurology 1998; 51:1532-1537.
22. McCann UD, Szabo Z, Scheffel U, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA. Positron emission tomographic evidence of toxic effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on brain serotonin neurons in human beings. Lancet 1998; 352:1433-1437.
23. Bhattachary S, Powell JH. Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’: evidence for cognitive impairment. Psychol Med 2001; 31:647-658.
24. Dar KJ, McBrien ME. MDMA induced hyperthermia: report of a fatality and review of current therapy. Intens Care Med 1996; 22:995-996.
25. Siegel RK. MDMA: nonmedical use and intoxication. J Psychoactive Drugs 1986; 18:349-354.
26. Andreu V, Mas A, Bruguera M, Salmeron JM, Moreno V, Nogue S, et al. Ecstasy: a common cause of severe acute hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 1998; 29:394-397.
27. Watson JD, Ferguson C, Hinds CJ, Skinner R, Coakley JH. Exertional heat stroke induced by amphetamine analogues. Does dantrolene have a place? Anaesthesia 1993; 48:1057-1060.
28. Nestor TA, Tamamoto WI, Kam TH, Schultz T. Acute pulmonary edema caused by crystalline methamphetamine. Lancet 1989; 2:1277-1278.
29. Jones AL, Jarvie DR, McDermid G, Proudfoot AT. Hepatocellular damage following amphetamine intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994; 32:435-444.
30. Kloss MW, Rosen GM, Rauckman E J. Cocaine-mediated hepatotoxicity. A critical review. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33:169-173.
31. Kumagai Y, Lin LY, Hiratsuka A, Narimatsu S, Suzuki T, Yamada H, et al. Participation of cytochrome P450-2B and -2D isozymes in the demethylenation of methylenedioxymethamphetamine enantiomers by rats. Mol Pharmacol 1994; 45:359-365.
32. Sorkine P, Ben Abraham R, Szold O, Biderman P, Kidron A, Merchav H, et al. Role of molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic liver failure. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1332-1336.
33. Ellis AJ, Wendon JA, Portmann B, Williams R. Acute liver damage and ecstasy ingestion. Gut 1996; 38:454-458.