Social sciences and the evolving concept of corruption

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 13-24

  Génaux, Maryvonne ^a  

^a Foundation Thiers   (France)

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EID: 4544247261     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:CRIS.0000041034.66031.02     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. I thank Pr. Christian Gutleben for translating this text.
2. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3. The three editions of A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York, 1970; A.J. Heidenheimer M. Johnston and V.T. Levine, (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick, 1989 and A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, Third edition, New Brunswick, 2002 will be quoted as follows: Political Corruption, 1970, Political Corruption, 1989, Political Corruption, 2002.
3. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3. The three editions of A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York, 1970; A.J. Heidenheimer M. Johnston and V.T. Levine, (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick, 1989 and A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, Third edition, New Brunswick, 2002 will be quoted as follows: Political Corruption, 1970, Political Corruption, 1989, Political Corruption, 2002.
4. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3. The three editions of A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York, 1970; A.J. Heidenheimer M. Johnston and V.T. Levine, (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick, 1989 and A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, Third edition, New Brunswick, 2002 will be quoted as follows: Political Corruption, 1970, Political Corruption, 1989, Political Corruption, 2002.
5. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3. The three editions of A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York, 1970; A.J. Heidenheimer M. Johnston and V.T. Levine, (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick, 1989 and A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, Third edition, New Brunswick, 2002 will be quoted as follows: Political Corruption, 1970, Political Corruption, 1989, Political Corruption, 2002.
6. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3. The three editions of A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York, 1970; A.J. Heidenheimer M. Johnston and V.T. Levine, (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick, 1989 and A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, Third edition, New Brunswick, 2002 will be quoted as follows: Political Corruption, 1970, Political Corruption, 1989, Political Corruption, 2002.
7. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3. The three editions of A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York, 1970; A.J. Heidenheimer M. Johnston and V.T. Levine, (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick, 1989 and A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, Third edition, New Brunswick, 2002 will be quoted as follows: Political Corruption, 1970, Political Corruption, 1989, Political Corruption, 2002.
8. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3. The three editions of A. J. Heidenheimer (ed.), Political Corruption: Readings in Comparative Analysis, New York, 1970; A.J. Heidenheimer M. Johnston and V.T. Levine, (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook, New Brunswick, 1989 and A.J. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, Third edition, New Brunswick, 2002 will be quoted as follows: Political Corruption, 1970, Political Corruption, 1989, Political Corruption, 2002.
9. Political Corruption, 1989, p. 7-9.
10. Political Corruption 1970, p. 4-6. In his 2002 edn., Arnold Heidenheimer does not omit to underline the criticisms which this categorisation has provoked, cf. M. Philp, "Conceptualizing Political Corruption," Political Corruption, 2002, p. 49-50.
11. Political Corruption 1970, p. 4-6. In his 2002 edn., Arnold Heidenheimer does not omit to underline the criticisms which this categorisation has provoked, cf. M. Philp, "Conceptualizing Political Corruption," Political Corruption, 2002, p. 49-50.
12. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 5.
13. Political Corruption, 1970, p. 3.
14. Political Corruption, 1989, p. 12.
15. C. Friedrich, "Corruption Concepts in Historical Perspective," Political Corruption: A Handbook . . . , p. 16.
16. "There can be little doubt that this sort of "moral corruption" is what concerned political philosophers in the past. Aristotle, and after him, Machiavelli particularly, but basically Aristotle in his theory of the "corrupted" or "perverted" constitutions.
17. C. Friedrich, "Corruption Concepts . . . ," p. 16.
18. In 1970, there is only one reference to the Aristotelian tradition: "The author of a nineteenth-century encyclopedia article entitled 'Corruption in Politics' developed his discussion essentially in terms of meanings derived by way of Montesquieu from Aristotle who, for instance, conceived of tyranny as a 'corrupted' variant of monarchy." Political Corruption, 1970, p. 4.
19. Political Corruption, 1989, p. 5.
20. Political Corruption, 1989, p. 3. The edition used was the following: The Politics of Aristotle (ed.) transl. E. Barker, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1946, p. 373.
21. Political Corruption, 1989, p. 3. The edition used was the following: The Politics of Aristotle (ed.) transl. E. Barker, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1946, p. 373.
22. Political Corruption, 1989, p. 6.
23. C. Friedrich, "Corruption Concepts . . . ," p. 18.
24. C. Friedrich, "Corruption Concepts . . . ," p. 21.
25. Ibid., p. 19 and Political Corruption 1989, p. 5.
26. Ibid., p. 19 and Political Corruption 1989, p. 5.
27. C. Friedrich, "Corruption Concepts . . . ," p. 21.
28. Political Corruption 1989 and 2002, p. 3.
29. A. Heidenheimer, 1989, p. 5-6.
30. A. Heidenheimer, 1989, p. 12.
31. Cf. M. Philp, "Conceptualizing Political Corruption," Political Corruption 2002, p. 41-58 and M. Génaux, "Early Modern Corruption in English and French Fields of Vision," Ibid., p. 107-122 .
32. Cf. M. Philp, "Conceptualizing Political Corruption," Political Corruption 2002, p. 41-58 and M. Génaux, "Early Modern Corruption in English and French Fields of Vision," Ibid., p. 107-122 .
33. M. Philp, "Conceptualizing. . ." p. 51. Italics are mine.
34. Ibid., p. 52.
35. I b i d.
36. "Faced with these difficulties with the definition of corruption it is not surprising to find political scientists willing to forego the niceties of philosophical and methodological disputes by stipulatively defining a class of events for study as politically corrupt. This is a prudent move, with considerable utility for studies of phenomena within a single culture or political system." Ibid., p. 52.
37. Ibid., p. 52 and 54.
38. In this perspective, we shall rely upon some of the conclusions reached in our thesis which deals with the French case of the 16 to the 18th centuries, M. Génaux, Corruption: du discours sur la Chute au discours sur l'abus dans la France moderne, Thèse, 2001, Université de Paris XII-Créteil.
39. That is to say, medieval and early modern common law derived from Roman law.
40. D. 48, 10, 1, 1-2.
41. D. 48, 11, 7.
42. That is, the local and oral legal tradition of a French town or erea.
43. "Couvoitise qui est hebergiée en euer de juge puet fere mout de maus," P. de Beaumanoir, Coutumes de Beauvaisis (ed.) A. Salmon, Paris, 1900, 2, ch. 40, n 1246, p. 145.
44. "A toutes manières de juges qu'ils se gardent de prendre dons par lesqueus il (sic) soient corrompu.," Ibid.
45. Cf. W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Paris, Leipzig, 1928-1983, s.v. corrumpere et corruptio; Le Grand Robert de la langue française, Paris, 1985, s.v. corruption.
46. Cf. W. von Wartburg, Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Paris, Leipzig, 1928-1983, s.v. corrumpere et corruptio; Le Grand Robert de la langue française, Paris, 1985, s.v. corruption.
47. "Dons corrompables."
48. Cf. F.-A. Isambert, A. Jourdan and J. Leger, Recueil géné ral des anciennes lois françaises, depuis l'an 420 jusqu'à la révolution de 1789, Paris, 1824-57, t. 6, p. 855-860, article 9; t. 7, p. 306-307, article 113; t. 11, p. 214-258, article 18.
49. Cf. F.-A. Isambert, A. Jourdan and J. Leger, Recueil géné ral des anciennes lois françaises, depuis l'an 420 jusqu'à la révolution de 1789, Paris, 1824-57, t. 6, p. 855-860, article 9; t. 7, p. 306-307, article 113; t. 11, p. 214-258, article 18.
50. Cf. F.-A. Isambert, A. Jourdan and J. Leger, Recueil géné ral des anciennes lois françaises, depuis l'an 420 jusqu'à la révolution de 1789, Paris, 1824-57, t. 6, p. 855-860, article 9; t. 7, p. 306-307, article 113; t. 11, p. 214-258, article 18.
51. "Sans attaches nationales," A. Laingui, A. Lebigre Histoire du droit pénal Paris, 1979, vol. 1, p. 21.
52. Which has been compared with its Latin version, Praxis rerum criminalium (1554), and also to his treatise of judiciary proceedings, Practique judiciaire (1572).
53. Which has been compared with its Latin version, Praxis rerum criminalium (1554), and also to his treatise of judiciary proceedings, Practique judiciaire (1572).
54. J. Damhouder, La practique . . . , 1555, ch. 129, p. 292 et ch. 120, p. 293.
55. Cité par D. Jousse, Traité de la justice criminelle. . . , tit. 31, qu. 25, vol. 3, p. 778.
56. For the list of the works perused, see M. Génaux, "Early Modern Corruption . . . ," notes 21 and 22, p. 119-120.
57. M. Génaux, "Early Modern Corruption . . . ," p. 114.
58. For the list of the judiciary sources, see M. Génaux, Corruption: du discours sur la Chute . . . , n. 4 p. 31.
59. It would seem that in England at the same time, the legal usage of "corruption" is not at all common: the quotations mentioned by Linda Levy Peck do not include the term in that meaning, L. Levy Peck, Court Patronage and Corruption in Early Stuart England, London, 1990.
60. The dissolution of the Paris Parliament, the suppression of venality and the institution of a retribution by the State for the new magistrates nominated by the King.
61. The Greek historian Polybius turned the Aristotelian political classification - monarchy, tyranny; aristocracy, oligarchy; democracy, anarchy - into a circle of birth, growth and death of the political regimes led by corruption.
62. In the version used at the Renaissance. The contemporary versions contain fewer occurrences of the word corruption and of the related terms, cf. P. Sabatier, Bibliorum Sacrorum Latinae Versiones Antiquae, seu Vetus Italica, Reims, apud R. Florentain, 1743, 3 vol. (reed. Turnhout, 1991) and Novae Concordantiae Bibliorum Sacrorum iuxta Vulgatam Versionem critice editam, ed. B. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1977, 5 vol.
63. In the version used at the Renaissance. The contemporary versions contain fewer occurrences of the word corruption and of the related terms, cf. P. Sabatier, Bibliorum Sacrorum Latinae Versiones Antiquae, seu Vetus Italica, Reims, apud R. Florentain, 1743, 3 vol. (reed. Turnhout, 1991) and Novae Concordantiae Bibliorum Sacrorum iuxta Vulgatam Versionem critice editam, ed. B. Fischer, Stuttgart, 1977, 5 vol.
64. Saint Paul's first Epistle to the Romans, 15 and Genesis, 6.
65. See for instance E. Kantorowicz, The King's two Bodies, a Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, Princeton, 1957 and J. Krynen, L'empire du roi. Idées et croyances politiques en France XIIIe-XVe siècle, Paris, 1993.
66. See for instance E. Kantorowicz, The King's two Bodies, a Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, Princeton, 1957 and J. Krynen, L'empire du roi. Idées et croyances politiques en France XIIIe-XVe siècle, Paris, 1993.
67. J. Hurstfield, Freedom, corruption and government in Elizabethan England, Cambridge (Mass.), 1973, p. 139.
68. Cf. Aristotle, On Coming-to-be and Passing-away, A Revised Text, (ed.) transl. H.H. Joachim, Hidelsheim, 1970, p. v-xxxviii.
69. F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius, Oxford, 1957, vol. 1, p. 635-6 and 653-8.
70. In Egypt, a discussion on the subject of aphthorà of creation and time in heavens was found in the Corpus Hermeticus, a set of mystical texts written in Greek, cf. G. Harder, Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament, dir. G. Friedrich, Stuttgart, IX (1973), p. 97.
71. M. Philp, "Conceptualizing . . . ," p. 47-48. Cf. also G. Harder, p. 98.
72. M. Philp, "Conceptualizing . . . ," p. 47-48. Cf. also G. Harder, p. 98.