A review of the epidemiological literature on the health of UK-born Black Caribbeans

Critical Public Health

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 81-116

  Arai, Lisa ^a   Harding, Seeromanie ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN CARIBBEAN; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CAUCASIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MIGRATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; POPULATION RESEARCH; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; T CELL LYMPHOMA; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 4544222411     PISSN: 09581596     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/109581590410001725355     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Ades, A.E., Parker, S., Walker, J., Edginton, M., Taylor, G.P. & Weber, J.N. (2000) Human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus infection in pregnant women in the United Kingdom: population study. British Medical Journal, 320(7248), pp. 1497-1501.
2. Ades, A.E., Peckham, C.S., Dale, G.E., Best, J.M. & Jeansson, S. (1989) Prevalence of antibodies to herpes simpex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women, and estimated rates of infection. Journal of Epidemiologv and Community Health, 43(1), pp. 53-60.
3. Arai, L. & Harding, S. (2002) UK-born Black Caribbeans: Generational Changes in Health and Well-being. Occasional Paper No.6 (Glasgow, Medical Research Council Social and Public Health Sciences Unit).
4. Atkin, K. & Ahmad, W.I.U. (2001) Living a 'normal' life: young people coping with thalassaemia major or sickle cell disorder. Social Science and Medicine, 53(5), pp. 615-626.
5. Balarajan, R. & Bulusu, L. (1990) Mortality among immigrants in England and Wales, 1978-1983. In: Britton, M. (ed.) Mortality and Geography: A Review of the Mid-1980s. OPCS Series DS No. 9 (London, HMSO).
6. Balarajan, R., Soni Raleigh, V. & Botting, B. (1989) Sudden infant death syndrome and postneonatal mortality in immigrants in England and Wales. British Medical Journal, 298 (6675), pp. 716-720.
7. Berrington, A. (1994) Marriage and family formation among the White and ethnic minority populations in Britain. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17(3), pp. 517-546.
8. Berthoud, R. (1999) Young Caribbean Men and the Labour Market: a Comparison with other Ethnic Groups (York, York Publishing Services for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation).
9. Bhugra, D. & Bhui, K. (1998) Transcultural psychiatry: do problems persist in the second generation? Hospital Medicine, 59(2), pp. 26-129.
10. Bhugra, D., Hilwig, M., Mallett, R., Corridan, B., Leff, J., Neehall, J. & Rudge, S. (2000) Factors in the onset of schizophrenia: a comparison between London and Trinidad samples. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavia, 101, pp. 135-141.
11. Bhugra, D., Leff, J., Mallett, R., Der, G., Corridan, B. & Rudge, S. (1997) Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in whites, African-Caribbeans and Asians in London Psychological Medicine 27(4), pp. 791-798.
12. Byron, M. (1999) The Caribbean-born population in the 1990s Britain: who will return? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25(20), pp. 285-301.
13. Cabinet Office (2002) Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market: Interim Analytical Report (London, Performance and Innovation Unit).
14. Chamberlain, M. (1997) Narratives of Exile and Return (London, Macmillan).
15. Chaturvedi, N., McKeigue, P.M. & Marmot, M.G. (1993) Resting and ambulatory blood pressure differences in Afro-Caribbeans and Europeans. Hypertension, 22(1), pp. 90-96.
16. Child, F.J., Fuller, L.C., Higgins, E.M. & Vivier, A.W.P. Du (1999) A study of the spectrum of skin disease occurring in a Black population in south-east London. British Journal of Dermatology, 141(3), pp. 512-517.
17. Chinn, S., Hughes, J.M. & Rona, R.J. (1998) Trends in growth and obesity in ethnic groups in Britain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 78(6), pp. 513-517.
18. Cochrane, R. & Howell, M. (1995) Drinking patterns of Black and White men in the Midlands. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 30(3), pp. 139-146.
19. Collins, J.W. Jr., Derrick, M., Hilder, L. & Kempley, S. (1997) Relation of maternal ethnicity to infant birthweight in east London, England. Ethnicity and Disease, 7(1), pp. 1-4.
20. Cooper, R.S., Rotimi, C.N., Kaufman, J.S., Owoaje, E.E., Fraser, H., Forrester, T., Wilks, R., Riste, L.K. & Cruickshank, J.K. (1997) Prevalence of NIDDM among populations of the African diaspora. Diabetes Care, 20(3), pp. 343-348.
21. Cooper, H., Smaje, C. & Arber, S. (1999) Equity in health service use by children: examining the ethnic paradox. Journal of Social Policy, 28(3), pp. 457-478.
22. Cooper, H., Smaje, C. & Arber, S. (1998) Use of health services by children and young people according to ethnicity and social class: secondary analysis of a national survey. British Medical Journal, 317(7165), pp. 1047-1051.
23. Cruickshank, J.K. (2000) Migration, cardiovascular and general health across the Caribbean diaspora. West Indian Medical Journal, 49 (Suppl. 2), pp. 76-81.
24. Cruickshank, J.K., Mbanya, J.C., Wilks, R., Balkau, B., McFarlane-Anderson, N. & Forrester, T. (2001) Sick genes, sick individuals or sick populations with chronic disease? The emergence of diabetes and high blood pressure in African-origin populations. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(1), pp. 111-117.
25. Cruickshank, J.K. & Montgomery, R.D. (1961) Multiple sclerosis in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal, 10, pp. 211-214.
26. Cruickshank, J.K., Richardson, J.H., Morgan, O., Porter, J., Klenerman, P., Knight, J., Newell, A.L., Rudge, P. & Dalgleish, A.G. (1990) Screening for prolonged incubation of HTLV-1 infection in British and Jamaican relatives of British patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. British Medical Journal, 300(6720), pp. 300-3004.
27. Davey Smith, G., Chaturvedi, N., Harding, S., Nazroo, J. & Williams, R. (2000) Ethnic inequalities in health: a review of UK epidemiological evidence. Critical Public Health, 10(4), pp. 375-408.
28. Davies, S., Thornicroft, G., Leese, M., Higgingbotham, A. & Phelan, A. (1996) Ethnic differences in risk of compulsory psychiatric admission among representative cases of psychosis in London. British Medical Journal, 312(7030), pp. 533-537.
29. Dean, G. & Elian, M. (1997) Age at immigration to England of Asian and Caribbean immigrants and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 63(5), pp. 565-568.
30. Duran-Tauleria, E., Rona, R.J. & Chinn, S. (1996) Influence of ethnic group on asthma treatment in children in 1990-1: national cross-sectional study. British Medical Journal, 313(7050), pp. 148-152.
31. Eagles, J. M. (1991) The relationship between schizophrenia and immigration. Are there alternatives to psychosocial hypotheses? British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, pp. 783-789.
32. Elian, M. & Dean, G. (1987) Multiple sclerosis among the United-Kingdom born children of immigrants from the West Indies. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 50(3), pp. 327-332.
33. Elian, M., Nightingale, S. & Dean, G. (1990) Multiple sclerosis among United Kingdom-born children of immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent, Africa and the West Indies. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 53(10), pp. 906-911.
34. Evans, B.A., Bond, R.A. & MacRae, K.D. (1999) Sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection among African and Caribbean men in London International Journal of STD and AIDS, 10(11), pp. 744-748.
35. Fang, J., Madhavan, S. & Alderman, M.H. (1996) The association between birthplace and mortality from cardiovascular causes among Black and White residents of New York City. New England Medical Journal, 335 (21), pp. 1545-1551.
36. Fraser, P. (1994) Africans and Caribbeans in London. In: Merriman, N. & Holmes, C. (eds.) The Peopling of London: Fifteen Thousand Years of Settlement from Overseas (London, Museum of London).
37. Gilborn, D. & Mirza, H.D. (2000) Educational Inequality: Mapping Race, Class and Gender (London, Institute of Education).
38. Goodman, R. & Richards, H. (1995) Child and adolescent psychiatric presentations of second-generation Afro-Caribbeans in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, pp. 362-369.
39. Goulbourne, H. (1999) Exodus?: some social and policy implications of return migration from the UK to the Commonwealth Caribbean in the 1990s. Policy Studies, 20(3), pp. 157-172.
40. Greenberg, M.R., Schneider, D., Northridge, M.E. & Ganz, M.L. (1998) Region of birth and Black diets: the Harlem Household Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 88(8), pp. 1199-1202.
41. Haenszel, H. & Kurihara, M. (1968) Studies of Japanese migrants. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 40(1), pp. 43-68.
42. Hale, A., Leung, T., Sivasubramaniam, S., Kenny, J. & Sutherland, S. (1997) Prevalence of antibodies to HTLV in antenatal clinic attenders in south east London. Journal of Medical Virology, 53(3), pp. 326-329.
43. Harding, S. (2003) Social mobility and self reported limiting long-term illness among West Indian and South Asian migrants living in England and Wales. Social Science and Medicine, 56(2), pp. 365-361.
44. Harding, S. & Balarajan, R. (2001) Longitudinal study of socio-economic differences in mortality among South Asian and West Indian migrants. Ethnicity & Health, 6(2), pp. 121-128.
45. Harding, S. & Balarajan, R. (2000) Limiting long-term illness among Black Caribbeans, Black Africans, Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Chinese born in the UK. Ethnicity and Health, 5(1), pp. 41-46.
46. Harding, S. & Maxwell, R. (1998) Differences in mortality of migrants. In: Drever, F. & Whitehead, M. (eds.) Health Inequalities: Decennial Supplement ONS Series DS no. 15 (London, Stationery Office).
47. Harrison, G., Amin, S., Singh, P.S., Croudace, T. & Jones, P. (1999) Outcome of psychosis in people of African-Caribbean family origin. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, pp. 43-49.
48. Harrison, G., Glazebrook, G., Brewin, J., Cantwell, R., Dalkin, T., Fox, R., Jones, P. & Medley, I. (1997) Increased incidence of psychotic disorders in migrants from the Caribbean to the United Kingdom. Psychological Medicine, 27(4), pp. 799-806.
49. Harrison, G., Owens, D., Holton, A., Neilson, D. & Boot, D. (1988) A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients. Psychological Medicine, 18(3), pp. 643-657.
50. Hickling, F.W & Rodgers-Johnson, P. (1995) The incidence of first contact schizophrenia in Jamaica. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, pp. 193-196.
51. Hospedales, C.J. (2000) The HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Caribbean: The Worst in the Western Hemisphere. Eighteen Years of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago, CAREC/PAHO/WHO).
52. Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Bhugra, D., Fahy, T.A., Gilvarry, C., Mallett, R., Moran, P., Leff, J. & Murray, R.M. (1997) Increased rate of psychosis among African-Caribbeans in Britain is not due to an excess of pregnancy and birth complications. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, pp. 145-147.
53. Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Fahy, T.A., Bhugra, D., Gilvarry, C., Moran, P., Mallett, R., Sham, P., Leff, J. & Murray, R.M. (1996) Morbid risk of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of White and African-Caribbean patients with psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, pp. 776-780.
54. International Agency for Research on Cancer (1996) Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans, Vol. 67: Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Human T-cell Lymphatropic Viruses (Lyons, IARC).
55. Iqbal, T.H., Lewis, K.O., Gearty, J.C. & Cooper, B.T. (1996) Small intestinal permeability to mannitaol and lactulose in the three ethnic groups resident in West Birmingham. Gut, 39(2), pp. 199-203.
56. Jenkins, S.P., Rigg, J.A. & Devicienti, F. (2001) The Dynamics of Poverty in Britain. Research Report 157, Analytical Services Division of the Department for Work and Pensions. (London, Department for Work and Pensions).
57. Johns, L.C., Nazroo, J.Y., Bebbington, P. & Kuipers, E. (2002) Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, pp. 174-178.
58. Johnson, A.E., Gordon, C., Palmer, R.G. & Bacon, P.A. (1995) The prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Birmingham, England. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38(4), pp. 551-558.
59. King, M., Coker, E., Leavey, G., Hoare, A. & Johnson-Sabine, E. (1994) Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups. British Medical Journal, 309(6962), pp. 1115-1119.
60. Lewis, G., Croft-Jeffreys, C. & David, A. (1990) Are British psychiatrists racist? British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, pp. 410-415.
61. Louden, D.M. (1995) The epidemiology of schizophrenia among Caribbean-born first and second generation migrants in Britain. Journal of Social Distress and The Homeless, 4(3), pp. 237-253.
62. Low, N., Sterne, J.A.C. & Barlow, D. (2001) Inequalities in rates of gonorrhoea and chlamydia between Black ethnic groups in south east London: a cross sectional study. Sexually Transmitted Infection, 77(1), pp. 15-20.
63. Lydakis, C., Beevers, D.G., Beevers, M. & Lip, G.Y.H. (1998) Obstetric and neonatal outcome following chronic hypertension in pregnancy among different ethnic groups. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 91(12), pp. 837-844.
64. Marmot, M., Adelstein, A. & Bulusu, L. (1984) Immigrant Mortality in England and Wales: 1970-1978. OPCS studies on population and medical subjects no. 47 (London, HMSO).
65. Mbanya, J.-C.N., Cruickshank, J.K., Forrester, T., Balkau, B., Ngogang, J.Y., Riste, L., Forhan, A., Anderson, N. M., Bennett, F. & Wilks, R. (1999) Standardized comparison of glucose intolerance in West African-origin populations of rural and urban Cameroon, Jamaica, and Caribbean migrants to Britain. Diabetes Care, 22(3), pp. 434-440.
66. McGovern, D. & Cope, R. (1991) Second generation Afro-Caribbeans and young Whites with a first admission diagnosis of schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26(2), pp. 95-99.
67. McGovern, D. & Cope, R. V. (1987) First psychiatric admission rates of first and second generation Afro-Caribbeans. Social Psychiatry, 22(3), pp. 139-149.
68. McGovern, D. & Hemmings, P. (1994) A follow-up of second generation Afro-Caribbeans and White British with a first admission diagnosis of schizophrenia: attitudes to mental illness and psychiatric services of patients and relatives. Social Science and Medicine, 38(1), pp. 117-127.
69. Melia, R.J., Chinn, S. & Rona, R.J. (1988) Respiratory illness and home environment of ethnic groups. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 296(6634), pp. 1438-1441.
70. Minnis, H., McMillan, A., Gillies, M. & Smith, S. (2001) Racial stereotyping: survey of psychiatrists in the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal, 323(7318), pp. 905-906.
71. Modood, T., Berthoud, R., Lakey, J., Nazroo, J., Smith, P., Virdee, S. & Beishon, S. (1997) Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage (London, Policy Studies Institute).
72. Molokhia, M., McKeigue, P.M., Cuadrado, M. & Hughes, G. (2001) Systematic lupus erythematosus in migrants from West Africa compared with Afro-Caribbean people in the UK. Lancet, 357(9266) pp. 141-1415.
73. National Institute for Ethnic Studies in Health and Social Policy (2000a) The Health of the Black Caribbean Population (London, Department of Health).
74. National Institute for Ethnic Studies in Health and Social Policy (2000b) Ethnic Differences in Drinking and Smoking (London, Department of Health).
75. National Institute for Ethnic Studies in Health and Social Policy (1997) Ethnic Diversity in England and Wales. An Analysis by Health Authorities Based on the 1991 Census (London, National Institute for Ethnic Studies in Health and Social Policy).
76. Nazroo, J., Becher, H., Kelly, Y. & McMunn, A. (1999). Children's health. In: Office for National Statistics Health survey for England: the Health of Minority Ethnic Groups '99 (London, Stationery Office).
77. Nazroo, J.Y. (1997a) The Health of Britain's Minorities (London, Policy Studies Institute).
78. Nazroo, J.Y. (1997b) Ethnicity and Mental Health: Findings from a National Community Survey (London, Policy Studies Institute).
79. Nichol, A.R. (1971) Psychiatric disorder in West Indian schoolchildren. Race Today, pp. 14-15.
80. Nightingale, S., Orton, D., Ratcliffe, D., Skidmore, S., Toswill, J. & Desselberger, U. (1993) Antenatal survey for the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 infections in the West Midlands, England. Epidemiology and Infection, 110(2), pp. 379-387.
81. Nossent, J.C. (1992) Systemic lupus erythematosus on the Caribbean island of Curacao: an epidemiological investigation. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 51(11), pp. 1197-12O1.
82. O'Connor & Nazroo, J. (2002). Ethnic Differences in the Context and Experience of Psychiatric Illness: a Qualitative Study (London, Stationery Office).
83. ONS (Office for National Statistics) (2000) Mortality Statistics, Childhood, Infant and Perinatal (London, HMSO).
84. OPCS (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) (1992) 1991 Census: Local Base Statistics (London, Crown Copyright).
85. Parkman, S., Davies, S., Leese, M., Phelan, M. & Thornicroft, G. (1997) Ethnic differences in satisfaction with mental health services among representative people with psychosis in south London: PriSM Study 4. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, pp. 260-264.
86. Poulter, N., Cappuccio, F., Chaturvedi, N. & Cruickshank, J. K. (1997) High blood pressure and the African-Caribbean community in Britain. British Heart Foundation/MediNews (Birmingham, England).
87. Riste, L., Khan, F. & Cruickshank, K. (2001) High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in all ethnic groups, including Europeans, in a British inner city: relative poverty, history, inactivity, or 21st century Europe? Diabetes Care, 24(8), pp. 1377-1383.
88. Rose, A.M.C., Watson, J.M., Graham, C., Nunn, A.J., Drobniewski, F., Ormerod, L.P., Darbyshire, J.H. & Leese, J. (2001) Tubercolosis at the end of the 20th century in England and Wales: results of a national survey in 1998. Thorax, 56(3), pp. 173-179.
89. Rudge, P., Ali, A. & Cruickshank, J.K. (1991) Multiple sclerosis, tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1 infection in Afro-Caribbean patients in the United Kingdom. Journal of Neurology, Neurosugery and Psychiatry, 54(8), pp. 689-694.
90. Rutter, M., Yule, W., Berger, M., Yule, B., Morton, J. & Bagley, C. (1974) Children of West Indian immigrants - I: Rates of behavioural deviance and of psychiatric disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, pp. 241-262.
91. Sarin, P.S. (1988) HTLV-1, adult T-cell leukaemia and tropical spastic paraparesis Annals of Neurology, 23 (Suppl.), pp. S181-184.
92. Scott, P. (1998) Lay beliefs and the management of diseases amongst West Indians with diabetes. Health and Social Care in the Community, 6(6), pp. 407-419.
93. Selten, J.P., Veen, N., Feller, W., Blom, J.D., Schols, D., Camonenie, W., Oolders, J., Van Der Velden, M., Hoek, H.W., Vladar Rivero, V.M., Van Der Graaf, Y. & Kahn, R. (2001) Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to the Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, pp. 367-372.
94. Sharma, S., Cade, J., Riste, L. & Cruickshank, K. (1999) Nutrient intake trends among African-Caribbeans in Britain: a migrant population and its second generation. Public Health Nutrition, 2(4), pp. 469-476.
95. Sharpley, M., Hutchinson, G., Murray, R.M. & McKenzie, K. (2001) Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178 (Suppl. 40), pp. S60-S68.
96. Shields, M.A. & Wailoo, A. (2002) Exploring the determinants of unhappiness for ethnic minority men in Britain. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 49(4), pp. 445-466.
97. Singh, S.P., Croudace, T., Beck, A. & Harrison, G. (1998) Perceived ethnicity and the risk of compulsory admission. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33(1), pp. 39-44.
98. Smaje, C. (1995). Health, Race and Ethnicity. Making Sense of the Evidence (London, King's Fund).
99. Sproston, K. & Nazroo, J. (2002). Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community (EMPIRIC) - Quantitative Report (London, Stationery Office).
100. Sugarman, P.A. & Crauford, D. (1994) Schizophrenia in the Afro-Caribbean community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 16(4), pp. 474-480.
101. Syme, S.L., Marmot, M.G., Kagan, A., Kato, H. & Rhoads, G. (1975) Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: introduction. American Journal of Epidemiology, 102(6), pp. 477-480.
102. Taylor, S.J.C., Viner, R., Head, J., Tate, H., Booy, R., Haines, M. et al. (2002) Obesity, Ethnicity and Socio-economic Status in East London Schoolchildren: Findings from the Research in East London Adolescents' Community Health Study (RELACHS). Society for Social Medicine 46th Annual Scientific Meeting, Liverpool.
103. Thomas, C.S., Stone, K., Osborn, M., Thomas, P.F. & Fisher, M. (1993) Psychiatric morbidity and compulsory admission among UK-born Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans and Asians in Central Manchester. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, pp. 91-99.
104. Whitty, C.J.M., Brunner, E.J., Shipley, M.J., Hemingway, H. & Marmot, M.G. (1999) Differences in biological risk factors for cardiovascular disease between three ethnic groups in the Whitehall II study. Atherosclerosis, 142(2), pp. 279-286.
105. Wild, S. & McKeigue, P. (1997) Cross sectional analysis of mortality by country of birth in England and Wales. British Medical Journal, 314(7082), p. 705.
106. Williams, E.S. & McKeran, R.D. (1986) Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in a south London borough. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 293(6545), pp. 237-239.
107. Williams, H.C., Pembroke, A.C., Forsdyke, H., Boodoo, G., Hay, R.J. & Burney, P.G.J. (1995) London-born Black Caribbean children are at increased risk of dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 32 (2 part1), pp. 212-217.