Cutaneous head and neck melanoma: The old and the new

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 403-412

  Rigual, Nestor R ^a   Popat, Saurin R ^a   Jayaprakash, Vijay ^a   Jaggernauth, Wainwright ^a   Wong, Michael ^a  

^a ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Head and neck; Immunotherapy; Incidence; Melanoma; Mucosal melanoma; Scalp; Sentinel node biopsy; Staging

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; B RAF KINASE; BCG VACCINE; BEVACIZUMAB; CANCER VACCINE; CARBOPLATIN; CYTOKINE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DACARBAZINE; ELESCLOMOL; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 2; IPILIMUMAB; LEVAMISOLE; MELANOMA VACCINE; OBLIMERSEN; PACLITAXEL; SORAFENIB; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TICILIMUMAB;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER IMMUNOLOGY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER INVASION; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SIZE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC RISK; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HEAD AND NECK SURGERY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MELANOMA; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; ONCOGENE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION DOSE FRACTIONATION; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN SURGERY; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; VITILIGO;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; HUTCHINSON'S MELANOTIC FRECKLE; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INTERFERONS; INTERLEUKIN-2; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM STAGING; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 45249124020     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: 17448328     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.3.403     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Chang AE, Karnell LH, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Cancer 83(8), 1664-1678 (1998).
2. Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM. Oral mucosal melanoma: epidemiology and pathobiology. Oral Oncol. 36(2), 152-169 (2000).
3. Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M et al. (Eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2004. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, (2007).
4. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J. Clin. 57(1), 43-66 (2007).
5. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin. 55(2), 74-408 (2005).
6. MacKie RM. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of melanoma. Eur. J. Cancer 34(Suppl. 3), S3-S6 (1998).
7. Hoersch B, Leiter U, Garbe C. Is head and neck melanoma a distinct entity? A clinical registry-based comparative study in 5702 patients with melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 155(4), 771-777 (2006).
8. Clark WH Jr, From L, Bernardino EA, Mihm MC. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res. 29(3), 705-727 (1969).
9. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann. Surg. 172(5), 902-908 (1970).
10. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Gershenwald JE et al. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(16), 3622-3634 (2001).
11. Balch CM, Wilkerson JA, Murad TM et al. The prognostic significance of ulceration of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 45(12), 3012-3017 (1980).
12. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(3), 976-983 (1999).
13. Moehrle M, Kraemer A, Schippert W et al. Clinical risk factors and prognostic significance of local recurrence in cutaneous melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 151(2), 397-406 (2004).
14. Handley W. The pathology of melanotic growths in relation to their operative treatment. Lancet 1, 927-935 (1907).
15. Cochran AJ. Studies of the melanocytes of the epidermis adjacent to tumors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 57(1), 38-43 (1971).
16. Olsen G. The malignant melanoma of the skin. New theories based on a study of 500 cases. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 365, 1-222 (1966).
17. Elberg JJ, Poulsen H, Ladefoged C. The influence of resection margin on prognosis in clinical stage I malignant melanoma of the lower leg. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 23(1), 59-63 (1989).
18. Goldman LI, Byrd R. Narrowing resection margins for patients with low-risk melanoma. Am. J. Surg. 155(2), 242-244 (1988).
19. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N. Narrow excision (1-cm margin). A safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma. Arch. Surg. 126(4), 438-441 (1991).
20. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Adamus J et al. Thin stage I primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. N. Engl. J. Med. 318(18), 1159-1162 (1988).
21. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Smith T et al. Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 8(2), 101-108 (2001).
22. Balch CM, Urist MM, Karakousis CP et al. Efficacy of 2-cm surgical margins for intermediate-thickness melanomas (1 to 4 mm). Results of a multi-institutional randomized surgical trial. Ann. Surg. 218(3), 262-267; discussion 267-269 (1993).
23. Cohn-Cedermark G, Rutqvist LE, Andersson R et al. Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2-cm versus 5-cm resection margins for patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8-2.0 mm. Cancer 89(7), 1495-1501 (2000).
24. Ringborg U, Andersson R, Eldh J et al. Resection margins of 2 versus 5 cm for cutaneous malignant melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8 to 2.0 mm: randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group. Cancer 77(9), 1809-1814 (1996).
25. Cascinelli N, Santinami M, Maurichi A, Patuzzo R, Pennacchioli E. World Health Organization experience in the treatment of melanoma. Surg. Clin. North Am. 83(2), 405-416 (2003).
26. Cascinelli N. Margin of resection in the management of primary melanoma. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 14(4), 272-275 (1998).
27. Piepkorn M. Melanoma resection margin recommendations, unconventionally based on available facts. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 15(3), 230-234 (1998).
28. O'Brien CJ, Gianoutsos MP, Morgan MJ. Neck dissection for cutaneous malignant melanoma. World J. Surg. 16(2), 222-226 (1992).
29. van Akkooi AC, Bouwhuis MG, van Geel AN et al. Morbidity and prognosis after therapeutic lymph node dissections for malignant melanoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 33(1), 102-108 (2007).
30. McCarthy WH, Shaw HM, Milton GW. Efficacy of elective lymph node dissection in 2,347 patients with clinical stage I malignant melanoma. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 161(6), 575-580 (1985).
31. Balch CM, Soong S, Ross MI et al. Long-term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Intergroup Melanoma Surgical Trial.Ann. Surg. Oncol. 7(2), 87-97 (2000).
32. Veronesi U, Adamus J, Bandiera DC et al. Inefficacy of immediate node dissection in stage 1 melanoma of the limbs. N. Engl. J. Med. 297(12), 627-630 (1977).
33. Fisher SR. Elective, therapeutic, and delayed lymph node dissection for malignant melanoma of the head and neck: analysis of 1444 patients from 1970 to 1998. Laryngoscope 112(1), 99-110 (2002).
34. de Wilt JH, Thompson JF, Uren RF et al. Correlation between preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and metastatic nodal disease sites in 362 patients with cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck. Ann. Surg. 239(4), 544-552 (2004).
35. O'Brien CJ, Uren RF, Thompson JF et al. Prediction of potential metastatic sites in cutaneous head and neck melanoma using lymphoscintigraphy. Am. J. Surg. 170(5), 461-466 (1995).
36. Rigual NR, Cheney RT, Iwenofu OH et al. Idiosyncrasies of scalp melanoma. Laryngoscope 117(8), 1354-1358 (2007).
37. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch. Surg. 127(4), 392-399 (1992).
38. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Cochran AJ et al. Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(13), 1307-1317 (2006).
39. Rasgon BM. Use of low-dose technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid to locate sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma of the head and neck. preliminary study. Laryngoscope 111(8), 1366-1372 (2001).
40. Urist MM, Balch CM, Soong SJ et al. Head and neck melanoma in 534 clinical Stage I patients. A prognostic factors analysis and results of surgical treatment. Ann. Surg. 200(6), 769-775 (1984).
41. Pathak I, O'Brien CJ, Petersen-Schaeffer K et al. Do nodal metastases from cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck follow a clinically predictable pattern? Head Neck 23(9), 785-790 (2001).
42. Lin D, Franc BL, Kashani-Sabet M, Singer MI. Lymphatic drainage patterns of head and neck cutaneous melanoma observed on lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Head Neck 28(3), 249-255 (2006).
43. Ollila DW, Foshag LJ, Essner R, Stern SL, Morton DL. Parotid region lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for cutaneous melanoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 6(2), 150-154 (1999).
44. Loree TF, Tomljanovich PI, Cheney RT, Hicks WL Jr, Rigual NR. Intraparotid sentinel lymph node biopsy for head and neck melanoma. Laryngoscope 116(8), 1461-1464 (2006).
45. Chao C, Wong SL, Edwards MJ et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for head and neck melanomas. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 10(l), 21-26 (2003).
46. Morton DL, Thompson JF, Essner R et al. Validation of the accuracy of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanoma: a multicenter trial. Multicenter Selective Lymphadenecromy Trial Group. Ann. Surg. 230(4), 453-463; discussion 463-455 (1999).
47. Sondak VK, Taylor JM, Sabel MS et al. Mitotic rate and younger age are predictors of sentinel lymph node positivity: lessons learned from the generation of a probabilistic model. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 11(3), 247-258 (2004).
48. Gershenwald JE SS TJ. Prognostic factors and natural history In: Cutaneous Melanoma. Balch CM, Houghton A Jr, Sober A, Soong SJ (Eds). Quality Medical Publishing, St Louis, MO, USA (2003).
49. Banzet P, Jacquillat C, Civatte J et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of primary malignant melanoma. Cancer 41(4), 1240-1248 (1978).
50. Karakousis CP, Emrich LJ. Adjuvant treatment of malignant melanoma with DTIC + estracyt or BCG. J. Surg. Oncol. 36(4), 235-238 (1987).
51. Veronesi U, Adamus J, Aubert C et al. A randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cutaneous melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 307(15), 913-916 (1982).
52. Lipton A, Harvey HA, Lawrence B et al. Corynebacterium parvum versus BCG adjuvant immunotherapy in human malignant melanoma. Cancer 51(1), 57-60 (1983).
53. Morton DL, Eilber FR, Holmes EC et al. BCG immunotherapy of malignant melanoma: summary of a seven-year experience. Ann. Surg. 180(4), 635-643 (1974).
54. Loutfi A, Shakr A, Jerry M, Hanley J, Shibata HR. Double blind randomized prospective trial of levamisole/placebo in stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma. Clin. Invest. Med. 10(4), 325-328 (1987).
55. Parkinson DR. Levamisole as adjuvant therapy for melanoma: quo vadis? J. Clin. Oncol. 9(5), 716-717 (1991).
56. Spitler LE. A randomized trial of levamisole versus placebo as adjuvant therapy in malignant melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 9(5), 736-740 (1991).
57. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA et al. High-dose interferon α-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(9), 2370-2380 (2001).
58. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Emstoff MS et al. Interferon α-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(l), 7-17 (1996).
59. Moschos SJ, Kirkwood JM, Konstantinopoulos PA. Present status and future prospects for adjuvant therapy of melanoma: time to build upon the foundation of high-dose interferon α-2b. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(l), 11-14 (2004).
60. Huncharek M, Caubet JF, McGarry R. Single-agent DTIC versus combination chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis of 3273 patients from 20 randomized trials. Melanoma Res. 11(1), 75-81 (2001).
61. Eigentler TK, Caroli UM, Radny P, Garbe C. Palliative therapy of disseminated malignant melanoma: a systematic review of 41 randomised clinical trials. Lancet Oncol. 4(12), 748-759 (2003).
62. Whiteman DC, Stickley M, Watt P et al. Anatomic site, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(19), 3172-3177 (2006).
63. Daryanani D, Plukker JT, de Jong MA et al. Increased incidence of brain metastases in cutaneous head and neck melanoma. Melanoma Res. 15(2), 119-124 (2005).
64. Leong SP, Accortt NA, Essner R et al. Impact of sentinel node status and other risk factors on the clinical outcome of head and neck melanoma patients. Arch. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 132(4), 370-373 (2006).
65. Dewey DL. The radiosensitivity of melanoma cells in culture. Br. J. Radiol. 44(526), 816-817 (1971).
66. Sause WT, Cooper JS, Rush S et al. Fracture size in external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of melanoma. Int. J. Radiol. Biol. Phys. (20), 429-432 (1991).
67. Diener-West M, Earle JD, Fine SL et al. The COMS randomized trial of iodine 125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma, III: initial mortality findings. COMS Report No. 18. Arch. Ophthalmol. 119(7), 969-982 (2001).
68. Harwood AR, Lawson VG. Radiation therapy for melanomas of the head and neck. Head Neck Surg. 4(6), 468-474 (1982).
69. Ang KK, Peters LJ, Weber RS et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck region. Int. J. Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys. 30(4), 795-798 (1994).
70. Overgaard J, Overgaard M, Hansen PV, von der Maase H. Some factors of importance in the radiation treatment of malignant melanoma. Radiother. Oncol. 5(3), 183-192 (1986).
71. Lee RJ, Gibbs JF, Proulx GM et al. Nodal basin recurrence following lymph node dissection for melanoma: implications for adjuvant radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 46(2), 467-474 (2000).
72. Ballo MT, Ang KK. Radiotherapy for cutaneous malignant melanoma: rationale and indications. Oncology (Williston Park, NY) 18(1), 99-107; discussion 107-110, 113-104 (2004).
73. Markovic SN, Erickson LA, Rao RD et al. Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 2: staging, prognosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin. Proc. 82(4), 490-513 (2007).
74. Lund VJ, Howard DJ, Harding L, Wei WI. Management options and survival in malignant melanoma of the sinonasal mucosa. Laryngoscope 109(2 Pt 1), 208-211 (1999).
75. Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ, Hinerman RW et al. Head and neck mucosal melanoma. Am J. Clin. Oncol. 28(6), 626-630 (2005).
76. Krengli M, Masini L, Kaanders JH et al. Radiotherapy in the treatment of mucosal melanoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: analysis of 74 cases. A Rare Cancer Network study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 65(3), 751-759 (2006).
77. Krengli M, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Kaanders JH et al. What is the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck? Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 65(2), 121-128 (2008).
78. G ogas H, Iannovich J, Dafni U et al. Prognostic significance of autoimmunity during treatment of melanoma with interferon. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(7), 709-718 (2006).
79. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Restifo NP. Cancer immunodierapy- moving beyond current vaccines. Nat. Med. 10(9), 909-915 (2004).
80. Muranski P, Boni A, Wrzesinski C et al. Increased intensity lymphodepletion and adoptive immunotherapy - how far can we go? Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 3(12), 668-681 (2006).
81. Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 417(6892), 949-954 (2002).
82. Gray-Schopfer VC, Karasarides M, Hayward R, Marais R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocks apoptosis in melanoma cells when BRAF signaling is inhibited. Cancer Res. 67(l), 122-129 (2007).
83. Pollock PM, Harper UL, Hansen KS et al. High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi. Nat. Genet. 33(1), 19-20 (2003).
84. Agarwala S, Keilholz U, Hogg D et al. Randomized Phase III study of paclitaxel Plus carboplatin with or without sorafenib a second-line treatment in patients with advanced melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 8510 (2007).
85. Chin L, Garraway LA, Fisher DE. Malignant melanoma: genetics and therapeutics in the genomic era. Dev. Genes Evol. 20(16), 2149-2182 (2006).