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Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 833-858

Does blight really justify condemnation?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABATEMENT COST; PUBLIC HEALTH; REDEVELOPMENT;

EID: 45249120351     PISSN: 00420905     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (179)
  • 1
    • 45249100609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469, 485 n.13 (2005) (asserting that the goals of previous cases included, albeit were not limited to, blight removal).
    • Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469, 485 n.13 (2005) (asserting that the goals of previous cases included, albeit were not limited to, blight removal).
  • 2
    • 45249090540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 500 (O'Connor, J., dissenting) (noting that in the Court's earlier public use cases, the extraordinary, precondemnation use of the targeted property inflicted affirmative harm on society).
    • Id. at 500 (O'Connor, J., dissenting) (noting that in the Court's earlier public use cases, "the extraordinary, precondemnation use of the targeted property inflicted affirmative harm on society").
  • 3
    • 45249116945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954).
    • Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954).
  • 4
    • 45249106114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haw. Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984).
    • Haw. Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984).
  • 5
    • 45249097287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berman, 348 U.S. at 32.
    • Berman, 348 U.S. at 32.
  • 6
    • 45249088489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 33
    • Id. at 33.
  • 7
    • 45249085624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 467 U.S. at 240
    • 467 U.S. at 240.
  • 8
    • 45249092235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelo, 545 U.S. at 519-20 (2005) (Thomas, J., dissenting) (internal citations omitted).
    • Kelo, 545 U.S. at 519-20 (2005) (Thomas, J., dissenting) (internal citations omitted).
  • 9
    • 45249090539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Norwood v. Horney, 853 N.E.2d 1115, 1143 (Ohio 2006).
    • City of Norwood v. Horney, 853 N.E.2d 1115, 1143 (Ohio 2006).
  • 10
    • 45249087183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • County of Wayne v. Hathcock, 684 N.W.2d 765 (Mich. 2004).
    • County of Wayne v. Hathcock, 684 N.W.2d 765 (Mich. 2004).
  • 11
    • 45249117826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horney, 853 N.E.2d at 1141.
    • Horney, 853 N.E.2d at 1141.
  • 12
    • 45249104830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1123
    • Id. at 1123.
  • 13
    • 45249092693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hathcock, 684 N.W.2d at 783 (citing In re Slum Clearance, 50 N.W.2d 340, 343 (Mich. 1951)).
    • Hathcock, 684 N.W.2d at 783 (citing In re Slum Clearance, 50 N.W.2d 340, 343 (Mich. 1951)).
  • 14
    • 45249122383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gallenthin Realty Dev., Inc. v. Borough of Paulsboro, 924 A.2d 447, 460 (N.J. 2007).
    • Gallenthin Realty Dev., Inc. v. Borough of Paulsboro, 924 A.2d 447, 460 (N.J. 2007).
  • 15
    • 45249119239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 460
    • Id. at 460.
  • 17
    • 45249096205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See ANN. § 99.720 West
    • See KY. REV. STAT. ANN. § 99.720 (West 2007)
    • (2007)
    • KY, R.S.1
  • 19
    • 45249096420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FLA. STAT. § 73.014 (2007).
    • FLA. STAT. § 73.014 (2007).
  • 20
    • 45249113210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FLA. STAT. § 73.014 1
    • FLA. STAT. § 73.014 (1).
  • 21
    • 45249087402 scopus 로고
    • Poletown Neighborhood Council v, N.W, Mich
    • Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit, 304 N.W.2d 455 (Mich. 1981).
    • (1981) City of Detroit , vol.304
  • 22
    • 45249124655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hathcock, 684 N.W.2d at 787.
    • Hathcock, 684 N.W.2d at 787.
  • 23
    • 45249098428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 782-83
    • Id. at 782-83.
  • 25
    • 45249094684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 684 N.W.2d at 783 (emphasis in original).
    • 684 N.W.2d at 783 (emphasis in original).
  • 26
    • 85055295625 scopus 로고
    • Distressed Public Housing: Where Do We Go from Here?, 60
    • arguing that the problems found in public housing can better be remedied by demolishing the projects and providing tenants with housing vouchers to be used in privately owned housing, See
    • See Michael H. Schill, Distressed Public Housing: Where Do We Go from Here?, 60 U. CHI. L. REV. 497 (1993) (arguing that the problems found in public housing can better be remedied by demolishing the projects and providing tenants with housing vouchers to be used in privately owned housing).
    • (1993) U. CHI. L. REV , vol.497
    • Schill, M.H.1
  • 27
    • 45249112977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 545 U.S. 469 2005
    • 545 U.S. 469 (2005).
  • 28
    • 45249104111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. CONST. amend V (nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.).
    • U.S. CONST. amend V ("nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.").
  • 29
    • 45249115860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Thomas W. Merrill & Henry E. Smith, The Morality of Property, 48 WM. & MARY L. REV. 1849, 1880 (2007) (asserting that the consequent public backlash, when translated into the actions of legislators, local public officials, and state and lower federal courts, will probably have a greater impact on the future use of eminent domain than the Court's decision in Kelo.).
    • See, e.g., Thomas W. Merrill & Henry E. Smith, The Morality of Property, 48 WM. & MARY L. REV. 1849, 1880 (2007) (asserting that the consequent "public backlash, when translated into the actions of legislators, local public officials, and state and lower federal courts, will probably have a greater impact on the future use of eminent domain than the Court's decision in Kelo.").
  • 30
    • 45249097731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Dean Allen Floyd II, Irrational Basis: The Supreme Court, Inner Cities, and the New Manifest Destiny*: 23 HARV. BLACKLETTER L.J. 55, 78-79 (2007) (asserting that those made most vulnerable by i Kelo] are inner city residents rather than suburban dwellers. In many cities, these residents are poor, members of minority groups, or often both. They are also usually the segment of the local population that has the least influence in the political process.... Kelo may, in effect, accelerate the gentrification process in inner cities and exacerbate many of the social problems that America has suffered for years.).
    • See, e.g., Dean Allen Floyd II, Irrational Basis: The Supreme Court, Inner Cities, and the New "Manifest Destiny*: 23 HARV. BLACKLETTER L.J. 55, 78-79 (2007) (asserting that "those made most vulnerable by i Kelo] are inner city residents rather than suburban dwellers. In many cities, these residents are poor, members of minority groups, or often both. They are also usually the segment of the local population that has the least influence in the political process.... Kelo may, in effect, accelerate the gentrification process in inner cities and exacerbate many of the social problems that America has suffered for years.").
  • 31
    • 45249101284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pretextuality was of particular concern to Justice Kennedy. Although joining in the 5-4 Kelo majority, he separately warned that [there may be private transfers in which the risk of undetected impermissible favoritism of private parties is so acute that a presumption (rebuttable or otherwise) of invalidity is warranted under the Public Use Clause. Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469, 493 (2005) (Kennedy, J., concurring).
    • Pretextuality was of particular concern to Justice Kennedy. Although joining in the 5-4 Kelo majority, he separately warned that "[there may be private transfers in which the risk of undetected impermissible favoritism of private parties is so acute that a presumption (rebuttable or otherwise) of invalidity is warranted under the Public Use Clause." Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469, 493 (2005) (Kennedy, J., concurring).
  • 32
    • 45249084484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelo, 545 U.S. at 502 (O'Connor, J., dissenting).
    • Kelo, 545 U.S. at 502 (O'Connor, J., dissenting).
  • 33
    • 45249121157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528 (2005).
    • Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528 (2005).
  • 35
    • 45249102831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lingle, 544 U.S. at 531 (quoting Agins, 447 U.S. at 260).
    • Lingle, 544 U.S. at 531 (quoting Agins, 447 U.S. at 260).
  • 36
    • 45249087844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 544 U.S. at 531-32
    • 544 U.S. at 531-32.
  • 37
    • 45249124434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 540
    • Id. at 540.
  • 38
    • 45249086288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 545-48
    • Id. at 545-48.
  • 39
    • 45249093379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CONFUCIUS, THE ANALECTS bk. XIII, at 171-72 (A. Waley trans., 1938) If language is incorrect, then what is said does not concord with what was meant; and if what is said does not concord with what was meant, what is to be done cannot be effected.
    • CONFUCIUS, THE ANALECTS bk. XIII, at 171-72 (A. Waley trans., 1938) "If language is incorrect, then what is said does not concord with what was meant; and if what is said does not concord with what was meant, what is to be done cannot be effected."
  • 40
    • 45249116714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. See also Gideon Kanner, The Public Use Clause: Constitutional Mandate or Hortatory Fluff?, 33 PEPP. L. REV. 335, 350 (2006) (observing that our failure to perform such rectification has an adverse effect on civic values and scientific judgments, and makes legislation and subsequent court judgments unjust).
    • Id. See also Gideon Kanner, The Public Use Clause: Constitutional Mandate or "Hortatory Fluff?", 33 PEPP. L. REV. 335, 350 (2006) (observing that our failure to perform such rectification has an adverse effect on civic values and scientific judgments, and makes legislation and subsequent court judgments unjust).
  • 41
    • 45249118256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954).
    • Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954).
  • 42
    • 45249083588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haw. Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984).
    • Haw. Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984).
  • 43
    • 45449098328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • text accompanying notes 5-7
    • See supra text accompanying notes 5-7.
    • See supra
  • 44
    • 45249112755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelo, 545 U.S. at 501 (O'Connor, J., dissenting) (emphasis added). The errant language formulation might be a retreat from overly expansive wording used in conjunction with Justice O'Connor's enthusiasm for the cause of the Midkiff homeowners. It has been criticized as backtrack[ing] by which O'Connor avoids overturning her own prior holding by characterizing her former equation of the police power and public use as dicta.
    • Kelo, 545 U.S. at 501 (O'Connor, J., dissenting) (emphasis added). The "errant language" formulation might be a retreat from overly expansive wording used in conjunction with Justice O'Connor's enthusiasm for the cause of the Midkiff homeowners. It has been criticized as "backtrack[ing]" by which O'Connor "avoids overturning her own prior holding by characterizing her former equation of the police power and public use as dicta."
  • 45
    • 34250188435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living in the Past: The Kelo Court and Public-Private Economic Redevelopment, 34
    • Marc B. Mihaly, Living in the Past: The Kelo Court and Public-Private Economic Redevelopment, 34 ECOLOGY L.Q. 1, 44 (2007).
    • (2007) ECOLOGY L.Q , vol.1 , pp. 44
    • Mihaly, M.B.1
  • 47
    • 45249110368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Phoenix v. Superior Court, Maricopa County, 671 P.2d 387 (Ariz. 1983)
    • City of Phoenix v. Superior Court, Maricopa County, 671 P.2d 387 (Ariz. 1983)
  • 48
    • 45249083806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mayor of Baltimore v. Chertkof, 441 A.2d 1044 (Md. 1982)
    • Mayor of Baltimore v. Chertkof, 441 A.2d 1044 (Md. 1982)
  • 49
    • 45249123819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aposporos v. Urban Redevelopment Comm'n, 790 A.2d 1167 (Conn. 2002)
    • Aposporos v. Urban Redevelopment Comm'n, 790 A.2d 1167 (Conn. 2002)
  • 50
    • 45249099272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arvada Urban Renewal Auth. v. Columbine Prof'l Plaza Ass'n, Inc., 85 P.3d 1066 (Colo. 2004).
    • Arvada Urban Renewal Auth. v. Columbine Prof'l Plaza Ass'n, Inc., 85 P.3d 1066 (Colo. 2004).
  • 51
    • 45249119002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Note, Organic and Mechanical Metaphors in Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought, 110 HARV. L. REV. 1832, 1845 (1997).
    • See Note, Organic and Mechanical Metaphors in Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought, 110 HARV. L. REV. 1832, 1845 (1997).
  • 52
    • 45249097729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wendell E. Pritchett, The Public Menace of Blight: Urban Renewal and the Private Uses of Eminent Domain, 21 YALE L. & POL'Y REV. 1, 3-4 (2003) (internal citations omitted).
    • Wendell E. Pritchett, The "Public Menace" of Blight: Urban Renewal and the Private Uses of Eminent Domain, 21 YALE L. & POL'Y REV. 1, 3-4 (2003) (internal citations omitted).
  • 53
    • 45249090763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 348 U.S. at 34
    • 348 U.S. at 34.
  • 54
    • 45249117179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Roger B. Dworkin, The Human Genome Project's Implications for Autonomy, Respect, and Professionalism in Medical Genetics, 7 JAHRBUCH FUR RECHT UND ETHIK [ANN. REV. LAW & ETHICS] 118-19 (1999) (explaining that because genetic health questions affect more than just the target person, true autonomy is not practical) (cited in Roger B. Dworkin, Getting What We Should from Doctors: Rethinking Patient Autonomy and the Doctor-Patient Relationship, 13 HEALTH MATRIX 235 (2003)).
    • See, e.g., Roger B. Dworkin, The Human Genome Project's Implications for Autonomy, Respect, and Professionalism in Medical Genetics, 7 JAHRBUCH FUR RECHT UND ETHIK [ANN. REV. LAW & ETHICS] 118-19 (1999) (explaining that because genetic health questions affect more than just the "target" person, true autonomy is not practical) (cited in Roger B. Dworkin, Getting What We Should from Doctors: Rethinking Patient Autonomy and the Doctor-Patient Relationship, 13 HEALTH MATRIX 235 (2003)).
  • 55
    • 45249107946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926).
    • Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926).
  • 56
    • 45249097956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 392
    • Id. at 392.
  • 57
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    • Id. at 394
    • Id. at 394.
  • 58
    • 45249120954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 59
    • 45249084930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923) (invalidating minimum wage for women in the District of Columbia as violative of freedom of contract and due process).
    • See, e.g., Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923) (invalidating minimum wage for women in the District of Columbia as violative of freedom of contract and due process).
  • 60
    • 45249101941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JOEL FRANCIS PASCHAL, MR. JUSTICE SUTHERLAND: A MAN AGAINST THE STATE 126-27, 166, 242-43 (1951).
    • JOEL FRANCIS PASCHAL, MR. JUSTICE SUTHERLAND: A MAN AGAINST THE STATE 126-27, 166, 242-43 (1951).
  • 61
    • 45249123605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nirvana fallacy refers to the proclivity to view externalities and other market failures critically and to juxtapose them with government regulations that simply are assumed to be optimal. See Ronald H. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, 3 J.L. & ECON. 1, 43 1960, noting comparisons between a state of laissez faire and some kind of ideal world
    • The Nirvana fallacy refers to the proclivity to view externalities and other market failures critically and to juxtapose them with government regulations that simply are assumed to be optimal. See Ronald H. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, 3 J.L. & ECON. 1, 43 (1960) (noting comparisons between "a state of laissez faire and some kind of ideal world")
  • 62
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    • Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint, 12
    • This nirvana approach differs considerably from a comparative institution approach in which the relevant choice is between alternative real institutional arrangements
    • Harold Demsetz, Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint, 12 J.L. & ECON. 1 (1969). "This nirvana approach differs considerably from a comparative institution approach in which the relevant choice is between alternative real institutional arrangements."
    • (1969) J.L. & ECON , vol.1
    • Demsetz, H.1
  • 63
    • 45249100356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1
    • Id. at 1.
  • 64
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    • Pritchett, supra note 45, at 4
    • Pritchett, supra note 45, at 4.
  • 65
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    • Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral, 85
    • Guido Calabresi & A. Douglas Melamed, Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral, 85 HARV. L. REV. 1089 (1972).
    • (1972) HARV. L. REV , vol.1089
    • Calabresi, G.1    Douglas Melamed, A.2
  • 66
    • 45249123374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coniston Corp. v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 844 F.2d 461, 464 (7th Cir. 1988) (explaining that [c]ompensation in the constitutional sense is less than full compensation to individual property owners due to relocation costs, sentimental attachments, or the special suitability of the property for their particular (perhaps idiosyncratic) needs).
    • Coniston Corp. v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 844 F.2d 461, 464 (7th Cir. 1988) (explaining that "[c]ompensation in the constitutional sense" is less than full compensation to individual property owners due to "relocation costs, sentimental attachments, or the special suitability of the property for their particular (perhaps idiosyncratic) needs").
  • 68
    • 45249111705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998), which involved government liability stemming from a high-speed police chase, the Supreme Court stated that the core of the concept of due process is protection against arbitrary action and that only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be 'arbitrary in the constitutional sense.'
    • In County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998), which involved government liability stemming from a high-speed police chase, the Supreme Court stated that "the core of the concept" of due process is "protection against arbitrary action" and that "only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be 'arbitrary in the constitutional sense.'"
  • 69
    • 45249106321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 845-46
    • Id. at 845-46.
  • 70
    • 45249094025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some circuit courts of appeals have applied the standard to due process claims based on alleged property deprivation. See, e.g, United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc. v. Township of Warrington, 316 F.3d 392 2003
    • Some circuit courts of appeals have applied the standard to due process claims based on alleged property deprivation. See, e.g., United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc. v. Township of Warrington, 316 F.3d 392 (2003)
  • 73
    • 45149147242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For elaboration, see Steven J. Eagle, Property Tests, Due Process Tests and Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence, 2007 BYU L. REV. (No. 4, forthcoming 2007).
    • For elaboration, see Steven J. Eagle, Property Tests, Due Process Tests and Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence, 2007 BYU L. REV. (No. 4, forthcoming 2007).
  • 74
    • 45249118780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978).
    • Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978).
  • 75
    • 45249123818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 130-31
    • Id. at 130-31.
  • 76
    • 0009627364 scopus 로고
    • The Economics of Public Use, 72
    • noting that [i]f even a few owners held out, others might do the same. In this way, assembly of the needed parcels could become prohibitively expensive; in the end, the costs might well exceed the project's potential gains, See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Thomas W. Merrill, The Economics of Public Use, 72 CORNELL L. REV. 61, 75 (1986) (noting that "[i]f even a few owners held out, others might do the same. In this way, assembly of the needed parcels could become prohibitively expensive; in the end, the costs might well exceed the project's potential gains.").
    • (1986) CORNELL L. REV , vol.61 , pp. 75
    • Merrill, T.W.1
  • 77
    • 45249100151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling the Grasping Hand: Economic Development Takings After Kelo, 15 SUP. CT
    • distinguishing the strategic holdouts who merely want a higher price from the sincere dissenters, See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Ilya Somin, Controlling the Grasping Hand: Economic Development Takings After Kelo, 15 SUP. CT. ECON. REV. 183, 204 (2007) (distinguishing the "strategic holdouts" who merely want a higher price from the "sincere dissenters").
    • (2007) ECON. REV , vol.183 , pp. 204
    • Somin, I.1
  • 78
    • 45249091626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miller v. Schoene, 276 U.S. 272 (1928).
    • Miller v. Schoene, 276 U.S. 272 (1928).
  • 79
    • 45249083587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 280
    • Id. at 280.
  • 80
    • 45249109458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notably, the statute provided the owners with notice of the finding that cedar rust on their lands would injure nearby orchards, and the opportunity to challenge those findings or to destroy the trees themselves. Id. at 278.
    • Notably, the statute provided the owners with notice of the finding that cedar rust on their lands would injure nearby orchards, and the opportunity to challenge those findings or to destroy the trees themselves. Id. at 278.
  • 81
    • 45249101940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954). Miserable and disreputable housing conditions [do more than spread disease and crime and immorality.... They may also be an ugly sore, a blight on the community which robs it of charm, which makes it a place from which men turn.
    • See, e.g., Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954). "Miserable and disreputable housing conditions [do more than spread disease and crime and immorality.... They may also be an ugly sore, a blight on the community which robs it of charm, which makes it a place from which men turn."
  • 82
    • 45249119000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 32-33
    • Id. at 32-33.
  • 83
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    • See, e.g., City of Las Vegas Downtown Redevelopment Agency v. Pappas, 76 P.3d 1, 11 (Nev. 2003)
    • See, e.g., City of Las Vegas Downtown Redevelopment Agency v. Pappas, 76 P.3d 1, 11 (Nev. 2003)
  • 84
    • 45249111500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yonkers Cmty. Dev. Agency v. Morris, 335 N.E.2d 327, 330-31 (N.Y. 1975)
    • Yonkers Cmty. Dev. Agency v. Morris, 335 N.E.2d 327, 330-31 (N.Y. 1975)
  • 85
    • 45249095968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAAA Enters., Inc. v. River Place Cmty. Urban Redevelopment Corp., 553 N.E.2d 597, 600 (Ohio 1990)
    • AAAA Enters., Inc. v. River Place Cmty. Urban Redevelopment Corp., 553 N.E.2d 597, 600 (Ohio 1990)
  • 86
    • 45249083804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charleston Urban Renewal Auth. v. Courtland Co., 509 S.E.2d 569, 577-78 (W. Va. 1998)
    • Charleston Urban Renewal Auth. v. Courtland Co., 509 S.E.2d 569, 577-78 (W. Va. 1998)
  • 87
    • 45249090762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also Dean Starkman, Condemnation Is Used to Hand One Business Property of Another, WALL ST. J., Dec. 2, 1998, at A1 (quoted in text associated with infra note 124).
    • see also Dean Starkman, Condemnation Is Used to Hand One Business Property of Another, WALL ST. J., Dec. 2, 1998, at A1 (quoted in text associated with infra note 124).
  • 88
    • 33751244230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Uselessness of Public Use, 106
    • Abraham Bell & Gideon Parchomovsky, The Uselessness of Public Use, 106 COLUM. L. REV. 1412, 1437 (2006).
    • (2006) COLUM. L. REV , vol.1412 , pp. 1437
    • Bell, A.1    Parchomovsky, G.2
  • 89
    • 45249098427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merrill & Smith, supra note 28, at 1882
    • Merrill & Smith, supra note 28, at 1882.
  • 90
    • 45249087843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1883
    • Id. at 1883.
  • 91
    • 45249096639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 92
    • 45249084483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469, 505 (O'Connor, J., dissenting). The beneficiaries are likely to be those citizens with disproportionate influence and power in the political process, including large corporations and development firms. As for the victims, the government now has license to transfer property from those with fewer resources to those with more.
    • Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469, 505 (O'Connor, J., dissenting). "The beneficiaries are likely to be those citizens with disproportionate influence and power in the political process, including large corporations and development firms. As for the victims, the government now has license to transfer property from those with fewer resources to those with more."
  • 93
    • 45249090062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 94
    • 45249094451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 522 (Thomas, J., dissenting) (noting that [u]rban renewal projects have long been associated with the displacement of blacks).
    • Id. at 522 (Thomas, J., dissenting) (noting that "[u]rban renewal projects have long been associated with the displacement of blacks").
  • 95
    • 45249115859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 680-81 (1974) (explicating the origins of the deodand in Biblical and pre-Judeo-Christian practices, and citing OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, THE COMMON LAW c. 1 (1881) for its explanation that this reflected the view that the instrument of death was accused and that religious expiation was required).
    • See Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 680-81 (1974) (explicating the origins of the deodand in Biblical and pre-Judeo-Christian practices, and citing OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, THE COMMON LAW c. 1 (1881) for its explanation that this reflected the view that the instrument of death was accused and that religious expiation was required).
  • 96
    • 45249121472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 681 (citing 1 WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, COMMENTARIES *300).
    • Id. at 681 (citing 1 WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, COMMENTARIES *300).
  • 97
    • 45249104829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998) (upholding forfeiture of $15,000, in addition to $5,000 fine and term of probation, where individual had lawfully possessed $357,144 in cash but had not reported it when embarking on international flight, and where government had sought forfeiture of entire amount).
    • See, e.g., United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998) (upholding forfeiture of $15,000, in addition to $5,000 fine and term of probation, where individual had lawfully possessed $357,144 in cash but had not reported it when embarking on international flight, and where government had sought forfeiture of entire amount).
  • 98
    • 45249119457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. CONST. amend. V (nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation).
    • U.S. CONST. amend. V ("nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation").
  • 99
    • 0009627364 scopus 로고
    • The Economics of Public Use, 72
    • Thomas W. Merrill, The Economics of Public Use, 72 CORNELL L. REV. 61, 69-70 (1986).
    • (1986) CORNELL L. REV , vol.61 , pp. 69-70
    • Merrill, T.W.1
  • 100
    • 45249093599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 70
    • Id. at 70.
  • 101
    • 84886336150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • notes 58-59 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 58-59 and accompanying text.
    • See supra
  • 102
    • 45249090061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 418 (1922).
    • Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 418 (1922).
  • 103
    • 45249099911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., McCarran Int'l Airport v. Sisolak, 137 P.3d 1110 (Nev. 2006) (ordinance granting permanent permission to fly over land at altitude below 500 feet deprived owner of physical possession and constituted a per se taking).
    • See, e.g., McCarran Int'l Airport v. Sisolak, 137 P.3d 1110 (Nev. 2006) (ordinance granting permanent permission to fly over land at altitude below 500 feet deprived owner of physical possession and constituted a per se taking).
  • 104
    • 45249088944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See RICHARD A. EPSTEIN, TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN (1987).
    • See RICHARD A. EPSTEIN, TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN (1987).
  • 105
  • 106
    • 45249108813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 545 U.S. 469 2005
    • 545 U.S. 469 (2005).
  • 108
    • 45249113872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1022 (citing Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394 (1915)
    • Id. at 1022 (citing Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394 (1915)
  • 109
    • 45249099270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miller v. Schoene, 276 U.S. 272 (1928)
    • Miller v. Schoene, 276 U.S. 272 (1928)
  • 110
    • 45249112292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goldblatt v. Hempstead, 369 U.S. 590 (1962)).
    • Goldblatt v. Hempstead, 369 U.S. 590 (1962)).
  • 111
    • 45249083159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1023
    • Id. at 1023.
  • 112
    • 45249094022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1024
    • Id. at 1024.
  • 113
    • 45249105031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 1029
    • Id. at 1029.
  • 114
    • 45249107720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Steven J. Eagle, The 1997 Regulatory Takings Quartet: Retreating from the Rule of Law, 42 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 345, 399 n.337 (1998).
    • See Steven J. Eagle, The 1997 Regulatory Takings Quartet: Retreating from the "Rule of Law," 42 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 345, 399 n.337 (1998).
  • 115
    • 45249102396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alde, S.A. v. United States, 28 Fed. Cl. 26 (Fed. Cl. 1993)
    • Alde, S.A. v. United States, 28 Fed. Cl. 26 (Fed. Cl. 1993)
  • 116
    • 45249089379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also Gahagan v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 157, 162 (Fed. Cl. 2006) (quoting Alde with approval).
    • see also Gahagan v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 157, 162 (Fed. Cl. 2006) (quoting Alde with approval).
  • 117
    • 45249098169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 34
    • Id. at 34.
  • 118
    • 45249110599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Florida Rock Indus., Inc. v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. 21 (Fed. Cl. 1999).
    • Florida Rock Indus., Inc. v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. 21 (Fed. Cl. 1999).
  • 120
    • 45249085623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In addition to imminent dangers to public health and safety, the laundry-list definitions in many state redevelopment laws have included elements such as diverse ownership of the real property therein or other conditions, resulting in a stagnant or not fully productive condition of land and the like. See Concerned Citizens of Princeton, Inc. v. Mayor and Council of Princeton, 851 A.2d 685 N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2004, To the extent that these statutes define blight as departures from practices that would result in the land being put to its economic highest and best use, their proper application is through eminent domain
    • In addition to imminent dangers to public health and safety, the laundry-list definitions in many state redevelopment laws have included elements such as "diverse ownership of the real property therein or other conditions, resulting in a stagnant or not fully productive condition of land" and the like. See Concerned Citizens of Princeton, Inc. v. Mayor and Council of Princeton, 851 A.2d 685 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2004). To the extent that these statutes define blight as departures from practices that would result in the land being put to its economic highest and best use, their proper application is through eminent domain.
  • 121
  • 122
    • 45249110597 scopus 로고
    • Rethinking Article 9 Remedies: Economic and Fiduciary Perspectives, 42
    • noting that fair disposition prices are lower than fair market value due to the forced nature of the foreclosure sale
    • Luize E. Zubrow, Rethinking Article 9 Remedies: Economic and Fiduciary Perspectives, 42 UCLA L. REV. 445, 479 (1994) (noting that "fair disposition prices are lower than fair market value due to the forced nature of the foreclosure sale")
    • (1994) UCLA L. REV , vol.445 , pp. 479
    • Zubrow, L.E.1
  • 123
    • 45249105238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also, BFP v. Resolution Trust Corp., 511 U.S. 531 (1994) (noting that, at least pertaining to mortgage foreclosure sales as reviewed in bankruptcy proceedings, Congress might not have expected sale prices to constitute fair market value). Also, to the extent that there is post-remediation value in a mortgaged parcel, the lender could acquire it before a forced sale, or at the sale, by bidding in the debt. Unlike the situation involving remediation of environmental hazards, the cost of remediation of blighted structures should be fairly predictable.
    • see also, BFP v. Resolution Trust Corp., 511 U.S. 531 (1994) (noting that, at least pertaining to mortgage foreclosure sales as reviewed in bankruptcy proceedings, Congress might not have expected sale prices to constitute fair market value). Also, to the extent that there is post-remediation value in a mortgaged parcel, the lender could acquire it before a forced sale, or at the sale, by bidding in the debt. Unlike the situation involving remediation of environmental hazards, the cost of remediation of blighted structures should be fairly predictable.
  • 124
    • 45249097510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., In re Northville Indus. Corp. v. Board of Assessors of Riverhead, 531 N.Y.S.2d 592,594 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998) (it is reasonable to assume that a knowledgeable buyer [would demand an] abatement in the purchase price).
    • See, e.g., In re Northville Indus. Corp. v. Board of Assessors of Riverhead, 531 N.Y.S.2d 592,594 (N.Y. App. Div. 1998) ("it is reasonable to assume that a knowledgeable buyer [would demand an] abatement in the purchase price").
  • 125
    • 45249103672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Redevelopment Agency of Pomona v. Thrifty Oil Co., 5 Cal. Rptr. 2d 687, 689 n.9 (Ct. App. 1992)
    • See, e.g., Redevelopment Agency of Pomona v. Thrifty Oil Co., 5 Cal. Rptr. 2d 687, 689 n.9 (Ct. App. 1992)
  • 126
    • 45249086974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also, CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 1263.720.
    • See also, CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 1263.720.
  • 127
    • 45249084929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Finkelstein v. Dep't of Transp., 656 So. 2d 921, 922 (Fla. 1995).
    • See, e.g., Finkelstein v. Dep't of Transp., 656 So. 2d 921, 922 (Fla. 1995).
  • 128
    • 45249083585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See 7A NICHOLS ON EMINENT DOMAIN § G13B.03 [4] (Patrick J. Rohan & Melvin A. Reskin eds., 3d ed. 2002).
    • See 7A NICHOLS ON EMINENT DOMAIN § G13B.03 [4] (Patrick J. Rohan & Melvin A. Reskin eds., 3d ed. 2002).
  • 129
    • 45249112754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hous. Auth. of New Brunswick v. Suydam Investors, L.L.C., 826 A.2d 673, 688 (N.J. 2003).
    • Hous. Auth. of New Brunswick v. Suydam Investors, L.L.C., 826 A.2d 673, 688 (N.J. 2003).
  • 130
    • 45249087401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9675 2000
    • See, e.g., Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9675 (2000).
  • 131
    • 45249096419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Janet A. Flaccus, Pre-Petition and Post-Petition Mortgage Foreclosures and Tax Sales and the Faulty Reasoning of the Supreme Court, 51 ARK. L. REV. 25, 52 (1998) (noting that the lender is the typical buyer at foreclosure, bidding in its mortgage debt or less, and profiting on half of its subsequent resales).
    • See Janet A. Flaccus, Pre-Petition and Post-Petition Mortgage Foreclosures and Tax Sales and the Faulty Reasoning of the Supreme Court, 51 ARK. L. REV. 25, 52 (1998) (noting that the lender is the "typical buyer" at foreclosure, bidding in its mortgage debt or less, and profiting on half of its subsequent resales).
  • 132
    • 84963456897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • notes 16-19 and accompanying text
    • See supra notes 16-19 and accompanying text.
    • See supra
  • 133
    • 45249114572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U.S. 623 (1887) (upholding prohibition statute depriving brewery owner of substantial value).
    • Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U.S. 623 (1887) (upholding prohibition statute depriving brewery owner of substantial value).
  • 134
    • 45249102828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 665
    • Id. at 665.
  • 135
    • 45249121714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Solly v. City of Toledo, 218 N.E.2d 463 (Ohio 1966) (holding reasonable necessity of demolition as abatement of nuisance an issue for jury)
    • See, e.g., Solly v. City of Toledo, 218 N.E.2d 463 (Ohio 1966) (holding reasonable necessity of demolition as abatement of nuisance an issue for jury)
  • 136
    • 45249088257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hill v. City of Bethlehem, 909 A.2d 439 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2006) (demolition of building in danger of imminent collapse an exercise of police power rather than eminent domain).
    • Hill v. City of Bethlehem, 909 A.2d 439 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2006) (demolition of building in danger of imminent collapse an exercise of police power rather than eminent domain).
  • 137
    • 45249086287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Friend v. Brankatelli, 482 N.E.2d 1284, 1285 (Ohio Ct. App. 1984)
    • See, e.g., Friend v. Brankatelli, 482 N.E.2d 1284, 1285 (Ohio Ct. App. 1984)
  • 138
    • 45249108151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D&M Fin. Corp. v. City of Long Beach, 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d 562 (Ct. App. 2006) (demolition of property before mailed notice reached owner violative of procedural due process).
    • D&M Fin. Corp. v. City of Long Beach, 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d 562 (Ct. App. 2006) (demolition of property before mailed notice reached owner violative of procedural due process).
  • 139
    • 45249118334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Dallas, 242 F.3d 642
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Freeman v. City of Dallas, 242 F.3d 642, 653 (5th Cir. 2001)
    • (2001) 653 (5th Cir
    • Freeman, V.1
  • 140
    • 45249106113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People v. McKendrick, 468 N.W.2d 903, 909 (Mich. Ct. App 1991).
    • People v. McKendrick, 468 N.W.2d 903, 909 (Mich. Ct. App 1991).
  • 141
    • 45249090060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra Part IV. D.
    • See supra Part IV. D.
  • 142
    • 45249117409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnson v. City of Paducah, 512 S.W.2d 514 (Ky. 1974).
    • Johnson v. City of Paducah, 512 S.W.2d 514 (Ky. 1974).
  • 143
    • 45249101939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington v. City of Winchester, 861 S.W.2d 125, 126 (Ky. Ct. App. 1993).
    • Washington v. City of Winchester, 861 S.W.2d 125, 126 (Ky. Ct. App. 1993).
  • 144
    • 45249120952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Village of Lake Villa v. Stokovich, 810 N.E.2d 13 (Ill. 2004)
    • See, e.g., Village of Lake Villa v. Stokovich, 810 N.E.2d 13 (Ill. 2004)
  • 145
    • 45249113208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hawthorne Sav. & Loan Ass'n v. City of Signal Hill, 23 Cal. Rptr. 2d 272 (Ct. App. 1993)
    • Hawthorne Sav. & Loan Ass'n v. City of Signal Hill, 23 Cal. Rptr. 2d 272 (Ct. App. 1993)
  • 146
    • 45249089598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shaffer v. City of Atlanta, 154 S.E.2d 241 (Ga. 1967).
    • Shaffer v. City of Atlanta, 154 S.E.2d 241 (Ga. 1967).
  • 147
    • 45249123604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Herrit v. Code Mgmt. Appeal Bd. of Butler, 704 A.2d 186 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1997) (holding ordinance denying owner of unsafe building the opportunity to repair where costs exceeded 100% of property's appraised value to be facially unconstitutional).
    • See Herrit v. Code Mgmt. Appeal Bd. of Butler, 704 A.2d 186 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1997) (holding ordinance denying owner of unsafe building the opportunity to repair where costs exceeded 100% of property's appraised value to be facially unconstitutional).
  • 148
    • 45249111499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954).
    • Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954).
  • 149
    • 45249102592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Meyer v. Jones, 696 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2005)
    • See Meyer v. Jones, 696 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2005)
  • 150
    • 45249106536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n of Kent County v. City of Grand Rapids, 566 N.W.2d 514, 522 (Mich. 1997).
    • Rental Prop. Owners Ass'n of Kent County v. City of Grand Rapids, 566 N.W.2d 514, 522 (Mich. 1997).
  • 151
    • 45249099065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Meyer, 696 N.W.2d at 615
    • See Meyer, 696 N.W.2d at 615
  • 152
    • 45249094450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • City of Panama City v. Head, 797 So. 2d 1265, 1267 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001).
    • City of Panama City v. Head, 797 So. 2d 1265, 1267 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001).
  • 153
    • 45249091625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See City of Paterson v. Fargo Realty Inc., 415 A.2d 1210, 1214 (N.J. Dist. Ct. 1980)
    • See City of Paterson v. Fargo Realty Inc., 415 A.2d 1210, 1214 (N.J. Dist. Ct. 1980)
  • 154
    • 45249094681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • People ex rel. Camil v. Buena Vista Cinema, 129 Cal. Rptr. 315, 317 (Ct. App. 1976).
    • People ex rel. Camil v. Buena Vista Cinema, 129 Cal. Rptr. 315, 317 (Ct. App. 1976).
  • 155
    • 45249101723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., In re Foreclosure of Liens for Delinquent Land Taxes, 226 S.W.3d 250, 252 (Mo. Ct. App. 2007).
    • See, e.g., In re Foreclosure of Liens for Delinquent Land Taxes, 226 S.W.3d 250, 252 (Mo. Ct. App. 2007).
  • 156
    • 45249114571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dean Starkman, Condemnation Is Used to Hand One Business Property of Another, WALL ST. J., Dec. 2, 1998, at A1 (quoting Jeffrey Finkle, head of the Council for Urban Economic Development in Washington, D.C.).
    • Dean Starkman, Condemnation Is Used to Hand One Business Property of Another, WALL ST. J., Dec. 2, 1998, at A1 (quoting Jeffrey Finkle, head of the Council for Urban Economic Development in Washington, D.C.).
  • 157
    • 45249101053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 158
    • 45249116103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DANA BERLINER, PUBLIC POWER, PRIVATE GAIN 2 (2003), available at http://www.castlecoalition.org/pdf/repord/ED_report.pdf. The book was published under the aegis of the libertarian advocacy group Institute for Justice, which represented Suzette Kelo.
    • DANA BERLINER, PUBLIC POWER, PRIVATE GAIN 2 (2003), available at http://www.castlecoalition.org/pdf/repord/ED_report.pdf. The book was published under the aegis of the libertarian advocacy group Institute for Justice, which represented Suzette Kelo.
  • 159
    • 0742306059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicole Stelle Garnett, The Public-Use Question as a Takings Problem, 71 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 934, 958-59 (2003) (citing WILLIAM A. FISCHEL, REGULATORY TAKINGS: LAW, ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 74-77 (1995)).
    • Nicole Stelle Garnett, The Public-Use Question as a Takings Problem, 71 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 934, 958-59 (2003) (citing WILLIAM A. FISCHEL, REGULATORY TAKINGS: LAW, ECONOMICS AND POLITICS 74-77 (1995)).
  • 160
    • 45249118779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See MARTIN J. OSBORNE, AN INTRODUCTION TO GAME THEORY 15, 17-21 (2004) (noting that a modeled game between two aggressive nations, each preferring, in order, that only it had weapons, that neither nation had weapons, and that both had weapons, would reach the least desired outcome, in a classic prisoner's dilemma situation).
    • See MARTIN J. OSBORNE, AN INTRODUCTION TO GAME THEORY 15, 17-21 (2004) (noting that a modeled game between two aggressive nations, each preferring, in order, that only it had weapons, that neither nation had weapons, and that both had weapons, would reach the least desired outcome, in a classic prisoner's dilemma situation).
  • 161
    • 45249086091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., United Haulers Ass'n, Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt., 127 S. Ct. 1786, 1792 (2007). (Although the Constitution does not in terms limit the power of States to regulate commerce, we have long interpreted the Commerce Clause as an implicit restraint on state authority, even in the absence of a conflicting federal statute).
    • See, e.g., United Haulers Ass'n, Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt., 127 S. Ct. 1786, 1792 (2007). ("Although the Constitution does not in terms limit the power of States to regulate commerce, we have long interpreted the Commerce Clause as an implicit restraint on state authority, even in the absence of a conflicting federal statute").
  • 162
    • 84937268679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Business Subsidies and the Dormant Commerce Clause, 107
    • Because such bounties typically are made available only to in-state operations, they appear on their face to abridge the 'prohibition against discriminatory treatment of interstate commerce, See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Dan T. Coenen, Business Subsidies and the Dormant Commerce Clause, 107 YALE L.J. 965 (1998). "Because such bounties typically are made available only to in-state operations, they appear on their face to abridge the 'prohibition against discriminatory treatment of interstate commerce.'"
    • (1998) YALE L.J , vol.965
    • Coenen, D.T.1
  • 163
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    • Id. at 968 (quoting Boston Stock Exch. v. State Tax Comm'n, 429 U.S. 318, 329 (1977)).
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    • New Energy Co. of Ind. v. Limbach, 486 U.S. 269, 278 (1988).
    • New Energy Co. of Ind. v. Limbach, 486 U.S. 269, 278 (1988).
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    • W. Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy, 512 U.S. 186 (1994).
    • W. Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy, 512 U.S. 186 (1994).
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    • Id. at 199 n.15.
    • Id. at 199 n.15.
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    • 545 U.S. 469 2005
    • 545 U.S. 469 (2005).
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    • See, e.g, Pritchett, supra note 45
    • See, e.g., Pritchett, supra note 45
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    • Kamier, supra note 38
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    • The "Public Use" Requirement in Eminent Domain Law: A Rationale Based on Secret Purchases and Private Influence, 92
    • Daniel B. Kelly, The "Public Use" Requirement in Eminent Domain Law: A Rationale Based on Secret Purchases and Private Influence, 92 CORNELL L. REV. 1, 7-8 (2006).
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    • See supra Part V.A. 167 JANE JACOBS, THE DEATH AND LIFE OF AMERICAN CITIES (1961)
    • See supra Part V.A. 167 JANE JACOBS, THE DEATH AND LIFE OF AMERICAN CITIES (1961)
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    • see also JANE JACOBS, CITIES AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1984). 169 Brief of Jane Jacobs as Amica Curiae in Support of Petitioners, Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005) (No. 04-108), 2004 WL 2803191 in April 2006.
    • see also JANE JACOBS, CITIES AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS (1984). 169 Brief of Jane Jacobs as Amica Curiae in Support of Petitioners, Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005) (No. 04-108), 2004 WL 2803191 in April 2006.
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    • Privatizing the Neighborhood: A Proposal to Replace Zoning with Private Collective Property Rights to Existing Neighborhoods, 7
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g., Robert H. Nelson, Privatizing the Neighborhood: A Proposal to Replace Zoning with Private Collective Property Rights to Existing Neighborhoods, 7 GEO. MASON L. REV. 827 (1999).
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    • Privatizing Urban Land Use Regulation: The Problem of Consent, 7
    • Steven J. Eagle, Privatizing Urban Land Use Regulation: The Problem of Consent, 7 GEO. MASON L. REV. 905 (1999).
    • (1999) GEO. MASON L. REV , vol.905
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    • Id. at 835
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    • CAL. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 33339 (West 2007) (requiring that redevelopment agency plans provide for owner participation but not rely on that participation, adopt and publish owner participation rules; give preference to business owners to reenter that same redevelopment area, possess alternative plans in the case that the owners do not participate, and act in good faith to allow owner participation).
    • CAL. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 33339 (West 2007) (requiring that redevelopment agency plans provide for owner participation but not rely on that participation, adopt and publish owner participation rules; give preference to business owners to reenter that same redevelopment area, possess alternative plans in the case that the owners do not participate, and act in good faith to allow owner participation).
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    • Bunker Hill Urban Renewal Project 1B of Cmty
    • See, e.g, P, Cal
    • See, e.g., In re Bunker Hill Urban Renewal Project 1B of Cmty. Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles, 389 P.2d 538 (Cal. 1964).
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    • In re1
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    • Kennedy, J, concurring, admonishing that a plausible accusation of impermissible favoritism to private parties should be treated as serious, S. at
    • See Kelo, 545 U.S. at 491 (2005) (Kennedy, J., concurring) (admonishing that a "plausible accusation of impermissible favoritism to private parties" should be treated as "serious").
    • (2005) See Kelo , vol.545 , Issue.U , pp. 491


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