Survival in an "all boys club": Policewomen and their fight for acceptance

Policing

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 251-270

  Rabe Hemp, Cara ^a  

^a ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender; Organizational culture; Police; United States of America; Women

Indexed keywords

EID: 45249096510     PISSN: 1363951X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13639510810878712     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Barker, J. (1999), Danger, Duty and Disillusionment: The Worldview of Los Angeles Police Officer, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL.
2. Bartlett, H.W. and Rosenblum, A. (1977), Policewomen Effectiveness, Denver Civil Service Commission, Denver, CO.
3. Belknap, J. and Shelley, J.K. (1992), "The new lone ranger: policewomen on patrol", American Journal of Police, Vol. XII, pp. 47-76.
4. Bittner, E. (1970), The Functions of Police in Modern Society: A Review of the Background Factors, Current Practices, and Possible Role Models, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD.
5. Bittner, E. (1974), "Esprit de corps and the code of secrecy", in Goldsmith, J. and Goldsmith, S.S. (Eds), The Police Community: Dimensions of an Occupational Subculture, Palisades Publishers, Pacific Palisades, CA, pp. 237-46.
6. Bloch, P. and Anderson, D. (1974), Policewomen on Patrol, Police Foundation, Washington, DC.
7. Brown, J. (2000), "Occupational culture as a factor in the stress experiences of police officers", in Leishman, F., Loveday, B. and Savage, S. (Eds), Core Issues in Policing, Pearson Education, Harlow, pp. 249-63.
8. Brown, J. and Sargent, S. (1995), "Policewomen and firearms in British police service", Policing, Vol. 18, pp. 1-16.
9. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1996), Local Police Departments, 1993, Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, Washington, DC.
10. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006), Local Police Departments, 2003, Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, Washington, DC.
11. Burligame, D. and Baro, A.L. (2005), "Women's representation and status in law enforcement: does CALEA involvement make a difference", Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 391-411.
12. Business Week (2005), "Working mom tearing down office walls", Business Week, available at: www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2005/ nf2005054_3294_db_083.htm (accessed August 28, 2007).
13. California Highway Patrol (1976), Women Traffic Officer Project: Final Report, California Highway Patrol, Sacramento, CA.
14. Carter, D.L., Sapp, A. and Stephens, D.W. (1989), The State of Police Education, Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC.
15. Connell, R.W. (1987), Gender and Power, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.
16. Connell, R.W. (1995), Masculinities, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
17. Crank, J.P. (1998), Understanding the Police Culture, Anderson, Cincinnati, OH.
18. Dick, P. and Jankowicz, D. (2001), "A social constructionist account of police culture and it influence on the representation and progression of female officers", Policing, Vol. 24, pp. 181-99.
19. Egan, T. (2005), "Police forces, their ranks thin, offer bonuses, bounties and more", New York Times, 28 December, p. A1.
20. Franklin, C. (2005), "Male peer support and the police culture: understanding the resistance and opposition of women in policing", Women & Criminal Justice, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 1-25.
21. Garcia, V. (2003), "Difference in the police department: women, policing, and doing gender", Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 330-44.
22. Greene, H. and del Carmen, A. (2002), "Female police officers in Texas: perceptions of colleagues and stress", Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 385-98.
23. Haarr, R. (1997), "Patterns of interaction in a police bureau: race and gender barriers to integration", Justice Quarterly, Vol. 14, pp. 53-85.
24. Haarr, R. (2005), "Factors influencing the decision of police recruits to drop out of police work", Police Quarterly, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 431-53.
25. Heidensohn, F. (1992), Women in Control? The Role of Women in Law Enforcement, Oxford University Press, London.
26. Herbert, S. (1998), "The police subculture reconsidered", Criminology, Vol. 36, pp. 343-69.
27. Herrington, P. (2002), "Advice to women beginning a career in policing", Women & Criminal Justice, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 1-13.
28. Hunt, J. (1990), "The logic underlying police sexism", Women & Criminal Justice, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 3-30.
29. Kanter, R. (1977), Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New York, NY.
30. Kirschman, E. (1997), I Love a Cop: What Families Need to Know, The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
31. Koenig, E.J. (1978), "An overview of attitudes toward women in law enforcement", Public Administration Review, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 267-75.
32. Lonsway, K.A. (2003), "Tearing down the wall: problems with consistency, validity, and adverse impact of physical agility testing in police selection", Police Quarterly, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 237-77.
33. Lonsway, K.A., Wood, M. and Spillar, K. (2002), "Officer gender and excessive force", Law & Order, Vol. 50 No. 12, pp. 60-6.
34. MacKinnon, C. (1989), Towards a Feminist Theory of the State, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
35. Martin, S. (1980), Breaking and Entering: Police Women on Patrol, University of California Press, Berkley, CA.
36. Martin, S. (1990), On the Move: The Status of Women in Policing, Police Foundation, Washington, DC.
37. Martin, S. (1991), "The effectiveness of affirmative action: the case of women in policing", Justice Quarterly, Vol. 8, pp. 489-504.
38. Martin, S. (1999), "Police force or police service? Gender and emotional labor", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, Vol. 561, pp. 111-26.
39. Menkel-Meadow, C. (1989), "Exploring a research agenda of the feminization of the legal profession: theories of gender and social change", Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 14, pp. 289-314.
40. Messerschmidt, J. (1993), Masculinities and Crime: Critique and Reconceptualization of Theory, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD.
41. Miller, S. (1999), Gender and Community Policing: Walking the Talk, Northeastern University Press, Boston, MA.
42. National Center for Women and Policing (2000), Status of Small and Rural Police Agencies, NCWP, Los Angeles, CA.
43. National Center for Women and Policing (2001), Equality Denied: The Status of Women in Policing, NCWP, Los Angeles, CA.
44. Padgett, D.K. (1998), Qualitative Methods in Social Work: Challenges and Rewards, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
45. Paoline, E. III (2003), "Taking stock: toward a richer understanding of police culture", Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 31, pp. 199-214.
46. Peak, K.L. (2003), Policing America: Methods, Issues and Challenges, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
47. Pike, E.L. (1985), "Women in police academy training: some aspects of organizational response", in Moyer, I.L. (Ed.), The Changing Roles of Women in the Criminal Justice System: Offenders, Victims, and Professionals, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL, pp. 250-70.
48. Pogrebin, M., Dodge, M. and Chatham, H. (2000), "Reflections of African-American women on their careers in urban policing: their experiences of racial and sexual discrimination", International Journal of the Sociology of Law, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 311-26.
49. Price, B.R. (1985), "Sexual integration in American law enforcement", in Hefferman, W.C. and Stroup, T. (Eds), Police Ethics, John Jay Press, New York, NY, pp. 205-14.
50. Prokos, A. and Padavic, I. (2002), "There outta be a law against bitches: masculinity lessons in police academy training", Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 439-59.
51. Rabe-Hemp, C. (2006), "The effect of officer gender in police-citizen interactions", paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto.
52. Raymond, B., Hickman, L.J., Miller, L. and Wong, J.S. (2005), Police Personnel Challenges after September 11: Anticipating Expanded Duties and a Changing Labor Pool, RAND Corporation, Washington, DC.
53. Remmington, P. (1981), Policing: The Occupation and Introduction of Female Officers, University Press of America, Washington, DC.
54. Remmington, P. (1983), "Women in police: integration or separation?", Qualitative Sociology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 118-35.
55. Rohrbaugh, J.B. (1976), "Women in the workplace", in Skolnick, J. and Currie, E. (Eds), Crisis in American Institutions, Little, Brown, Boston, MA, pp. 215-30.
56. Scaroborough, K. and Collins, P. (2002), Women in Public and Private Law Enforcement, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA.
57. Schulz, D.M. (2004), Breaking the Brass Ceiling: Women Police Chiefs and their Paths to the Top, Praeger, Westport, CT.
58. Sherman, L.J. (1975), "An evaluation of policewomen on patrol in a suburban police department", Journal of Police Science and Administration, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 434-8.
59. Sims, B., Scarborough, K. and Ahmad, J. (2003), "The relationship between police officers attitudes toward women and perceptions of police models", Police Quarterly, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 278-97.
60. Tutty, L.M., Rothery, M.A. and Grinnell, R.M. (1996), Qualitative Research for Social Worker, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA.
61. United States Census Bureau (1999), Population, US Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
62. Waddington, P.A.J. (1999), "Police (canteen) subculture: an appreciation", British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 39, pp. 287-309.
63. Weisheit, R.A., Falcone, D. and Wells, E.L. (2006), Crime and Policing in Rural and Small-town America, Waveland Press, Long Grove, IL.
64. Werner, P.D. and LaRussa, G.W. (1985), "Persistence and change in sex role stereotypes", Sex Roles, Vol. 12, pp. 1089-100.
65. West, C. and Zimmerman, D.H. (1987), "Doing gender", Gender & Society, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 125-51.
66. Wexler, J. and Logan, D. (1983), "Sources of stress among police women police officers", Journal of Police Science and Administration, Vol. 11, pp. 46-53.
67. Whetstone, T.S. and Wilson, D. (1999), "Dilemmas confronting female police officers promotional candidates: glass ceilings, disenfranchisement, or satisfaction?", International Journal of Police Science and Management, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 128-43.
68. Wood, R.L., Davis, M. and Rouse, A. (2004), "Diving into quicksand: program implementation and police subcultures", in Skogan, W. (Ed.), Community Policing: Can it Work?, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA, pp. 136-62.
69. Young, M. (1991), An Inside Job: Policing and Police Culture in Britain, Clarendon Press, Oxford.