Social organization and group formation of raccoons at the edge of their distribution

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 646-653

  Pitt, Justin A ^a   Larivière, Serge ^b   Messier, François ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b Bureau 110   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Coalition groups; Dynamic interaction; Group structure; Procyon lotor; Raccoons; Social organization; Spatial dispersion; Territoriality

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR; CARNIVORE; DISPERSION; DOMINANCE; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; HOME RANGE; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MAMMAL; POPULATION DENSITY; SOCIAL ORGANIZATION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TERRITORIALITY;

CARNIVORA; PROCYON; PROCYON LOTOR;

EID: 45249083649     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/07-MAMM-A-224R.1     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. ADAMS, E. S. 2001. Approaches to the study of territory size and shape. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32:277-303.
2. CARO, T. M. 1989. Determinants of sociality asociality in felids. Pp. 41-74 in Comparative socioecology (V. Standen and R. A. Foley, eds.). Blackwell Scientific, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
3. CARO, T. M. 1994. Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: group living in an asocial species. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
4. CHAMBERLAIN, M. J., AND B. LEOPOLD. 2002. Spatio-temporal relationships among adult raccoons (Procyon lotor) in central Mississippi. American Midland Naturalist 147:297-308.
5. CLARK, P. J., AND F. EVANS. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35:445-453.
6. DAVIES, N. B., AND A. I. HOUSTON. 1984. Territory economics. Pp. 148-169 in Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach (J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds.). Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, United Kingdom.
7. DELUANE, M. 2003. Xtools extension to ArcView, version 9/15/2003. Department of Forestry, Portland, Oregon.
8. DONCASTER, C. P. 1990. Non-parametric estimates of interaction from radio-tracking data. Journal of Theoretical Biology 143:431-443.
9. DONNLEY, K. 1978. Simulations to determine the variance and edge effect of total nearest neighbor distance. Pp. 91-95 in Simulation methods in archaeology (I. Hodder, ed.). Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom.
10. DURANT, S. M., M. KELLY, AND T. M. CARO. 2004. Factors affecting life and death in Serengeti cheetahs: environment, age, and sociality. Behavioral Ecology 15:11-22.
11. FRITZELL, E. K. 1978a. Aspects of raccoon (Procyon lotor) social organization. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:260-271.
12. FRITZELL, E. K. 1978b. Habitat use of prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season. Journal of Wildlife Management 42:118-127.
13. GANNON, W. L., R. S. SIKES, AND THE ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS. 2007. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. Journal of Mammalogy 88:809-823.
14. GEHRT, S. D., AND E. K. FRITZELL. 1997. Sexual differences in home ranges of raccoons. Journal of Mammalogy 78:921-931.
15. GEHRT, S. D., AND E. K. FRITZELL. 1998. Resource distribution, female home range dispersion and male spatial interactions: group structure in a solitary carnivore. Animal Behaviour 55:1211-1227.
16. GINSBERG, J. R., AND T. P. YOUNG. 1992. Measuring association between individuals or groups in behavioral studies. Animal Behaviour 44:377-379.
17. GITTLEMAN, J. L. 1989. Carnivore group living: comparative trends. Pp. 183-207 in Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution (J. L. Gittleman, ed.). Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
18. GOMPPER, M. E., J. L. GITTLEMAN, AND R. K. WAYNE. 1997. Genetic relatedness, coalitions, and social behavior of white-nosed coatis, Nasua narica. Animal Behaviour 53:781-797.
19. GRAU, G. A., G. C. SANDERSON, AND J. P. ROGERS. 1970. Age determination of raccoons. Journal of Wildlife Management 34:364-372.
20. GREENWOOD, R. J. 1982. Nocturnal activity and foraging of prairie raccoons (Procyon lotor) in North Dakota. American Midland Naturalist 107:238-243.
21. HOOGE, P. N., AND B. EICHENLAUB. 1997. Animal Movement extension to ArcView, version 1.1. Alaska Biological Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Anchorage.
22. KAMLER, J. F., AND P. S. GIPSON. 2003. Space and habitat use by male and female raccoons, Procyon lotor, in Kansas. Canadian Field-Naturalist 117:218-223.
23. KRAKAUER, A. 2005. Kin selection and cooperative courtship in wild turkeys. Nature 434:69-72.
24. KREBS, J. R., AND N. B. DAVIES. 1993. An introduction to behavioural ecology. 3rd ed. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, United Kingdom.
25. LANK, D. B., C. M. SMITH, O. HANOTTE, A. OHTONEN, S. BAILEY, AND T. BURKE. 2002. High frequency of polyandry in a lek mating system. Behavioral Ecology 13:209-215.
26. LARIVIÈRE, S. 2004. Range expansion of raccoons in the Canadian prairies. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:955-963.
27. LARIVIÈRE, S., AND F. MESSIER. 1998. Spatial organization of a prairie striped skunk population during the waterfowl nesting season. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:199-204.
28. LEE, J. E., G. C. WHITE, R. A. GARROTT, R. M. BARMANN, AND A. W. ALLREDGE. 1985. Assessing the accuracy of a radio telemetry system for estimating mule deer locations. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:658-663.
29. LÓPEZ-SEPULCRE, A., AND H. KOKKO. 2005. Territorial defense, territory size, and population regulation. American Naturalist 166:317-329.
30. LOTT, D. 1991. Intraspecific variation in the social systems of wild vertebrates. Cambridge University Press, New York.
31. LOTZE, J. H., AND S. ANDERSON. 1979. Procyon lotor. Mammalian Species 119:1-8.
32. MACDONALD, D. W. 1983. The ecology of carnivore social behavior. Nature 301:378-384.
33. MCDONALD, D. B., AND W. K. POTTS. 1994. Cooperative display and relatedness among males in a lek-mating bird. Science 266:1030-1032.
34. MORRELL, L. J., AND H. KOKKO. 2004. Can too strong female choice deteriorate male ornamentation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 271:1597-1604.
35. NAMS, V. O. 1990. Locate II user's guide. Pacer Computer Software, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
36. ODUM, E. P., AND E. J. KUENZLER. 1955. Measurement of territory and home range size in birds. Auk 72:128-137.
37. PITT, J. A., S. LARIVIÈRE, AND F. MESSIER. 2006a. Efficacy of Zoletil® for field immobilization of raccoons. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:1045-1048.
38. PITT, J. A., S. LARIVIÈRE, AND F. MESSIER. 2006b. Condition indices and bioelectrical impedance analysis to predict body condition of small carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy 87:217-212.
39. SALVATORI, V., A. K. SKIDMORE, F. CORSI, AND F. VAN DER MEER. 1999. Estimating temporal independence of radio-telemetry data on animal activity. Journal of Theoretical Biology 198:567-574.
40. SAMSON, C., AND J. HUOT. 2001. Spatial and temporal interaction between female American black bears in mixed forests in eastern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:633-641.
41. SHIER, D. M., AND J. A. RANDALL. 2004. Spacing as a predictor of social organization in kangaroo rats (Dipodomys heermanni arenae). Journal of Mammalogy 85:1002-1008.
42. SINCLAIR, D. F. 1985. On tests of spatial randomness using mean nearest neighbor distance. Ecology 66:1084-1085.
43. SPENCER, H., L. GODFREY, AND P. O'CONNOR. 1987. A remotely switched passive null-peak network for animal tracking and radio direction finding. Australian Wildlife Research 14:311-317.
44. VALENZUELA, D., AND D. W. MACDONALD. 2002. Home-range use by white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica): limited water and a test of the resource dispersion hypothesis. Journal of Zoology (London) 258:247-256.
45. WALKER, S., AND M. SUNQUIST. 1997. Movement and spatial organization of raccoons in north central Florida. Florida Field-Naturalist 25:11-21.
46. WHITE, G. C., AND R. A. GARROTT. 1990. Analysis of wildlife radiotracking data. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
47. ZEVELOFF, S. I. 2002. Raccoons: a natural history. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.