메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 4, 2007, Pages

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth

Author keywords

*Episiotomy; Combined modality therapy methods ; Female; Hyperthermia, induced methods ; Hypothermia, induced *methods ; Magnetics therapeutic use ; Pain *therapy ; Perineum *injuries ; Randomized controlled trials as topic

Indexed keywords

HAMAMELIS EXTRACT; HYDROCORTISONE; PRAMOCAINE;

EID: 44949162935     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006304.pub2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (63)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 44949183699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gallie 2003 {published data only} Gallie M, Pourghazi S, Grant JM. A randomized trial of pulsed electromagnetic energy compared with ice-packs for the relief of postnatal perineal pain. Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Women's Health 2003;93:10-4.
    • Gallie 2003 {published data only} Gallie M, Pourghazi S, Grant JM. A randomized trial of pulsed electromagnetic energy compared with ice-packs for the relief of postnatal perineal pain. Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Women's Health 2003;93:10-4.
  • 2
    • 0024636671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hill 1989 {published data only} Hill PD. Effects of heat and cold on the perineum after episiotomy/laceration. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 1989;18(2):124-9.
    • Hill 1989 {published data only} Hill PD. Effects of heat and cold on the perineum after episiotomy/laceration. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 1989;18(2):124-9.
  • 3
    • 0024724328 scopus 로고
    • 1989 {published data only} LaFoy J, Geden E. Postepisiotomy pain: Warm versus cold sitz bath
    • LaFoy
    • LaFoy 1989 {published data only} LaFoy J, Geden E. Postepisiotomy pain: warm versus cold sitz bath. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 1989;18(5):399-403.
    • (1989) Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 399-403
  • 4
    • 0024417060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moore 1989 {published data only} Moore W, James DK. A random trial of three topical analgesic agents in the treatment of episiotomy pain following instrumental vaginal delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;10:35-9.
    • Moore 1989 {published data only} Moore W, James DK. A random trial of three topical analgesic agents in the treatment of episiotomy pain following instrumental vaginal delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;10:35-9.
  • 5
    • 0022819056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ramler 1986 {published data only} Ramler D, Roberts J. A comparison of cold and warm sitz baths for relief of postpartum perineal pain. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 1986;15(6):471-4.
    • Ramler 1986 {published data only} Ramler D, Roberts J. A comparison of cold and warm sitz baths for relief of postpartum perineal pain. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 1986;15(6):471-4.
  • 6
    • 44949138437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steen 2000 {published data only} Griffith-Jones M, Steen M, Walker J, Cooper K. Randomised controlled trial of a new maternity cooling gel pad against ice packs and epifoam in the management of perineal oedema, bruising and pain after instrumental vaginal delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105(Suppl 17):88.
    • Steen 2000 {published data only} Griffith-Jones M, Steen M, Walker J, Cooper K. Randomised controlled trial of a new maternity cooling gel pad against ice packs and epifoam in the management of perineal oedema, bruising and pain after instrumental vaginal delivery. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105(Suppl 17):88.
  • 7
    • 44949238128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perineal trauma: A localised cooling treatment for alleviating perineal oedema, bruising and pain following an episiotomy
    • research and practice in nursing; June 25; Leeds, UK
    • Steen M, Cooper K. Perineal trauma: a localised cooling treatment for alleviating perineal oedema, bruising and pain following an episiotomy. "What works": research and practice in nursing; 1998 June 25; Leeds, UK. 1998.
    • (1998) What works
    • Steen, M.1    Cooper, K.2
  • 8
    • 0034157168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • * Steen M, Cooper K, Marchant P, Griffiths-Jones M, Walker J. A randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of icepacks and epifoam with cooling maternity gel pads at alleviating postnatal perineal trauma. Midwifery 2000;16:48-55.
    • * Steen M, Cooper K, Marchant P, Griffiths-Jones M, Walker J. A randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of icepacks and epifoam with cooling maternity gel pads at alleviating postnatal perineal trauma. Midwifery 2000;16:48-55.
  • 9
    • 34249685954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The APT Study {published and unpublished data} * Steen M. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of localised cooling treatments in alleviating perineal trauma: The APT study
    • The APT Study {published and unpublished data} * Steen M. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of localised cooling treatments in alleviating perineal trauma: the APT study. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest 2002;12(3):373-6.
    • (2002) MIDIRS Midwifery Digest , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 373-376
  • 10
    • 44949219381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alleviating perineal trauma - the APT study
    • Steen M, Marchant P. Alleviating perineal trauma - the APT study. RCM Midwives Journal 2001;4(8):256-8.
    • (2001) RCM Midwives Journal , vol.4 , Issue.8 , pp. 256-258
    • Steen, M.1    Marchant, P.2
  • 11
    • 34249658338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ice packs and cooling gel pads versus no localised treatment for relief of perineal pain: A randomised controlled trial
    • Steen M, Marchant P. Ice packs and cooling gel pads versus no localised treatment for relief of perineal pain: a randomised controlled trial. Evidence Based Midwifery 2007;5(1):16-22.
    • (2007) Evidence Based Midwifery , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-22
    • Steen, M.1    Marchant, P.2
  • 12
    • 0020816908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barclay 1983 {published data only} Barclay L, Martin N. A sensitive area (Care of the episiotomy in the post-partum period). Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing 1983;1(1):12-9.
    • Barclay 1983 {published data only} Barclay L, Martin N. A sensitive area (Care of the episiotomy in the post-partum period). Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing 1983;1(1):12-9.
  • 13
    • 84965272773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pinkerton 1961 {published data only} Pinkerton JHM, Beard RW. Ice-packs after episiotomy. BMJ 1961;1:1536-7.
    • Pinkerton 1961 {published data only} Pinkerton JHM, Beard RW. Ice-packs after episiotomy. BMJ 1961;1:1536-7.
  • 14
    • 44949220343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mashhad 2007 {unpublished data only} Adedian Z, NavabiRigi SHD, Poorjavad M, Esmaili H, Steen MP. A randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of cooling gel pads and ice pack on intensity perineal pain after episiotomy in primiparous women. Personal communication 2007.
    • Mashhad 2007 {unpublished data only} Adedian Z, NavabiRigi SHD, Poorjavad M, Esmaili H, Steen MP. A randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of cooling gel pads and ice pack on intensity perineal pain after episiotomy in primiparous women. Personal communication 2007.
  • 15
    • 0026134789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nam 1991 {published data only} Nam HK, Park YS. A study on comparisons of ice bag and heat lamp for the relief of perineal discomfort. Kanho Hakhoe Chi 1991;21(1):27-40.
    • Nam 1991 {published data only} Nam HK, Park YS. A study on comparisons of ice bag and heat lamp for the relief of perineal discomfort. Kanho Hakhoe Chi 1991;21(1):27-40.
  • 16
    • 0033091078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albers 1999 Albers L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, McCandlish R, Elbourne D. Distribution of genital tract trauma in childbirth and related postnatal pain. Birth 1999;26(1):11-5.
    • Albers 1999 Albers L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, McCandlish R, Elbourne D. Distribution of genital tract trauma in childbirth and related postnatal pain. Birth 1999;26(1):11-5.
  • 17
    • 33845202099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allchorne 2005 Allchorne AJ, Broom DC, Woolf CJ. Detection of cold pain, cold allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in freely behaving rats. Molecular Pain 2005;14(1):36.
    • Allchorne 2005 Allchorne AJ, Broom DC, Woolf CJ. Detection of cold pain, cold allodynia and cold hyperalgesia in freely behaving rats. Molecular Pain 2005;14(1):36.
  • 18
    • 0027369745 scopus 로고
    • Argentine Episiotomy Trial Collaborative Group. Routine vs selective episiotomy: A randomised controlled trial
    • Argentine 1993 Argentine Episiotomy Trial Collaborative Group. Routine vs selective episiotomy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1993;342:1517-8.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.1993 , Issue.342 , pp. 1517-1518
    • Argentine1
  • 19
    • 84879719285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beckmann 2006 Beckmann MM, Garrett AJ. Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. [Art. No.: CD005123. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005123.pub2]
    • Beckmann 2006 Beckmann MM, Garrett AJ. Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. [Art. No.: CD005123. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005123.pub2]
  • 20
    • 44949104277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bonica 1990 Bonica JJ. The management of pain. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Lea and Felbinger, 1990:1775-6.
    • Bonica 1990 Bonica JJ. The management of pain. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Lea and Felbinger, 1990:1775-6.
  • 21
    • 0029909438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brandner 1996 Brandner B, Munro B, Bromby LM, Hetreed M. Evaluation of the contribution to post-operative analgesia by local cooling of the wound. Anaesthesia 1996;51:1021-5.
    • Brandner 1996 Brandner B, Munro B, Bromby LM, Hetreed M. Evaluation of the contribution to post-operative analgesia by local cooling of the wound. Anaesthesia 1996;51:1021-5.
  • 22
    • 29644446294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buhling 2006 Buhling KJ, Schmidt S, Robinson JN, Klapp C, Siebert G, Dudenhausen JW. Rate of dyspareunia after delivery in primiparae according to mode of birth. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2006;124:42-6.
    • Buhling 2006 Buhling KJ, Schmidt S, Robinson JN, Klapp C, Siebert G, Dudenhausen JW. Rate of dyspareunia after delivery in primiparae according to mode of birth. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2006;124:42-6.
  • 23
    • 70249147201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carroli 1999 Carroli G, Belizan J. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 3. [Art. No.: CD000081. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000081]
    • Carroli 1999 Carroli G, Belizan J. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 3. [Art. No.: CD000081. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000081]
  • 24
    • 0035286317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corkill 2001 Corkill A, Lavender T, Walkinshaw SA, Alfirevic Z. Reducing postnatal pain from perineal tears by using lignocaine gel: a double-blind randomized trial. Birth 2001;28(1):22-7.
    • Corkill 2001 Corkill A, Lavender T, Walkinshaw SA, Alfirevic Z. Reducing postnatal pain from perineal tears by using lignocaine gel: a double-blind randomized trial. Birth 2001;28(1):22-7.
  • 25
    • 44949221736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deeks 2001 Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ. Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG editor(s). Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context. London: BMJ Books, 2001.
    • Deeks 2001 Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ. Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG editor(s). Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context. London: BMJ Books, 2001.
  • 26
    • 0029081831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dray 1995 Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75:125-31.
    • Dray 1995 Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1995;75:125-31.
  • 27
    • 0028153644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernst 1994 Ernst E, Fialka V. Ice freezes pain? A review of the clinical effectiveness of analgesic cold therapy. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1994;9(1):56-9.
    • Ernst 1994 Ernst E, Fialka V. Ice freezes pain? A review of the clinical effectiveness of analgesic cold therapy. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1994;9(1):56-9.
  • 28
    • 0028962194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glazener 1995 Glazener C, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell I. Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;102:282-7.
    • Glazener 1995 Glazener C, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell I. Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1995;102:282-7.
  • 29
    • 44949090605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grant 1989a Grant A, Sleep J. Relief of perineal pain and discomfort after childbirth. In: Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse MJNC editor(s). Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. 2, Oxford: Oxford Univesity Press, 1989:1347-58.
    • Grant 1989a Grant A, Sleep J. Relief of perineal pain and discomfort after childbirth. In: Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse MJNC editor(s). Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Vol. 2, Oxford: Oxford Univesity Press, 1989:1347-58.
  • 30
    • 0024603420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grant 1989b Grant A, Sleep J, McIntosh J, Ashurst H. Ultrasound and pulsed electromagnetic energy treatment for perineal trauma. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;96:434-9.
    • Grant 1989b Grant A, Sleep J, McIntosh J, Ashurst H. Ultrasound and pulsed electromagnetic energy treatment for perineal trauma. A randomized placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1989;96:434-9.
  • 31
    • 0031583341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grundy 1997 Grundy L. The role of the midwife in perineal wound care following childbirth. Wound Care Clinic. British Journal of Nursing 1997;6(10):585-8.
    • Grundy 1997 Grundy L. The role of the midwife in perineal wound care following childbirth. Wound Care Clinic. British Journal of Nursing 1997;6(10):585-8.
  • 32
    • 0026925303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris 1992 Harris M. The impact of research findings on current practice in relieving postpartum perineal pain in a large district general hospital. Midwifery 1992;8:125-31.
    • Harris 1992 Harris M. The impact of research findings on current practice in relieving postpartum perineal pain in a large district general hospital. Midwifery 1992;8:125-31.
  • 33
    • 77950100970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hay-Smith 1998 Hay-Smith EJC. Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 3. [Art. No.: CD000495. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000495]
    • Hay-Smith 1998 Hay-Smith EJC. Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 3. [Art. No.: CD000495. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000495]
  • 34
    • 85118959486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healy 1994 Healy WL, Seidman J, Pfeifer BA, Brown DG. Cold compressive dressing after total knee arthroscopy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1994;299:143-6.
    • Healy 1994 Healy WL, Seidman J, Pfeifer BA, Brown DG. Cold compressive dressing after total knee arthroscopy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1994;299:143-6.
  • 35
    • 84921702595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hedayati 2003 Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA. Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. [Art. No.: CD003931. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003931]
    • Hedayati 2003 Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA. Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. [Art. No.: CD003931. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003931]
  • 36
    • 21844478295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hedayati 2005 Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA. Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [Art. No.: CD004223. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004223.pub2]
    • Hedayati 2005 Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA. Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. [Art. No.: CD004223. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004223.pub2]
  • 37
    • 44949184638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Higgins 2005 Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.4 [updated March 2005]. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    • Higgins 2005 Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.4 [updated March 2005]. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • 38
    • 44949248360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hiroshi 1995 Hiroshi F, Yukiko Y, Ikuko T, Jun S, Kazuo T. Increased comfort after cataract surgery. American Journal of Opthalmology 1995;119(3):301-6.
    • Hiroshi 1995 Hiroshi F, Yukiko Y, Ikuko T, Jun S, Kazuo T. Increased comfort after cataract surgery. American Journal of Opthalmology 1995;119(3):301-6.
  • 39
    • 27244440013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kapoor 2005 Kapoor DS, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Combined urinary and faecal incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2005;16(4):321-8.
    • Kapoor 2005 Kapoor DS, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Combined urinary and faecal incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2005;16(4):321-8.
  • 40
    • 44949171648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kettle 1998 Kettle C, Johanson RB. Continuous versus interrupted sutures for perineal repair. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 1. [Art. No.: CD000947. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000947]
    • Kettle 1998 Kettle C, Johanson RB. Continuous versus interrupted sutures for perineal repair. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 1. [Art. No.: CD000947. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000947]
  • 41
    • 84921430941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kettle 1999 Kettle C, Johanson RB. Absorbable synthetic versus catgut suture material for perineal repair. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 4. [Art. No.: CD000006. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000006]
    • Kettle 1999 Kettle C, Johanson RB. Absorbable synthetic versus catgut suture material for perineal repair. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1999, Issue 4. [Art. No.: CD000006. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000006]
  • 42
    • 3242734911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kichko 2004 Kichko TI, Reeh PW. Why cooling is beneficial: non-linear temperature-dependency of stimulated iCGRP release from isolated rat skin. Pain 2004;110:215-9.
    • Kichko 2004 Kichko TI, Reeh PW. Why cooling is beneficial: non-linear temperature-dependency of stimulated iCGRP release from isolated rat skin. Pain 2004;110:215-9.
  • 43
    • 26844440676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kropp 2005 Kropp N, Hartwell T, Althabe F. Episiotomy rates from eleven developing countries. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2005;91:157-9.
    • Kropp 2005 Kropp N, Hartwell T, Althabe F. Episiotomy rates from eleven developing countries. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2005;91:157-9.
  • 44
    • 44949179517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laws 2005 Laws PJ, Sullivan EA. Australia's mothers and babies 2003. AIHW Cat. No. PER 29. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit (Perinatal Statistics Series No. 16), 2005.
    • Laws 2005 Laws PJ, Sullivan EA. Australia's mothers and babies 2003. AIHW Cat. No. PER 29. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit (Perinatal Statistics Series No. 16), 2005.
  • 45
    • 85119088894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levy 1993 Levy AS, Marmar E. The role of cold compression dressing in the post-operative treatment of total knee arthroscopy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1993;297:174-8.
    • Levy 1993 Levy AS, Marmar E. The role of cold compression dressing in the post-operative treatment of total knee arthroscopy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1993;297:174-8.
  • 46
    • 0034911799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mac Auley 2001 Mac Auley DC. Ice therapy: how good is the evidence?. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2001;22(5): 379-84.
    • Mac Auley 2001 Mac Auley DC. Ice therapy: how good is the evidence?. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2001;22(5): 379-84.
  • 47
    • 84921705468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mason 2004 Mason L, Edwards J, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Single dose oral indometacin for the treatment of acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [Art. No.: CD004308. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004308.pub2]
    • Mason 2004 Mason L, Edwards J, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Single dose oral indometacin for the treatment of acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [Art. No.: CD004308. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004308.pub2]
  • 48
    • 0032423003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McCandlish 1998 McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, Berridge G, Winter C, Sames L, et al.A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105(12):1262-72.
    • McCandlish 1998 McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, Berridge G, Winter C, Sames L, et al.A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1998;105(12):1262-72.
  • 49
    • 0017653775 scopus 로고
    • McMasters WC. A literary review on ice therapy in injuries
    • McMasters
    • McMasters 1977 McMasters WC. A literary review on ice therapy in injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1997;5(3):124-6.
    • (1977) American Journal of Sports Medicine , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 124-126
  • 50
    • 44949234785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NHS 2005 Government Statistical Service. NHS Maternity Statistics, England: 2003-04. http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/10/70/61/04107061.pdf 2005 (accessed 10 May 2006):1-45.
    • NHS 2005 Government Statistical Service. NHS Maternity Statistics, England: 2003-04. http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/10/70/61/04107061.pdf 2005 (accessed 10 May 2006):1-45.
  • 51
    • 0028451636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rajan 1994 Rajan L. The impact of obstetric procedures and analgesia/anaesthesia during labour and delivery on breast feeding. Midwifery 1994;10(2):87-103.
    • Rajan 1994 Rajan L. The impact of obstetric procedures and analgesia/anaesthesia during labour and delivery on breast feeding. Midwifery 1994;10(2):87-103.
  • 52
    • 26444526171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reid 2005 Reid G. ThermoTRP channels and cold sensing: what are they and what do they do?. European Journal of Physiology 2005;451:250-63.
    • Reid 2005 Reid G. ThermoTRP channels and cold sensing: what are they and what do they do?. European Journal of Physiology 2005;451:250-63.
  • 53
    • 44949117688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RevMan 2003 The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 4.2 for Windows. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2003.
    • RevMan 2003 The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 4.2 for Windows. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2003.
  • 54
    • 0025317180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shiono 1990 Shiono P, Klebanoff MA, Carey JC. Midline episiotomies: more harm than good?. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1990;75(5):765-70.
    • Shiono 1990 Shiono P, Klebanoff MA, Carey JC. Midline episiotomies: more harm than good?. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1990;75(5):765-70.
  • 55
    • 0021161767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep 1984 Sleep J, Grant A, Garcia J, Elbourne D, Spencer J, Chalmers I. West Berkshire perineal management trial. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 1984;289(6445):587-90.
    • Sleep 1984 Sleep J, Grant A, Garcia J, Elbourne D, Spencer J, Chalmers I. West Berkshire perineal management trial. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 1984;289(6445):587-90.
  • 56
    • 0023777797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep 1988 Sleep J, Grant A. Relief of perineal pain following childbirth: a survey of midwifery practice. Midwifery 1988;4:118-22.
    • Sleep 1988 Sleep J, Grant A. Relief of perineal pain following childbirth: a survey of midwifery practice. Midwifery 1988;4:118-22.
  • 57
    • 44949149259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep 1991 Sleep, J. Perineal care: a series of five randomized controlled trials. Midwives, research and childbirth. 2, London: Chapman and Hall, 1991:199-251.
    • Sleep 1991 Sleep, J. Perineal care: a series of five randomized controlled trials. Midwives, research and childbirth. Vol. 2, London: Chapman and Hall, 1991:199-251.
  • 58
    • 44949116169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steen 1998 Steen M, Cooper K. Cold therapy and perineal wounds: too cool or not too cool?. British Journal of Midwifery 1998;6(9):572-9.
    • Steen 1998 Steen M, Cooper K. Cold therapy and perineal wounds: too cool or not too cool?. British Journal of Midwifery 1998;6(9):572-9.
  • 59
    • 0033069563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steen 1999 Steen M, Cooper K. A new device for the treatment of perineal wounds. Journal of Wound Care 1999;8(2):87-90.
    • Steen 1999 Steen M, Cooper K. A new device for the treatment of perineal wounds. Journal of Wound Care 1999;8(2):87-90.
  • 60
    • 0036484950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sultan 2002 Sultan AH, Thakar R. Low genital tract and anal sphincter trauma. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2002;16(1):99-115.
    • Sultan 2002 Sultan AH, Thakar R. Low genital tract and anal sphincter trauma. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2002;16(1):99-115.
  • 61
    • 0036093682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thompson 2002 Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA. Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth. Birth 2002;29(2):83-94.
    • Thompson 2002 Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA. Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth. Birth 2002;29(2):83-94.
  • 62
    • 0029873317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Van Marter 1996 Van Marter LJ, Leviton A, Allred EN, Pagano M, Sullivan KF, Cohen A, et al.Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and smoking and aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug consumption during pregnancy. Pediatrics 1996;97(5):658-63.
    • Van Marter 1996 Van Marter LJ, Leviton A, Allred EN, Pagano M, Sullivan KF, Cohen A, et al.Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and smoking and aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug consumption during pregnancy. Pediatrics 1996;97(5):658-63.
  • 63
    • 0025714844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walker 1990 Walker P. Episiotomy: issues for practice. Wound care. Nursing 1990;4(15):18-22.
    • Walker 1990 Walker P. Episiotomy: issues for practice. Wound care. Nursing 1990;4(15):18-22.
  • 64
    • 0024388903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Windle 1989 Windle ML, Booker LA, Rayburn WF. Postpartumpain after vaginal delivery. A review of comparative analgesic trials. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1989;34(11):891-5.
    • Windle 1989 Windle ML, Booker LA, Rayburn WF. Postpartumpain after vaginal delivery. A review of comparative analgesic trials. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1989;34(11):891-5.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.