Current strategies in prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism

Annals of Medicine

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 352-359

  Schulman, Sam ^a,b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b HHS General Hospital   (Canada)

Author keywords

Deep vein thrombosis; Heparin; Prophylaxis; Pulmonary embolism; Surgery; Treatment; Venous thromboembolism; Vitamin K antagonists

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIVITAMIN K; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A INHIBITOR; DABIGATRAN; DANAPAROID; DEXTRAN; ENOXAPARIN; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; RIVAROXABAN; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; WARFARIN; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; VITAMIN K GROUP;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; CELL ACTIVATION; COMPRESSION GARMENT; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; ENTEROPATHY; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; FRACTURE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION DEVICE; LUNG EMBOLISM; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; NEOPLASM; NEUROSURGERY; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; OSTEOCLAST; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS; TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; AMBULATORY CARE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG MONITORING; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

AMBULATORY CARE; ANTICOAGULANTS; DRUG MONITORING; HUMANS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; PATIENT SELECTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VITAMIN K;

EID: 44949095443     PISSN: 07853890     EISSN: 16512219     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07853890802010717     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2003;107:14-8.
2. Lindblad B, Eriksson A, Bergqvist D. Autopsy-verified pulmonary embolism in a surgical department: analysis of the period from 1951 to 1988. Br J Surg. 1991;78:849-52.
3. Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Bergqvist D, Lassen MR, Colwell CW, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126 Suppl:S338-400.
4. Lu Y, Ma B, Guo R, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, et al. Deep vein thrombosis in trauma: a prospective study of lower limb orthopedic trauma patients in Tianjin Hospital, China. Int Angiol. 2007;26:165-70.
5. Perez JV, Warwick DJ, Case CP, Bannister GC. Death after proximal femoral fracture - an autopsy study. Injury. 1995;26:237-40.
6. Lassen MR, Turpie AG, Rosencher N, Borris LC, Ageno W, Lieberman JR, et al. Rivaroxaban - an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor - for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in total knee replacement surgery: results of the RECORD 3 Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:Abstr O-S-006B.
7. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, Kurth AA, van Dijk CN, Frostick SP, et al. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:2178-85.
8. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, Kurth AA, van Dijk CN, Frostick SP, et al. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2007;370:949-56.
9. Ruff RL, Posner JB. Incidence and treatment of peripheral venous thrombosis in patients with glioma. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:334-6.
10. Turpie AG, Hirsh J, Gent M, Julian D, Johnson J. Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in potential neurosurgical patients. A randomized trial comparing graduated compression stockings alone or graduated compression stockings plus intermittent pneumatic compression with control. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:679-81.
11. Zakai NA, Wright J, Cushman M. Risk factors for venous thrombosis in medical inpatients: validation of a thrombosis risk score. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:2156-61.
12. Sjalander A, Jansson JH, Bergqvist D, Eriksson H, Carlberg B, Svensson P. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical inpatients: a meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2008;263:52-60.
13. Cohen AT, Tapson VF, Bergmann JF, Goldhaber SZ, Kakkar AK, Deslandes B, et al. Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2008;371:387-94.
14. Chopard P, Dorffler-Melly J, Hess U, Wuillemin WA, Hayoz D, Gallino A, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients: definite need for improvement. J Intern Med. 2005;257:352-7.
15. Kucher N, Koo S, Quiroz R, Cooper JM, Paterno MD, Soukonnikov B, et al. Electronic alerts to prevent venous thromboembolism among hospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:969-77.
16. Samama MM, Cohen AT, Darmon JY, Desjardins L, Eldor A, Janbon C, et al. A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl JMed. 1999;341:793-800.
17. Kleber FX, Witt C, Vogel G, Koppenhagen K, Schomaker U, Flosbach CW. Randomized comparison of enoxaparin with unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with heart failure or severe respiratory disease. Am Heart J. 2003;145:614-21.
18. Lechler E, Schramm W, Flosbach CW. The venous thrombotic risk in non-surgical patients: epidemiological data and efficacy/safety profile of a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin). The Prime Study Group. Haemostasis. 1996;26:49-56.
19. Cohen AT, Davidson BL, Gallus AS, Lassen MR, Prins MH, Tomkowski W, et al. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in older acute medical patients: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;332:325-9.
20. Hull RD, Schellong SM, Tapson VF, Monreal M, Samama MM, Turpie AGG, et al. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recent reduced mobility: the EXCLAIM study. J Thromb Haemost. Abstr O-S. 2007;5:001.
21. Watson LI Armon MP Thrombolysis for acute deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD002783.
22. Jerjes-Sanchez C, Ramirez-Rivera A, de Lourdes Garcia M, Arriaga-Nava R, Valencia S, Rosado-Buzzo A, et al. Streptokinase and Heparin versus Heparin Alone in Massive Pulmonary Embolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1995;2:227-9.
23. Wan S, Quinlan DJ, Agnelli G, Eikelboom JW. Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2004;110:744-9.
24. Anderson DR, Levine MN. Thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. CMAJ. 1992;146:1317-24.
25. Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Heusel G, Heinrich F, Kasper W. Management Strategies and Prognosis of Pulmonary Embolism-3 Trial Investigators. Heparin plus alteplase compared with heparin alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1143-50.
26. van Dongen CJJ van der Belt AGM Prins MH Lensing AWA Fixed dose subcutaneous low molecular weight heparins versus adjusted dose unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD001100.
27. van Dongen CJ MacGillavry MR Prins MH. Once versus twice daily LMWH for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD003074.
28. Büller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, et al. Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:867-73.
29. Büller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, et al. Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1695-702.
30. Hommes DW, Bura A, Mazzolai L, Buller HR, ten Cate JW. Subcutaneous heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin administration in the initial treatment of deep vein thrombosis. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:279-84.
31. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Julian JA, Douketis J, Solymoss S, Ockelford P, et al. Comparison of fixed-dose weight-adjusted unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin for acute treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA. 2006;296:935-42.
32. Raschke RA, Reilly BM, Guidry JR, Fontana JR, Srinivas S. The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a 'standard care' nomogram. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:874-81.
33. Lim W, Dentali F, Eikelboom JW, Crowther MA. Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:673-84.
34. Nagge J, Crowther M, Hirsh J. Is impaired renal function a contraindication to the use of low-molecular-weight heparin? Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2605-9.
35. Al-Yaseen E, Wells PS, Anderson J, Martin J, Kovacs MJ. The safety of dosing dalteparin based on actual body weight for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in obese patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:100-2.
36. Lee AY. The effects of low molecular weight heparins on venous thromboembolism and survival in patients with cancer. Thromb Res. 2007;120 Suppl 2:S121-7.
37. Doecke CJ, Cosh DG, Gallus AS. Standardised initial warfarin treatment: evaluation of initial treatment response and maintenance dose prediction by randomised trial, and risk factors for an excessive warfarin response. Aust N Z J Med. 1991;21:319-24.
38. Poller L, Shiach CR, MacCallum PK, Johansen AM, Munster AM, Magalhaes A, et al. Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage. European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation. Lancet. 1998;352:1505-9.
39. Schulman S. Care of patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:675-83.
40. Christensen TD, Johnsen SP, Hjortdal VE, Hasenkam JM. Self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2007;118:54-61.
41. Takahashi H, Wilkinson GR, Nutescu EA, Morita T, Ritchie MD, Scordo MG, et al. Different contributions of polymorphisms in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to intra- and interpopulation differences in maintenance dose of warfarin in Japanese, Caucasians and African-Americans. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006;16:101-10.
42. Pinedé L, Ninet J, Duhaut P, Chabaud S, Demolombe-Rague S, Durieu I, et al. Comparison of 3 and 6 months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and comparison of 6 and 12 weeks of therapy after isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. Circulation. 2001;103:2453-60.
43. Schulman S, Rhedin AS, Lindmarker P, Carlsson A, Larfars G, Nicol P, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1661-5.
44. Schulman S. The effect of the duration of anticoagulation and other risk factors on the recurrence of venous thromboembolisms. Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149:66-9.
45. Schulman S, Lindmarker P, Holmstrom M, Lärfars G, Carlsson A, Nicol P, et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome, recurrence, and death 10 years after the first episode of venous thromboembolism treated with warfarin for 6 weeks or 6 months. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:734-42.
46. Douketis JD, Gu CS, Schulman S, Ghirarduzzi A, Pengo V, Prandoni P. The risk for fatal pulmonary embolism after discontinuing anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:766-74.
47. Pengo V, Lensing A, Prins MH, Marchiori A, Davidson BL, Tiozzo F, et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2257-64.
48. Linkins LA, Choi PT, Douketis JD. Clinical impact of bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:893-900.
49. Aschwanden M, Labs KH, Engel H, Schwob A, Jeanneret C, Mueller-Brand J, et al. Acute deep vein thrombosis: early mobilization does not increase the frequency of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85:42-6.
50. Partsch H, Blättler W. Compression and walking versus bed rest in the treatment of proximal deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin. J Vasc Surg. 2000;32:861-9.
51. Schellong SM, Schwarz T, Kropp J, Prescher Y, Beuthien-Baumann B, Daniel WG. Bed rest in deep vein thrombosis and the incidence of scintigraphic pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 1999;82:127-9.
52. Brandjes DP, Buller HR, Heijboer H, Huisman MV, de Rijk M, Jagt H, et al. Randomised trial of effect of compression stockings in patients with symptomatic proximal-vein thrombosis. Lancet. 1997;349:759-62.
53. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Frulla M, Marchiori A, Bernardi E, et al. Below-knee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:249-56.
54. Cundiff DK Manyemba J Pezzullo JC Anticoagulants versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatories or placebo for treatment of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006:CD003746.