The other War on Terror revealed: Global governmentality and the Financial Action Task Forces campaign against terrorist financing

Review of International Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 553-573

  Heng, Yee Kuang ^a   McDonagh, Ken ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 44849138939     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210508008164     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. George W. Bush, 'President freezes terrorist assets'. Remarks by the President, Secretary of Treasury O'Neill and Secretary of State Powell on Executive Order on Terrorist Financing (EO 13224), The Rose Garden, 20 September 2001. Available at ; accessed 20 October 2006.
2. An observation made in Bob Woodward's Bush at War (New York: W. W Norton, 2002), p. 4.
3. A statement made by the Treasury Under Secretary for Enforcement Jimmy Gurule, in 'Treasury's Gurule on Strategy to Fight Money Laundering', US Department of State: International Information Programs, 22 October 2001.
4. See Jens Henrik Haahr, 'Open Coordination as Advanced Liberal Government', in Journal of European Public Policy, 11:2 (2004), pp. 209-30;
5. and Roger Dale, 'Forms of Governance, Governmentality and the EU's Open Method of Cooperation', in Wendy Larner and William Walters (eds), Global Governmentality: Governing International Spaces (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 174-94.
6. See for instance Eleni Tsingou, 'Global Governance and Transnational Crime: Opportunities and Tensions in the Global Anti-Money Laundering Regime', CSGR Working Paper No 161/05, May 2005, University of Warwick, UK.
7. Bruce Zagaris, 'The Merging of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financial Enforcement Regimes after September 11, 2001', Berkeley Journal of International Law, 22 (2004).
8. Cited in Anne L. Clunan, 'The Fight Against Terrorist Financing', Political Science Quarterly, 121:4 (2006).
9. For a similar view, see John B. Taylor, Global Financial Warriors: The Untold Story of International Finance in the Post-9/11 World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007).
10. See The Guardian, 'Judge Strikes Down Bush on Terror Groups', available at: , accessed 29 November 2006.
11. Martin Navias, 'Finance Warfare and International Terrorism', in The Political Quarterly, 73:1 (2002), p. 76.
12. The current membership includes: Argentina; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Brazil; Canada; Denmark; European Commission; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Gulf Co-operation Council (Bahrain; Kuwait; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates); Ireland; Italy; Japan; Luxembourg; Mexico; Kingdom of the Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; Russian Federation; Singapore; South Africa; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States.
13. Navias, 'Finance Warfare', p. 59.
14. Bruce Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', p. 137.
15. See Peter Shields, 'When the "Information Revolution" and the US Security State Collide', in New Media and Society, 7:4 (2005), pp. 483-512, for discussion of data mining techniques used by law enforcement in relation to financial crime.
16. Navias, 'Finance Warfare', p. 77.
17. Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', p. 156.
18. On legal aspects, see Victoria B. Bjorkland, Jennifer I. Reynoso and Abbey Hazlett, 'Terrorism and Money Laundering: Illegal Purposes and Activities', in Pace Law Review, 25 (2005), pp. 233-301;
19. and Ilias Bantekas, 'The International Law of Terrorist Financing', in The American Journal of International Law, 97:2 (2003), pp. 315-33.
20. On the financial side, the Journal of Financial Crime has several articles regarding the Financial War on Terrorism and the impact of the War on Terrorism on financial markets. On even more specific concerns like money-laundering, see Shahin Wassim, 'Monetary Implications of FATF Regulation of Secret Bank Accounts to Combat Money Laundering', Journal of Money Laundering Control, 9:2 (2006), pp. 214-31.
21. See, for example, reports of the Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force on Terrorist Financing, available at , 20 October 2006;
22. and Mark Basile 'Going to the Source' 2004, pp. 169-85.
23. Koji Kishima, 'Japan's Efforts in the Global Fight against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing', Journal of Money Laundering Control, 7:3 (2004), pp. 261-4.
24. Council on Foreign Relations, Update on the Global Campaign against Terrorist Financing (2004) passim.
25. Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', pp. 124-5.
26. Eric Rosand, 'The Security Council's Efforts to Monitor the Implementation of Al Qaeda/Taliban sanctions', American Journal of International Law, 98:4 (2004);
27. 'Security Council Resolution 1373, the Counter-Terrorism Committee, and the Fight Against Terrorism', American Journal of International Law, 97:2 (2003).
28. Thomas Biersteker and Sue Eckert (eds), Countering the Financing of Global Terrorism (London: Routledge, 2007).
29. Anne L. Clunan, 'The Fight against Terrorist Financing', Political Science Quarterly, 121:4 (2006), p. 595.
30. Clunan, 'The Fight', pp. 580, 591.
31. Ibid., p. 581.
32. Ibid., p. 596.
33. Ibid., p. 594.
34. See Basile, 'Going to the Source', 2004, pp. 175-6.
35. See Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', 2004, pp. 123.
36. Maryam Razavy, 'Hawala: An Underground Haven for Terrorists or Social Phenomenon?', in Crime, Law & Social Change, 44 (2005), pp. 277-8.
37. Ibid., pp. 190-1.
38. Navias, 'Finance Warfare and International Terrorism', The Political Quarterly, 73:1 (Aug 20020, p. 57;
39. Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', p. 156.
40. Clunan, 'The Fight', p. 570.
41. Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', p. 145.
42. Michel Foucault, 'Governmentality', in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and P. Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991), p. 95.
43. Ibid., Preface, p. x.
44. Ibid., Gordon, p. 3.
45. Foucault, 'Governmentality', in The Foucault Effect, p. 89-91.
46. The Foucault Effect, Gordon, p. 4.
47. Ibid., p. 7.
48. Wendy Larner and William Walters, 'Introduction', in Larner and Walters (eds), Global Governmentality: Governing International Spaces (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 4.
49. See Preface, in The Foucault Effect, p. ix.
50. Michel Foucault, 'Questions of Method', ibid., p. 79.
51. Larner and Walters, 'Introduction', p. 2.
52. Also Nancy Fraser, 'From Discipline to Flexibilisation? Reading Foucault in the Shadow of Globalisation', Constellations, 10:2 (2003), pp. 160-71.
53. Claudia Aradau and Rens van Munster, 'Governing Terrorism through Risk: Taking Precautions, (un)Knowing the Future', European Journal of International Relations, 13:1 (2007), pp. 89-115.
54. Valverde and Mopas, 'Insecurity and the Dream of Targeted Governance', in Larner and Walters (eds), Global Governmentality, p. 234.
55. Valverde and Mopas, 'Insecurity', p. 234.
56. Ibid., p. 236.
57. Roger Dale, 'Forms of Governance', in Larner and Walters (eds), Global Governmentality, p. 175.
58. William Walters, 'Political Rationality of European Integration', in Global Governmentality, p. 160.
59. See Mitchell Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (London: Sage, 1999), p. 30.
60. Dale, 'Forms of Governance', p. 175.
61. Jens Henrik Haahr, 'Open Co-ordination as Advanced Liberal Government', in Journal of European Public Policy, 11:2 (2004), pp. 209-30.
62. Dale, 'Forms of Governance, p. 183.
63. Ibid., p. 181.
64. Haahr, 'Open Co-ordination', p. 227.
65. Dale, 'Forms of Governance', p. 174.
66. We are grateful to an anonymous reviewer for this point.
67. See D. Kerr, 'Beheading the King, Enthroning the Market', Science and Society, 63:2 (1999), pp. 173-203.
68. Dale, 'Forms of Governance', p. 185.
69. For discussion the difference in emphasis between governance and governmentality, see Dale, 'Forms of Governance', pp. 177-84.
70. Ibid., p. 191.
71. Ibid., p. 187.
72. Ibid., p. 188.
73. Jackie Johnson and Y. C. Lim, 'Money-Laundering: Has the FATF Made a Difference?', Journal of Financial Crime, 10:1 (2002), p. 9.
74. Johnson and Lim, 'Money-Laundering'.
75. An estimate suggested by Abdullahi Y. Shehu, 'International Initiatives against Money-Laundering and Corruption: An Overview', Journal of Financial Crime, 12:3 (2005), p. 233.
76. FATF, Annual Review of NCCT 2005-2006, 23 June 2006, p. 2.
77. Jackie Johnson, 'Repairing Legitimacy after Blacklisting by the Financial Action Task Force', Journal of Money Laundering Control, 7:1 (2003), p. 40.
78. FATF, Annual Review of NCCT 2005-2006, p. 2.
79. Ibid., p. 3.
80. Navias, 'Finance Warfare', p. 64.
81. Johnson, 'Repairing Legitimacy', p. 38.
82. M. C. Suchman, 'Managing Legitimacy: Strategies and Institutional Approaches', Academy of Management Review, 20:3 (1995), pp. 571-610.
83. Johnson, 'Repairing Legitimacy', p. 38.
84. Ibid., p. 40.
85. Ibid., p. 41.
86. FATF, Annual Review 2005-2006, p. 4.
87. Johnson, 'Repairing Legitimacy', p. 48.
88. Shehu, 'International Initiatives', p. 234.
89. Much of the following discussion on learning is based on Dale, 'Forms of Governance', p. 190.
90. Clunan, 'The Fight', p. 573.
91. Ibid., p. 581.
92. Shehu, 'International Initiatives', p. 233.
93. FATF, Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Typologies 2004-2005, 10 June 2005, p. 88.
94. Clunan, 'The Fight', p. 577.
95. Rosand, 'The Security Council's Efforts', p. 755.
96. Shehu, 'International Initiatives', p. 228.
97. Rosand, 'The Security Council's Efforts', p. 746.
98. Ibid., p. 758, 761.
99. Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering, p. 137.
100. Eric Rosand, 'Security Council Resolution 1373, the Counter-Terrorism Committee, and the Fight Against Terrorism', American Journal of International Law, 97:2 (2003), p. 336.
101. Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', p. 143.
102. Ibid., p. 145.
103. FATF, Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, p. 92.
104. Zagaris, 'Anti-Money Laundering', p. 142.
105. FATF, Annual Report 2005-2006, p. 4.
106. Shehu, 'International Initiatives', p. 234.
107. FATF, Annual Report 2005-2006, p. 5.
108. Shehu, 'International Initiatives', p. 235.
109. Clunan, 'The Fight', p. 577.
110. Rosand, 'Security Council Resolution 1373', p. 337.
111. Clunan seems to suggest this in 'The Fight'.