Modelling ultraviolet exposures in a school environment

Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 700-710

  Downs, Nathan ^a   Parisi, Alfio ^a   Turner, Joanna ^a   Turnbull, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HIGH SCHOOL; MODEL; PLAY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; SCHOOL; TIME; ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION;

EID: 44849111508     PISSN: 1474905X     EISSN: 14749092     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/b801685b     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. WHO (World Health Organization), Global solar UV index: a practical guide, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002
2. P. Weihs Influence of ground reflectivity and topography on erythemal UV radiation on inclined planes Int. J. Biometeorol. 2002 46 95 104
3. G. Schauberger Model for the global irradiance of the solar biologically-effective ultraviolet-radiation on inclined surfaces Photochem. Photobiol. 1990 52 1029 1032
4. C. Kuchinke M. Nunez A variable sky-view platform for the measurement of ultraviolet radiation J. Atmos. Ocean Tech. 2003 20 8 1170 1182
5. A. Oppenrieder P. Hoeppe P. Koepke Routine measurement of erythemally effective UV irradiance on inclined surfaces J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 2004 74 85 94
6. M. Mech P. Koepke Model for UV irradiance on arbitrarily oriented surfaces Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2004 77 151 158
7. B. L. Diffey T. J. Tate A. Davis Solar dosimetry of the face: the relationship of natural ultraviolet radiation exposure to basal cell carcinoma localisation Phys. Med. Biol. 1979 24 931 939
8. C. D. J. Holman I. M. Gibson M. Stephenson B. K. Armstrong Ultraviolet irradiation of human body sites in relation to occupation an outdoor activity: field studies using personal UVR dosimeters Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1983 8 269 277
9. A. Milon P. Sottas J. Bulliard D. Vernez Effective exposure to solar UV in building workers: influence of local and individual factors J. Expo. Sci. Env. Epid. 2007 17 58 68
10. J. J. Streicher W. C. Culverhouse M. S. Dulberg R. J. Fornaro Modeling the anatomical distribution of sunlight Photochem. Photobiol. 2004 79 40 47
11. P. Hoeppe A. Oppenrieder C. Erianto P. Koepke J. Reuder M. Seefeldner D. Nowak Visualization of UV exposure of the human body based on data from a scanning UV-measuring system Int. J. Biometeorol. 2004 49 18 25
12. N. J. Downs A. V. Parisi Three dimensional visualisation of human facial exposure to solar ultraviolet Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2007 6 90 98
13. P. H. Gies C. R. Roy S. Toomey A. McLennan Protection against solar ultraviolet radiation Mutat. Res. Fund. Mol. M. 1998 422 1 15 22
14. J. S. Greenwood, G. P. Soulos and N. D. Thomas, Under Cover: guidelines for shade planning and design, NSW Cancer Council, NSW Health Department, Sydney, 1998
15. V. E. Cokkinides K. Johnston-Davis M. Weinstock M. C. O'Connell W. Kalsbeek M. J. Thun P. A. Wingo Sun exposure and sun-protection behaviors and attitudes among U.S. youth, 11 to 18 years of age Prev. Med. 2001 33 3 141 151
16. P. M. Livingstone V. White J. Hayman S. Dobbinson Sun exposure and sun protection behaviours among Australian adolescents: trends over time Prev. Med. 2003 37 6 577 584
17. M. A. Weinstock G. A. Colditz W. C. Willett M. J. Stampfer B. R. Bronstein F. E. Speizer Nonfamilial cutaneous melanoma incidence in women associated with sun exposure before 20 years of age Pediatrics 1989 84 199 204
18. J. Longstreth F. R. de Gruijl M. L. Kripke S. Abseck F. Arnold H. I. Slaper G. Velders Y. Takizawa J. C. van der Leun Health Risks J. Photochem. Photobiol., B 1998 46 20 39
19. A. F. Moise P. G. Buttner S. L. Harrison Sun exposure at school Photochem. Photobiol. 1999 70 2 269 274
20. N. J. Downs M. G. Kimlin A. V. Parisi J. J. McGrath Modelling human facial UV exposure Radiat. Prot. Australas. 2001 17 3 103 109
21. J. J. Michalsky The astronomical almanac's algorithm for approximate solar position (1950-2050) Solar Energy 1988 40 227 235
22. CIE (International Commission on Illumination) A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin Comm. Int. Eclairage J. 1987 6 1 17 22
23. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, 2008, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, viewed 27 March 2008
24. A. V. Parisi N. Downs Cloud cover and horizontal plane eye damaging solar UV exposures Int. J. Biomet. 2004 49 130 136
25. R. D. Rundel, Computation of spectral distribution and intensity of solar UVB radiation, in Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life, ed., R. C. Worrest, and, M. M. Caldwell,, Springer-Verlag, 1986, Berlin
26. P. F. Schippnick A. E. S. Green Analytical characterization of spectral actinic flux and spectral irradiance in the middle ultraviolet Photochem. Photobiol. 1982 35 89 101
27. A. E. S. Green T. Sawada E. P. Shettle The middle ultraviolet reaching the ground Photochem. Photobiol. 1974 19 251 259
28. M. G. Kimlin N. J. Downs A. V. Parisi Comparison of human UV facial exposure at high and low latitudes and the potential impact on dermal vitamin D production Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003 2 370 375
29. A. E. S. Green K. R. Cross L. A. Smith Improved analytic characterization of ultraviolet skylight Photochem. Photobiol. 1980 31 59 65
30. B. L. Diffey C. T. Jansen F. Urbach H. C. Wulf The standard erythema dose: a new photobiological concept Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1997 13 64 66
31. N. Downs A. Parisi Patterns in the received facial UV exposure of school children measured at a subtropical latitude Photochem. Photobiol. 2008 84 1 90 100
32. D. J. Turnbull A. V. Parisi Effective shade structures Med. J. Aust. 2006 184 13 15
33. C. F. Wong Scattered ultraviolet radiation underneath a shade-cloth Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 1994 10 221 224
34. S. J. Toomey H. P. Gies C. R. Roy UVR protection offered by shadecloths and polycarbonates Rad. Prot. Dos. Aust. 1995 13 2 50 54
35. P. Gies C. Mackay Measurements of the solar UVR protection provided by shade structures in New Zealand primary schools Photochem. Photobiol. 2004 80 334 339
36. G. M. Heisler R. H. Grant W. Gao Individual- and scattered-tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance Agr. Forest Meteorol. 2003 120 113 126
37. A. V. Parisi M. G. Kimlin Comparison of the spectral biologically effective solar ultraviolet in adjacent tree shade and sun Phys. Med. Biol. 1999 44 2071 2080
38. A. V. Parisi M. G. Kimlin J. C. F. Wong M. Wilson Solar ultraviolet exposures at ground level in tree shade during summer in south east Queensland Int. J. Environ. Health Rev. 2001 11 117 127
39. M. F. Holick Evolution and function of vitamin D Recent Res. Cancer 2003 164 3 28
40. E. Hypponen E. Laara A. Reunanen Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study Lancet 2001 358 1500 1503
41. C. E. Hayes M. T. Cantorna H. F. DeLuca Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1997 216 21 27
42. E. D. Gorham F. C. Garland C. F. Garland Sunlight and breast cancer incidence in the USSR Int. J. Epidemiol. 1990 19 614 622
43. C. Garland, F. C. Garland, E. D. Gorham, M. Lipkin, H. Newmark, M. F. Holick and J. V. Raffa, Ultraviolet B, vitamin D, and their mechanisms in cancer prevention, in Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects: Proceedings of SPIE, ed., J. R. Slusser,,, J. R. Herman, and, W. Gao,, The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2002, pp. 313-323
44. W. B. Grant An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar UV-B radiation Cancer 2002 94 1867 1875
45. J. J. McGrath Does 'imprinting' with low prenatal vitamin D contribute to the risk of various adult disorders? Med. Hypotheses 2001 56 367 371