Morphology and biochemistry of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 375-382

  Willms, Kaethe ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Gap junction; Glycogen; Myofibrils; Paramyosin; Surfade glycoproteins; Taenia solium; Ultrastructure tegument

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; CALRETICULIN; GLYCOGEN; GLYCOPROTEIN; MYOSIN; PROTEIN; STEROID;

APOPTOSIS; BIOCHEMISTRY; CESTODE; CYTOPLASM; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; GAP JUNCTION; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINE FLORA; LARVAL STAGE; LIFE CYCLE; METACESTODE; MORPHOLOGY; MUSCLE CELL; NONHUMAN; PARASITE DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW; SPERMATID; STEROIDOGENESIS; TAENIA SOLIUM; TESTIS DEVELOPMENT; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VAS DEFERENS;

ANIMALS; CYSTICERCOSIS; HUMANS; MEAT; REPRODUCTION; SWINE; TAENIA SOLIUM; ZOONOSES;

EID: 44849085128     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156802608783790875     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Flisser, A. Risk factors and control measures for Taeniosis cysticercosis. In Cestode Zoonosis: Echinococcus and cysticercosis: An Emerging and Global Problem; Craig, P.; Pawlowski, Z.; Eds.; IOS Press, NATO Science Series, Amsterdam, 2002; pp 335-342.
2. Schantz, P.M. Taenia solium cysticercosis: An overview of global distributions and transmission. In Taenia solium cysticercosis: From Basic to Clinical Science; Singh, G.; Prabhakar, S.; Eds.; New York, 2002; pp 63-73.
3. Escobar, A.; Weidenheim, K. The pathology of neuro-cysticercosis. In Taenia solium cysticercosis: From Basic to Clinical Science; Singh, G.; Prabhakar, S.; Eds.; New York, 2002; pp 299-305.
4. Aluja, A.S. La cisticercosis porcina en México. In Cisticercosis: Guía para Profesionales de la Salud Biblioteca de la Salud Fondo de Cultura Económica; Larralde, C.; Aluja, AS.; Eds.; Mexico, 2006; pp 104-132.
5. Sorvillo, F.J.; DeGiorgio, C.; Waterman, S.H. Deaths from Cysticercosis, United States. EID. CDC., 2007, 13, 230-235.
6. Schantz, P.M.; Wilkins, P.P.; Tsang, V.C.W. Immigrants, imaging and immunoblots: The emergence of neurocysticercosis as a major public health problem. In Emerging Infections. 2nd; Schel, W.M.; Craig, W.A.; Hughes, J.M.; Eds.; American Society of Microbiology: Washington, D.C., 1998; pp 213-242.
7. Merchant, M.T.; Aguilar, L.; Avila, G.; Robert, L.; Risser, A.; Willins, K. Taenia solium: Description of the intestinal implantation sites in experimental hamster infections. J. Parasitol. 1998, 84, 681-685.
8. Merchant, M.T.; Corella, C.; Willms, K. Autoradiographic analysis of the germinative tissue in evaginated Taenia solium metacestodes. J. Parasitol. 1997, 83, 363-367.
9. Cañedo, L.; Laclette, J.P.; Morales, E. Evagination of the metacestode of Taenia solium. In Cysticercosis, Present State of Knowledge and Perspectives; Flisser, A.; Willms, K.; Laclette, J.P.; Larralde, C.; Ridaura, C.; Beltrán, F.; Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1982; pp 363-373.
10. Cheng, T. Eucestoda, The True Tapeworms. In General Parasitology. 2nd; Cheng, T.; Eds; Academic Press College Division, Harcourt, Brace, Iovanovich: New Cork, 1986, pp 387-444.
11. Willms, K.; Vargas, L.; Laclette, J.P. Biología del Parásito. In Cisticercosis: Guía para profesionales de la salud; Larralde, C. and Aluja, A.S. Eds. Biblioteca para la Salud, Fondo de Cultura Económica: Mexico, 2006; pp 19-40.
12. Díaz, S.; Candil, A.; Uribe, M.; Willms, K. Serology as an indicator of Taenia solium tapeworm infections in a rural community in Mexico. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1990, 84, 563-566.
13. Díaz, S.; Candil, A.; Suate, V.; Zazueta, M.L.; Felix, M.; Lozano, R.; Wilms, K. Epidemiologic study and control of Taenia solium infections with Praziquantel in a rural village of Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1991, 45, 522-531.
14. Sarti, E.; Schantz, P.M.; Plancarte, A.; Wilson, M.; Gutierrez, O. I.; Aguilera, J.; Roberts, J.; Risser, A. Epidemiological inves-tigation of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in a rural village of Michoacan state, Mexico.Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1994, 88, 49-52.
15. Willms, K.; Robert, L.; Caro, J.A. Ultrastructure of smooth muscle, gap junctions and glycogen distribution in Taenia solium tapeworms from experimentally infected hamsters. Parasitol. Res. 2003, 89, 308-316.
16. Lumsden, R.D.; Hildreth, M.B. The Fine Structures of Adult Tapeworms. In Biology of the Eucestoda; Arme, C.; Pappas, P.W.; Eds.; Academic Press: New York 1983; pp 177-233.
17. Conn, D.B. The Biology of flatworms (Platyhelminthes): Parenchyma Cells and Extracellular Matrices. Trans. Am. Microscop. Soc. 1993, 112, 241-261.
18. Smyth, J.D.; McManus, D.P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Development within definitive host. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge UK, 1989; pp 232-252
19. Ambrosio, L.; Landa, A.; Merchant, M.T.; Laclette, J.P. Protein uptake by cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps. Arch. Med. Res. 1994, 25, 325-330.
20. Aldridge, J.R.Jr.; Jennette, M.A.; Kuhn, R.E. Uptake and secretion of host proteins by Taenia crassiceps metacestodes. J. Parasitol, 2006, 92, 1101-1102.
21. Willms, K. Características biológicas de los antígenos de Cysticercus cellulosae de cerdo. Patol. 1975, 13, 115-125
22. Landa, A.; Merchant, M.T.; Willms, K.; Laclette, J.P. Purification and ultrastructural localization of surface glycoproteins of Taenia solium (Cestoda) cysticerci. Int. J. Parasitol. 1994, 24, 265 -269
23. Tsang, V.C.; Brand, J.A.; Boyer, A.E. An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay and glycoprotein antigens for diagnosing human cystociercosis (Taenia solium) J. Infec. Dis. 1989, 159, 50.
24. White, A.C. Neurocysticercosis: Updates on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Ann. Rev. Med. 2000, 51, 187-206.
25. Willms, K.; Arcos, L. Taenia solium: Host serum proteins on the cysticercus surface identified by an ultrastructural immunoenzyme technique. Exp. Parasitol. 1977, 43, 396-406.
26. White, A.C. Jr.; Robinson, P.; Kuhn R. Taenia solium cysticercosis: Host-parasite interactions and the immune response. Chem. Immunol, 1997, 66, 209-230.
27. Kalinna, B.;McManus, D.P. An IgG (Fc gamma) protein of Taenia crassiceps(Cestoda) exhibits sequence homology and antigeni similarity with schistosome paramyosin. Parasitol. 1993, 106,289-296.
28. Damian, R.T. Parasite immune evasion and exploitation: Reflections and projections. Parasitol. 1997, 115, 169-175.
29. Sealey, M.; Ramos, C.; Willms, K.; Ortiz-Ortiz, L. Taenia solium: mitogenic effect of larval extracts on murine B lymphocytes. Parasit. Immunol. 1981, 3, 299-307.
30. Flisser, A.; Tarrab, R.; Willms K.; Larralde, C. Inmunoelectro-foresis y doble inmunodifusión en el diagnóstico de la cisticercosis cerebral humana. Arch. Invest. Méd. 1975, 6, 1-12.
31. Laclette, J.P.; Merchant, M.T.; Willms, K. Histological and ultrastructural localization of Antigen B in the metacestode of Taenia solium. J. Parasitol. 1987, 73, 121-129.
32. Laclette, J.P.; Lands, A.; Arcos, L.; Willms, K.; Davis, A.; Shoemaker, C. Paramyrosin is the Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda) homologue of Antigen B from Taenia solium (Cestoda). Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 1991, 44, 287-295.
33. Laclette, J.P.; Alagón, A.; Willms, K.; Torre-Blanco, A. Purification of antigen B from Taenia solium cysticerci by affinity to mammalian collagen. J. Parasitol. 1990, 76(2): 273-275.
34. Willms, K.; Merchant, M.T.; Díaz-Camacho, S.; Arcos, L. Host parasite interface in the metacestode of Taenia solium. In: Cysticercosis: Present state of knowledge and perspectives. Flisser, A.; Willms, K.; Laclette, J.P; Larralde, C.; Ridaura, C.; Beltrán F.; Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1982; pp 397-411.
35. Hernández, L.; Mendoza, J.A.; Molinari, J.L.; Garrido, E.; Cortés, I.; Solano, S.; Miranda, E.; Tato, P.M. The implantation of Taenia solium metacestodes in mice induces down-modulation of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Parasitol. Res. 2005, 95, 256-265.
36. Willms, K.; Merchant, M.T. The inflammatory reaction surrounding Taenia solium larvae in pig muscle: Ultrastructural and light microscopic observations. Parasit Immunol. 1980, 2, 261-275.
37. Toenjes, S.A.; Kuhn, R.E. The inicial immune response during experimental cisticercosis is of the mixed Th1/Th2 type. Parasitol. Res. 2003, 89, 407-413.
38. Chavarria, A.; Roger, B.; Fragoso, G.; Tapia, G.; Fleury, A.; Dumas, M.; Dessein, A.; Larralde, C.; Sciutto, E. Th2 profile in asynmptomatic Taenia solium human neurocysticercosis. Microbes Infect. 2003, 5, 1109-1115.
39. Diaz M.A.; Villalobos, N.; de Aluja, A,; Rosas, G.; Gomez-Conde, E.; Hernandez, P.; Larralde, C.; Sciutto, E.; Fragoso, G. Th1 and Th2 indices of the immune response in pigs vaccinated against Taenia solium cysticercosis suggest various host immune strategies against the parasite. Vet.-Immunol. Immunopathol. 2005, 103, 297.
40. Valdez, R.A., Jiménez, A.L.; Cartas, A.L.; Gómez, Y.; Romano, M.R. Taenia solium cysticerci synthetize androgens and estrogens In vitro. Parasitol. Res. 2006, 98, 472-476.
41. Jimenez, P.; Valdez, R.A.; Romano, M.C. Metabolism of Steroid Hormones by Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2004, 99, 203-208.
42. Lazcano, A.G.; García, H.H.; Gilman, R.H.; Guezala, M.C.; Tsang, V.C.W.; Gaviria, C.M.; Rodríguez, S.; Moulton, L.H.; Green, J.A.; Gonzalez, A.E. The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Swine cysticercosis hotspots surrounding Taenia solium tapeworm carriers. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76, 376-383.
43. Avila, G.; Teran, N.; Aguilar-Vega, L.; Maravilla, P.; Mata-Miranda, P.; Flisser, A. Laboratory animal models for human Taenia solium. Parasitol. Int. 2006, 55.
44. Sato, H.; Kamiya, M. Establishment, development and fecundity of Taenia crassiceps in the intestine of prednisolone-treated Mongolian gerbils and inbred mice. J. Helminthol. 1990, 64, 605-612.
45. Wang, I.C.; Guo J.X.; Ma, Y.X.; Chung, W.C.; Lu, S.C.; Fan, P.C. Sexual development of Taenia solium in hamsters from rodent-derived cysticerci. J. Helminthol. 1999, 73, 347-350.
46. Avila, G.; Aguilar, L.; Benitez, S.; Yepez-Mulia, L.; Lavenat, I.; Flisser, A. Inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa of gerbils and hamsters experimentally infected with the adult stage of Taenia solium. Int. J. Parasitol. 2002, 32, 1301-1308.
47. Wilkins, P.P.; Allan, J.C.; Verastegui, M.; Acosta, M.; Eason, A.G.; Garcia, H.H.; Gonzalez, A.E.; Gilman, R.H.; Tsang, V.C. Development of a serologic assay to detect Taenia solium taeniasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999, 60, 199-204.
48. DeGiorgio, C.; Pietsch-Escueta, S.; Tsang, V.; Corral-Leyva, G.; Ng, L.; Medina, M.T.; Astudillo, S.; Padilla, N.; Leyva, P.; Martinez, L.; Nob, J.; Levine, M.; Del Villasenor, R.; Sorvillo, F. Sero-prevalence of Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taenia solium Taeniasis in California, USA. Acta. Neurol. Scandin. 2005, 111, 84-88.
49. Willms, K. Cestodes (Tapeworms). In Infectious Diseases. Gorbach, S.L.; Bartlett, J.G.; Blacklow, N.R.; Eds.; Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004; pp 2382-2400.
50. Fernández-Presas, A.M.; Jiménez, J.A.; Robert, L.; Willms, K. Apoptosis patterns in experimental Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps strobilac in golden hamsters. Parasitol. Res. 2005, 96, 1-5.
51. Bolla, R.I.; Roberts, L.S. Developmental physiology of cestodes. IX: Cytological characteristics of the germinative region of Hymenolepis diminuta. J. Parasitol. 1971, 57, 267-277.
52. Wikgren, B.J.P.; Knuts, G.M. Growth of subtegumental tissue in cestodes by cell migration. Acta Acad. Aboensis 1970, 30, 1-6.
53. Oaks, J.A.; Holy, J.M. Hymenopelis diminuta: Two morphologically distinct tegumental secretory mechanisms are present in the cestode. Exp. Parasitol. 1994, 79, 292-300.
54. Tyler, S.; Tyler, M.S. Origin of the epidermis in parasitic platyhelminths. Int. J. Parasitol. 1997, 27, 715-738.
55. Jones, M.K. Structure and diversity of cestode epithelia. Int. J. Parasitol. 1998, 28, 913-923.
56. Willms, K.; Jiménez, J.A.; Landa, A.; Fernández-Presas, A.M.; Zurabián, R.; Juárez-Ugarte, M.E.; Robert, R. Taeniid tapeworm responses to in vitro glucose. Parasitol. Res. 2005, 296-301.
57. Lumsden, R.D.; Hildreth, M.B. The fine structure of adult tapeworms. In Biology of the Eucestoda, Arme, C.; Pappas, P.W.; Eds.; Academic Press: London, 1983; pp 177-233.
58. Ward, S.M.; McKerr, G.; Allen, J.M. Structure and ultra-structure of muscle systems within Grillotia erinaceus metacestodes (Cestodea: Trypanorhyncha). Parasitol. 1986, 93, 587-597.
59. Cruz-Rivera, M.; Reyes-Torres, A.; Reynoso-Ducoing, O.; Flisser, A.; Ambrosio, J.R. Comparison of biochemical and immunochemical properties of myosin II in taeniid parasites. Cell Biol. Int. 2006, 30, 598-602.
60. Ambrosio, J.R.; Reynoso-Ducoing, O.; Hernandez-Sanchez, H.; Correa-Pina, D.; Gonzalez-Malerva, L.; Cruz-Rivera, M.; Flisser, A. Actin expression in Taenia solium cysticerci (cestoda): Tisular distribution and detection of isoforms. Cell Biol. Int. 2003, 27, 727-733.
61. Vargas-Parada, L.; Merchant, M.T.; Willms, K.; Laclette, J.P. Formation of calcareous corpuscles in the lumen of excretory canals of Taenia solium cysticerci. Parasitol. Res. 19, 85, 88-92.
62. Vargas-Parada, L.; Laclette, J.P. Role of calcareous corpuscles in cestode physiology. Rev. Lat-Amer. Microbiol. 1999, 41, 303.
63. Zurabian, R.; Carrero, J.C.; Rodriguez-Contreras, D.; Willms, K.; Laclette J.P. Antigenic proteins associated with calcareous corpuscles of Taenia solium: Partial characterization of a calcium-binding protein. Arch. Med. Res. 2005, 36, 4-9.
64. Mendlovic, F.; Ostoa-Saloma, P.; Solis, C.F.; Martinez-Ocana, J. Flisser, A.; Laclette, J.P. Cloning, characterization, and functional expression of Taenia solium calreticulin. J. Parasitol. 2004 90, 891-893.
65. Webb, A. Innervation of muscle in the cestode Hymenolepis microstoma. Can. J. Zool. 1987, 65, 928-935.
66. Conn, D.B, The biology of flatworms (Platyhelminthes): Parenchyma cells and extracellular matrices. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1993, 112, 241-261.
67. Phelan P.; Bacon J.P.; A. Davies J.; Stebbings L.A.; Todman M.G. Innexin: A family of invertebrate gap-junction proteins. Trends in Genetics 1998, 14, 348-349.
68. Gumbiner, B.M. Cell Adhesion: The molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Cell 1996, 84, 345-357.
69. Sato, T.; Haimovici, R.; Kao, R.; Li, A.F.; Roy, S. Downregulation of connexin 43 expression by high glucose reduces gap junction activity in microvascular endothelial cells. Diabetes 2002, 51, 1565-1571.
70. Rodríguez-Contreras, D.; Skelly, J.P.; Landa, A.; Shoemaker, C.B.; Laclette, J.P. Molecular and functional localization of 2 glucose transporter homologues (TGTP1 and TGTP2) from the tapeworm Taenia solium. Parasitol. 1998, 116, 579-588.
71. Gustafsson, M.K.; Lehtonen, M.A.; Sundler, F. Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of "mammalian" neurohormonal peptides in neurones of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. Cell Tissue Res. 1986, 243, 41-49.
72. Gustaffson, M.K.; Fagerholm, M.P.; Halton, D.W.; Hanzelova, V.; Maule, A.G.; Reuter, M.; Shaw, C. Neuropeptides and serotonin in the cestode, Proteocephalus exiguous: And immunocytochemical study. Int. J. Parasitol. 1995, 25, 673-672.
73. Willms K., Merchant MT., Gómez M.; Robert L. Taenia solium: germinal cell precursors in tapeworms grown in hamster intestine. Arch. Med. Res. 2001, 32, 1-7.
74. Willms, K.; Caro, J.A.; Robert, L. Ultrastructure of spermatogonia and spermatocyte lobules in Taenia solium strobilae (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae) from golden hamsters. Parasitol. Res. 2003, 9), 479-488.
75. Justine, J.L. Spermatozoa as phylogenetic characters for the Eucestoda. J. Parasitol. 1998, 84, 385-408.
76. Ndiaye, P.I.; Miquel, J.; Marchand, B. Ultrastructure of spenmiogenseis and spematozoa of Taenia parva Baer, 1926(Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae), a parasite of the common genet (Genetta genetta). Parasitol. Res. 2002, 89, 34-43.
77. Willms, K.; Robert, L.; Jiménez, J.A.; Everhart, M.; Kuhn, R.E. Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon in Taenia crassiceps strobilae WFU strain (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae) from golden hamsters. Parasitol. Res. 2004, 93, 262-267.
78. Willins, K.; Robert, L. Ultrastructure of a spermatid transport system in the mature proglotids of experimental Taenia crassiceps (WFU strain). Parasitol. Res. 2007, 101, 967-973.
79. Laclette, J.P.; Ornelas, Y.; Merchant, U.T.; Willms, K. Ultrastructure of the Surrounding Envelopes of Taenia solium eggs. In: Cysticercosis: Present State of Knowledge and Perspectives, Flisser, A.; Willms, K.; Larralde, C.; Ridaura, C.; Beltran, F. Academia Press: New York, 1982, pp 375-387.
80. Fernandez, A.M.; Willms, K.; Jimenez J.A.; Romano, M. Localization of 3-hydroxisteroid dehydrogenase in mature strobilae of Taenia solium. International Congress of Parasitology. ICOPA: Glasgow, U.K. 2006.