Immunogenetic basis of HIV-1 infection, transmission and disease progression

Vaccine

Volumn 26, Issue 24, 2008, Pages 2966-2980

  Singh, Paras ^a   Kaur, Gurvinder ^a   Sharma, Gaurav ^a   Mehra, Narinder K ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

Chemokine; Cytokine; Gene; HIV; HLA; Susceptibility

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 1; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2; HLA B27 ANTIGEN; HLA B35 ANTIGEN; HLA B57 ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 4; KILLER CELL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIKE RECEPTOR; LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIGEN FUNCTION; ARTICLE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HAPLOTYPE; HEREDITY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOGENETICS; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; INNATE IMMUNITY; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ALLELES; CYTOKINES; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GENES, MHC CLASS I; GENES, MHC CLASS II; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENETICS, POPULATION; HAPLOTYPES; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; IMMUNOGENETICS; INDIA; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS); RECEPTORS, CCR2; RECEPTORS, CCR5; RECEPTORS, KIR;

EID: 44649171071     PISSN: 0264410X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.012     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. NACO (July 2007). HIV/AIDS epidemiological Surveillance and Estimation report for the year 2006 (http://www.nacoonline.org/NACO).
2. Pantaleo G., and Fauci A.S. Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Ann Rev Microbiol 50 (1996) 825-854
3. Modi W.S., Lautenberger J., An P., Scott K., Goedert J.J., Kirk G.D., et al. Genetic variation in the CCL18-CCL3-CCL4 chemokine gene cluster influences HIV type 1 transmission and AIDS disease progression. Am J Hum Genet 79 1 (2006) 120-128
4. Trecarichi E.M., Tumbarello M., de Gaetano Donati K., Tamburrini E., Cauda R., Brahe C., et al. Partial protective effect of CCR5 delta 32 heterozygosity in a cohort of heterosexual Italian HIV-1 exposed uninfected individuals. AIDS Res Ther 3 (2006) 22
5. Ball T.B., Ji H., Kimani J., McLaren P., Marlin C., Hill A.V., et al. Polymorphism in IRF-1 associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection in highly exposed uninfected Kenyan sex workers. AIDS 21 9 (2007) 1091-1101
6. Hirbod T., and Broliden K. Mucosal immune responses in the genital tract of HIV-1 exposed uninfected women. J Intern Med 262 1 (2007) 44-58
7. Suy A., Castro P., Nomdedeu M., Garcia F., Lopez A., Fumero E., et al. Immunological profile of heterosexual highly HIV-exposed uninfected individuals:predominant role of CD4 and CD8 T cell activation. J Infect Dis 196 8 (2007) 1191-1201
8. Saez-Cirion A., Vermisse P., Truong L.X., Chakrabarti L.A., Carpentier W., Barre-Sinoussi F., et al. Persistent resistance to HIV-1 infection in CD4 T cells from exposed uninfected Vietnamese individuals is mediated by entry and post-entry blocks. Retrovirology 3 (2006) 81
9. Alimonti J.B., Kimani J., Matu L., Wachihi C., Kaul R., Plummer F.A., et al. Characterization of CD8 T cell responses in HIV exposed seronegative commercial sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya. Immunol Cell Biol 84 (2006) 482-485
10. Bellan W.M., Vu B.A., Long B.R., Loo C.P., Michaelsson J., Barbour J.D., et al. Natural killer cells in perinatally HIV-1 infected children exhibit less degranulation compared to HIV-1 exposed uninfected children and their expression of KIR2DL3, NKG2C and NKp46 correlates with disease severity. J Immunol 179 5 (2007) 3362-3370
11. Ravet S., Scott-Algara D., Bonnet E., Tran H.K., Nguyen N., Truong L.X., et al. Distinctive NK-cell receptor repertoires sustain high-level constitutive NK cell activation in HIV exposed uninfected individuals. Blood 109 10 (2007) 4296-4305
12. Stephens H.A. HIV-1 diversity versus HLA class I polymorphism. Trends Immunol 26 (2005) 41-47
13. Arenzana-Seisdedos F., and Parmentier M. Genetics of resistance to HIV infection: role of co-receptors and co-receptor ligands. Semin Immunol 18 6 (2006) 387-403
14. O'Brien S.J., and Nelson G.W. Human genes that limit AIDS. Nat Genet 36 6 (2004) 565-574
15. Kageyama S., Mimaya J., Yamada K., Kurimura T., and Shiraki K. Polymorphism of CCR5 affecting HIV disease progression in the Japanese population. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17 11 (2001) 991-995
16. Tang J., Shelton B., Makhatadze N.J., Zhang Y., Schaen M., Louie L.G., et al. Distribution of chemokine receptor CCR2 and CCR5 genotypes and their relative contribution to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion, early HIV-1 RNA concentration in plasma, and later disease progression. J Virol 76 2 (2002) 662-672
17. Ming Li, Song R., Masiciotra S., Soriano V., Spira T.J., Lal R.B., et al. Association of CCR5 human haplogroup E with rapid HIV type 1 disease progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21 (2005) 111
18. Lama J., and Planelles V. Host factors influencing susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression. Retrovirology 4 (2007) 52
19. Gonzalez E., Kulkarni H., Bolivar H., Mangano A., Sanchez R., Catano G., et al. The influence of CCL3L1 gene-containing segmental duplications on HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility. Science 307 5714 (2005) 1434-1440
20. Colobran R., Adreani P., Ashhab Y., Llano A., Este J.A., Dominguez O., et al. Multiple products derived from two CCL4 loci: high incidence of a new polymorphism in HIV+ patients. J Immunol 174 9 (2005) 5655-5664
21. McDermott D.H., Beecroft M.J., Kleeberger C.A., Al-Sharif F.M., Ollier W.E., Zimmerman P.A., et al. Chemokine RANTES promoter polymorphism affects risk of both HIV infection and disease progression in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS 14 17 (2000) 2671-2678
22. Heeney J.L., Dalgleish A.G., and Weiss R.A. Origins of HIV and the evolution of resistance to AIDS. Science 313 5786 (2006) 462-466
23. Winkler C., Modi W., Smith M.W., Nelson G.W., Wu X., Carrington M., et al. Genetic restriction of AIDS pathogenesis by an SDF-1 chemokine gene variant. ALIVE Study, Hemophilia Growth and Development Study (HGDS), Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS), San Francisco City Cohort (SFCC). Science 279 5349 (1998) 389-393
24. Gaudieri S., DeSantis D., McKinnon E., Moore C., Nolan D., Witt C.S., et al. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and HLA act both independently and synergistically to modify HIV disease progression. Genes Immun 6 8 (2005) 683-690
25. Kang M.W., Pyo C.W., Wie S.H., Choi H.B., Kim S.Y., Kim Y.K., et al. Associations of IFN-gamma polymorphism with HIV-1 infection in the Korean population. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 22 (2006) 297-299
26. Konenkov V.I., and Smolnikova M.V. Polymorphism of promoter sites of interleukins 4 and - IL10 and tumor necrosis factor - alpha in HIV infected patients. Bull Exp Biol 133 (2002) 389-391
27. Lajoie J., Hargrove J., Zijenah L.S., Humphrey J.H., Ward B.J., and Roger M. Genetic variants in nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E and HLA-G molecules are associated with susceptibility to heterosexual acquisition of HIV-1. J Infect Dis 193 2 (2006) 298-301
28. Matte C., Lajoie J., Lacaille J., Zijenah L.S., Ward B.J., and Roger M. Functionally active HLA-G polymorphisms are associated with the risk of heterosexual HIV-1 infection in African women. AIDS 18 3 (2004) 427-431
29. Martin M.P., Gao X., Lee J.H., Nelson G.W., Detels R., Goedert J.J., et al. Epistatic interaction between KIR3DS1 and HLA-B delays the progression to AIDS. Nat Genet 31 4 (2002) 429-434
30. Lopez-Vazquez A., Mina-Blanco A., Martinez-Borra J., Njobvu P.D., Suarez-Alvarez B., Blanco-Gelaz M.A., et al. Interaction between KIR3DL1 and HL-B*57 supertype alleles influences the progression of HIV-1 infection in a Zambian population. Hum Immunol 66 3 (2005) 285-289
31. Luster A.D. Chemokines-chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. New Engl J Med 338 7 (1998) 436-445
32. Lusso P. HIV and the chemokine system: 10 years later. EMBO J 25 3 (2006) 447-456
33. Smith M.W., Dean M., Carrington M., Winkler C., Huttley G.A., Lomb D.A., et al. Contrasting genetic influence of CCR2 and CCR5 variants on HIV-1 infection and disease progression. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study (HGDS), Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS), San Francisco City Cohort (SFCC), ALIVE Study. Science 277 (1997) 959-965
34. Kostrikis L.G., Huang Y., Moore J.P., Wolinsky S.M., Zhang L., Guo Y., et al. A chemokine receptor CCR2 allele delays HIV-1 disease progression and is associated with a CCR5 promoter mutation. Nat Med 4 3 (1998) 350-353
35. Ioannidis J.P., Contopoulos-Ioannidis D.G., Rosenberg P.S., Goedert J.J., De Rossi A., Espanol T., et al. Effects of CCR5-delta32 and CCR2-64I alleles on disease progression of perinatally HIV-1-infected children: an international meta-analysis. AIDS 17 11 (2003) 1631-1638
36. Louisirirotchanakul S., Liu H., Roongpisuthipong A., Nakayama E.E., Takebe Y., Shioda T., et al. Genetic analysis of HIV-1 discordant couples in Thailand: association of CCR2 64I homozygosity with HIV-1-negative status. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 29 3 (2002) 314-315
37. Zhang X.L., Zhang C.Y., Yu Y., Chen F., Li P., and Fu S.B. CCR2 allele polymorphisms in 15 Chinese ethnic populations. Int J Immunogenet 33 1 (2006) 45-48
38. Gonzalez E., Bamshad M., Sato N., Mummidi S., Dhanda R., Catano G., et al. Race-specific HIV-1 disease-modifying effects associated with CCR5 haplotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 21 (1999) 12004-12009
39. Carrington M., Dean M., Martin M.P., and O'Brien S.J. Genetics of HIV-1 infection: chemokine receptor CCR5 polymorphism and its consequences. Hum Mol Genet 8 10 (1999) 1939-1945
40. Kaur G., Singh P., Kumar N., Rapthap C.C., Sharma G., Vajpayee M., et al. Distribution of CCR2 polymorphism in HIV-1-infected and healthy subjects in North India. Int J Immunogenet 34 3 (2007) 153-156
41. Ramana G.V., Vasanthi A., Khaja M., Su B., Govindaiah V., Jin L., et al. Distribution of HIV-1 resistance-conferring polymorphic alleles SDF-1-3′A, CCR2-64I and CCR5-Delta32 in diverse populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. J Genet 80 3 (2001) 137-140
42. Suresh P., Wanchu A., Sachdeva R.K., and Bhatnagar A. Gene polymorphisms in CCR5, CCR2, CX3CR1, SDF-1 and RANTES in exposed but uninfected partners of HIV-1 infected individuals in North India. J Clin Immunol 26 5 (2006) 476-484
43. McDermott D.H., Zimmerman P.A., Guignard F., Kleeberger C.A., Leitman S.F., and Murphy P.M. CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 352 9131 (1998) 866-870
44. Martin M.P., Dean M., Smith M.W., Winkler C., Gerrard B., Michael N.L., et al. Genetic acceleration of AIDS progression by a promoter variant of CCR5. Science 282 (1998) 1907-1911
45. Liu R., Paxton W.A., Choe S., Ceradini D., Martin S.R., Horuk R., et al. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86 3 (1996) 367-377
46. Buseyne F., Janvier G., Teglas J.P., Ivanoff S., Burgard M., Bui E., et al. Impact of heterozygosity for the chemokine receptor CCR5 32-bp-deleted allele on plasma virus load and CD4 T lymphocytes in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected children at 8 years of age. J Infect Dis 178 4 (1998) 1019-1023
47. Martinson J.J., Chapman N.H., Rees D.C., Liu Y.T., and Clegg J.B. Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion. Nat Genet 16 1 (1997) 100-103
48. Husain S., Goila R., Shahi S., and Banerjea A. First report of a healthy Indian heterozygous for delta 32 mutant of HIV-1 co-receptor-CCR5 gene. Gene 207 2 (1998) 141-147
49. Majumder P.P., and Dey B. Absence of the HIV-1 protective Delta ccr5 allele in most ethnic populations of India. Eur J Hum Genet 9 10 (2001) 794-796
50. Verma R., Gupta R.B., Singh K., Bhasin R., Anand Shukla A., Chauhan S.S., et al. Distribution of CCR5delta32, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3′A and plasma levels of SDF-1 in HIV-1 seronegative North Indians. J Clin Virol 38 3 (2007) 198-203
51. Mummidi S., Ahuja S.S., McDaniel B.L., and Ahuja S.K. The human CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) gene. Multiple transcripts with 5′-end heterogeneity, dual promoter usage, and evidence for polymorphisms within the regulatory regions and noncoding exons. J Biol Chem 272 49 (1997) 30662-30671
52. Mummidi S., Bamshad M., Ahuja S.S., Gonzalez E., Feuillet P.M., Begum K., et al. Evolution of human and non-human primate CC chemokine receptor 5 gene and mRNA. Potential roles for haplotype and mRNA diversity, differential haplotype-specific transcriptional activity, and altered transcription factor binding to polymorphic nucleotides in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J Biol Chem 275 25 (2000) 18946-18961
53. Tang J., Rivers C., Karita E., Costello C.C., Allen S., Fultz P.N., et al. Allelic variants of human beta-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) promoter: evolutionary relationships and predictable associations with HIV-1 disease progression. Genes Immun 1 1 (1999) 20-27
54. Mangano A., Gonzalez E., Dhanda R., Catano G., Bamshad M., Bock A., et al. Concordance between the CC chemokine receptor 5 genetic determinants that alter risks of transmission and disease progression in children exposed perinatally to human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 183 (2001) 1574
55. Sriwanthana B., Hodge T., Mastro T.D., Dezzutti C.S., Bond K., Stephens H.A., et al. HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, HLA-A11, and chemokine-related factors may act synergistically to determine HIV resistance in CCR5 delta32-negative female sex workers in Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17 8 (2001) 719-734
56. Nguyen L., Li M., Chaowanachan T., Hu D.J., Vanichseni S., Mock P.A., et al. CCR5 promoter human haplogroups associated with HIV-1 disease progression in Thai injection drug users. AIDS 18 9 (2004) 1327-1333
57. Kostrikis L.G., Neumann A.U., Thomson B., Korber Bt., McHardy P., Karanicolas R., et al. A polymorphism in the regulatory region of the CC-chemokine receptor 5 gene influences perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to African-American infants. J Virol 73 12 (1999) 10264-10271
58. John G.C., Bird T., Overbaugh J., Nduati R., Mbori-Ngacha D., Rostron T., et al. CCR5 promoter polymorphisms in a Kenyan perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cohort: association with increased 2-year maternal mortality. J Infect Dis 184 1 (2001) 89-92
59. Kaur G., Singh P., Kumar N., Rapthap C.C., Sharma G., Vajpayee M., et al. Polymorphism in the CCR5 gene promoter and HIV-1 infection in North Indians. Hum Immunol 68 5 (2007) 454-461
60. Kiepiela P., Leslie A.J., Honeyborne I., Ramduth D., Thobakgale C., Chetty S., et al. Dominant influence of HLA-B in mediating the potential co-evolution of HIV and HLA. Nature 432 (2004) 769-774
61. Mehra N.K., and Kaur G. HLA genetics and disease with particular reference to Type 1 diabetes and HIV infection in Asian Indians. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2 6 (2006) 901-913
62. Kaslow R.A., Dorak T., and Tang J.J. Influence of host genetic variation on susceptibility to HIV type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 191 Suppl. 1 (2005) S68-S77
63. Carrington M., Nelson G.W., Martin M.P., Kissner T., Vlahov D., Goedert J.J., et al. HLA and HIV-1: heterozygote advantage and B*35-Cw*04 disadvantage. Science 283 (1999) 1748-1752
64. Tang J.S., Tang E., Lobashevsky A.D., Myracle U., Fideli G., Aldrovandi S.A., et al. Favorable and unfavorable HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Zambians predominantly infected with clade C human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 76 (2002) 8276-8284
65. Doytchinova I.A., Walshe V.A., Jones N.A., Gloster S.E., Borrow P., and Flower D.R. Coupling in silico and in vitro analysis of peptide-MHC binding: a bioinformatic approach enabling prediction of superbinding peptides and anchorless epitopes. J Immunol 172 12 (2004) 7495-7502
66. Sette A., and Sidney J. Nine major HLA class I supertypes account for the vast preponderance of HLA-A and -B polymorphism. Immunogenetics 50 3-4 (1999) 201-212
67. Selvaraj P., Swaminathan S., Alagarasu K., Raghavan S., Narendran G., and Narayanan P. Association of human leukocyte antigen-A11 with resistance and B40 and DR2 with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in south India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 43 4 (2006) 497-499
68. Kanga U., Kumar A., Agarwal S., Kanokar S.R., and Mehra N.K. Heterogeneity of HLA-B27 group of allele in Asian Indian. Tissue Antigens 59 Suppl (2002) 131-135
69. Hulsmeyer M., Hillig R.C., Volz A., Rhl M., Schroder W., Saenger W., et al. HLA-B27 subtypes differentially associated with disease exhibit subtle structural alterations. J Biol Chem 277 49 (2002) 47844-47853
70. Gao X., Bashirova A., Iverson A.K., Phair J., Goedert J.J., Buchbinder S., et al. AIDS restriction HLA allotypes target distinct intervals of HIV-1 pathogenesis. Nat Med 11 (2005) 1290
71. Gillespie G.M., Kaul R., Dong T., Yang H.B., Rostron T., Bwavo J.J., et al. Cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes against a HIV-1 p24 epitope in slow progressors with B*57. AIDS 16 7 (2002) 961-972
72. Lazaryan A., Lobashevsky E., Mulenga J., Karita E., Allen S., Tang J., et al. Human leukocyte antigen B58 supertype and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in native Africans. J Virol 80 12 (2006) 6056-6060
73. MacDonald K.S., Fowke K.R., Kimani J., Dunand V.A., Nagelkerke N.J., Ball T.B., et al. Influence of HLA supertypes on susceptibility and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 181 (2000) 1581-1589
74. Liu C., Carrington M., Kaslow R.A., Gao X., Rinaldo C.R., Jacobson L.P., et al. Association of polymorphisms in human leukocyte antigen class I and transporter associated with antigen processing genes with resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 187 9 (2003) 1404-1410
75. Flores-Villanueva P.O., Hendel H., Caillat-Zucman S., Rappaport J., Burgos-Tiburcio A., Bertin-Maghit S., et al. Associations of MHC ancestral haplotypes with resistance/susceptibility to AIDS disease development. J Immunol 170 4 (2003) 1925-1929
76. Sidney J., Southwood S., del Guercio M.F., Grey H.M., Chesnut R.W., Kubo R.T., et al. Specificity and degeneracy in peptide binding to HLA-B7-like class I molecules. J Immunol 157 (1996) 3480-3490
77. Vyakarnam A., Sidebottom D., Murad S., Underhill J.A., Easterbrook P.J., Delgleish A.G., et al. Possession of human leucocyte antigen DQ6 alleles and the rate of CD4 T-cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Immunology 112 1 (2004) 136-142
78. Dorak M.T., Yee L.J., Tang J., Shao W., Lobashevsky E.S., Jacobson L.P., et al. HLA-B, -DRB1/3/4/5, and -DQB1 gene polymorphisms in human immunodeficiency virus-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Med Virol 76 3 (2005) 302-310
79. Li S., Jiao H., Yu X., Strong A.J., Shao Y., Altfeld M., et al. Human leukocyte antigen class I and class II allele frequencies and HIV-1 infection associations in a Chinese cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 44 2 (2007) 121-131
80. Malhotra U., Holte S., Dutta S., Berrey M.M., Delpit E., Koelle D.M., et al. Role for HLA class II molecules in HIV-1 suppression and cellular immunity following antiretroviral treatment. J Clin Invest 107 4 (2001) 505-517
81. Louie L.G., Hartogensis W.E., Jackman R.P., Schultz K.A., Zijenah L.S., Yiu C.H., et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis/HIV-1 coinfection and disease: role of human leukocyte antigen variation. J Infect Dis 189 6 (2004) 1084-1090
82. Winchester R., Chen Y., Rose S., Selby J., and Borkowsky W. Major histocompatibility complex class II DR alleles DRB1*1501 and those encoding HLA-DR13 are preferentially associated with a diminution in maternally transmitted human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in different ethnic groups: determination by an automated sequence-based typing method. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 26 (1995) 12374-12378
83. Altfeld M., Kalife E.T., Qi Y., Streeck H., Lichterfeld M., Johnston M.N., et al. HLA alleles associated with delayed progression to AIDS contribute strongly to the initial CD8(+) T cell response against HIV-1. PLoS Med 3 (2006) 403-408
84. Witt C.S., Price P., Kaur G., Cheong K., Kanga U., Sayer D., et al. Common HLA-B8-DR3 haplotype in Northern India is different from that found in Europe. Tissue Antigens 60 6 (2002) 474-480
85. Kaur G., Sarkar N., Bhatnagar S., Kumar S., Rapthap C.C., Bhan M.K., et al. Pediatric celiac disease in India is associated with multiple DR3-DQ2 haplotypes. Hum Immunol 63 8 (2002) 677-682
86. Kanga U., Vaidyanathan B., Jaini R., Menon P.S., and Mehra N.K. HLA haplotypes associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus in North Indian children. Hum Immunol 65 1 (2004) 47-53
87. Shankarkumar U., Thakar M., Mehendale S., Praranjape R.S., and Mohanty D. Association of HLA B*3520, B*1801, and Cw*1507 with HIV-1 infection Maharashtra, India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 34 1 (2003) 113-114
88. Flores-Villanueva P.O., Yunis E.J., Delgado J.C., Vittinghoff E., Buchbinder S., Leung J.Y., et al. Control of HIV viremia and protection from AIDS are associated with HLA-Bw4 homozygosity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 5140-5145
89. Welzel T.M., Gao X., Pfeiffer R.M., Martin M.P., O'Brien S.J., Goedert J.J., et al. HLA-B Bw4 alleles and HIV-1 transmission in heterosexual couples. AIDS 21 (2007) 225-229
90. Qi Y., Martin P.M., Gao X., Jacobson L., Goedert J.J., Buchbinder S., et al. KIR/HLA Pleiotropism: protection against both HIV and opportunistic infections. PLoS Pathogens 8 (2006) 741-745
91. Hoffmann S.C., Stanley E.M., Cox E.D., DiMercurio B.S., Koziol D.E., Harlan D.M., et al. Ethnicity greatly influences cytokine gene polymorphism distribution. Am J Transplant 2 (2002) 560-567
92. Bidwell J., Keen L., Gallagher G., Kimberly R., Huizinga T., McDermott M.F., et al. Cytokine gene polymorphism in human disease: on-line databases. Genes Immun 1 1 (1999) 3-19
93. vanDeventer S.J. Cytokine and cytokine receptor polymorphisms in infectious disease. Intensive Care Med 26 Suppl. 1 (2000) S98-S102
94. Vasilescu A., Heath S.C., Ivanova R., Hendel H., Do H., Mazoyer A., et al. Genomic analysis of Th1-Th2 cytokine genes in an AIDS cohort: identification of IL4 and IL10 haplotypes associated with the disease progression. Genes Immun 4 (2003) 441-449
95. Wichukchinda N., Nakayama E.E., Rojanawiwat A., Pathipvanich P., Auwanit W., Vongsheree S., et al. Protective effects of IL4-589T and RANTES-28G on HIV-1 disease progression in infected Thai females. AIDS 20 (2006) 189-196
96. Imami N., Pires A., Hardy G., Wilson J., Gazzard B., and Gotch F. A balanced type 1/type 2 response is associated with long-term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 76 18 (2002) 9011-9023
97. Vicenzi E., Biswas P., Mengozzi M., and Poli G. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and beta-chemokines in controlling HIV replication. J Leukoc Biol 62 (1997) 34-40
98. Price P., James I., Fernandez S., and French M.A. Alleles of the gene encoding IL-1alpha may predict control of plasma viraemia in HIV-1 patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 18 11 (2004) 1495-1501
99. Jacob C.O., Fronek Z., Lewis G.D., Koo M., Hansen J.A., and McDevitt H.O. Heritable major histocompatibility complex class II-associated differences in production of tumor necrosis factor alpha: relevance to genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 (1990) 1233-1237
100. Delgado J.C., Leung J.Y., Baena A., Clavijo O.P., Vittinghoff E., Buchbinder S., et al. The -1030/-862-linked TNF promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with the inability to control HIV-1 viremia. Immunogenetics 55 7 (2003) 497-501 Epub 2003 Sep 27
101. Biasin M., Boasso A., Piacentini L., Trabattoni D., Magri G., Deshmuks R., et al. IL-4 and CXCR4 upregulation in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals from Maharashtra-Mumbai. AIDS 17 (2003) 1563-1565
102. Vidyarani M., Selvaraj P., Prabhu Anand S., Jawahar M.S., Adhilakshmi A.R., and Narayanan P.R. Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene variants and cytokine levels in pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res 124 4 (2006) 403-410