Prosperous negligence: Governing the clean development mechanism for markets and development

Environment

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 18-30

  Bozmoski, Alexander ^d   Lemos, Maria Carmen ^a,b   Boyd, Emily ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 44649145318     PISSN: 00139157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/ENVT.50.3.18-30     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. J. Ellis et al., "CDM: Taking Stock and Looking Forward," Energy Policy 35, no. 1 (2007): 15-28.
2. Private companies also sponsor, originate, and trade certified emission reductions (CERs). This is especially the case in the EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), which requires deeper cuts than does the Kyoto Protocol but follows similar rules and relies on the same tradable emissions currencies. The EU ETS allocates emissions rights to specific sectors of the economy, so rather than the government doing most of the CER origination and trading, public and private firms largely assume that responsibility.
3. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto, Japan, 1998, Article 12, paragraph 5(b), available at http://unfccc .int/resource/docs/convkp/kpen g.pdf.
4. K. Capoor and P. Ambrosi, State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2007 (Washington DC: World Bank, 2007), http://carbonfinance.org/docs/ Carbon_Trends_ 2007-_FINAL_-_May_2.pdf.
5. UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Risø Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)/Joint Implementation (JI) Pipeline Analysis and Database, 1 November 2007, http://www.cdmpipeline.org.
6. See, for example, E. Boyd et al., The Clean Development Mechanism: Current Status, Perspectives and Future Policy, Tyndall Centre Technical Report 114 (Norwich, UK: Tyndall Centre, University of East Anglia, 2007);
7. E. Boyd, M. Gutierrez, and M. Chang, "Small-Scale Forest Carbon Projects: Adapting CDM to Low-Income Communities," Global Environmental Change 17, no. 2 (2007): 250-59;
8. and C. Sutter and J. C. Parreno, "Does the Current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Deliver Its Sustainable Development Claim? An Analysis of Officially Registered CDM Projects;' Climatic Change 84, no. 1 (2007): 75-90.
9. Case study examples are cited throughout the text; however, a good starting point is K. H. Olsen, "The Clean Development Mechanism's Contribution to Sustainable Development: A Review of the Literature," Climatic Change 84, no. 1 (2007): 59-73.
10. Sutter and Parreno, note 6 above.
11. Boyd et al., note 6 above.
12. M. Wara, "Is the Global Carbon Market Working?" Nature 445, no. 7128 (8 February 2007): 595-96.
13. W. C. Clark and N. M. Dickson, "Sustainability Science: The Emerging Research Program," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 14 (2003): 8059-61.
14. The standard constituents of "good governance" can be found in UN Development Programme (UNDP), Governance for Sustainable Human Development (New York: UNDP, 1997).
15. UN Millennium Declaration, New York, 8 September 2000, available at http://www.un.org/millennium/ dec laration/ares552e.pdf.
16. See especially A. Olhoff, A. Markandya, K. Halsnaes, and T. Taylor, CDM Sustainable Development Impacts (Roskilde, Denmark: UNEP Risø Centre, 2004), http://cd4cdm.org/Publications/CDM %20Sustainable%20Development%20Impacts.pdf, chapter 5;
17. and UNEP, "Divided, Yet United," paper presented at the Mainstreaming Environment beyond MDG 7 High-Level Workshop, Nairobi, 13-14 July 2005, http://www.unep.org/dec/support/mdg_meeting .html, pages 15, 18-20, and 27-28.
18. Government of India, Report of the Working Group on National Action Plan for Operationalising Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in India (New Delhi: Planning Commission, 2003), http://planning commission. nic .in/reports/genrep/fin_CDM.pdf.
19. S. Sirohi, "CDM: Is It a 'Win-Win' Strategy for Rural Poverty Alleviation in India?" Climatic Change 84, no. 1(2007): 91-110.
20. Ibid.
21. World Health Organization, Indoor Air Pollution and Health, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/ fs292/en/index.html (accessed 5 February 2008).
22. Sutter and Parreno, note 6 above.
23. UNDP and Fortis have partnered in launching the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Carbon Facility to support better project choice and distribution. The facility aims to help remove barriers to investment in UN-designated Least Developed Countries, improve the capacity of the CDM and efficiency of designated national authorities in host countries, and sponsor projects that work toward the MDGs. More information can be found at http://www .undp.org/mdgcarbonfacility.
24. UNEP Risø CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database, note 5 above.
25. A. Michaelowa and F. Jotzo, "Transaction Costs, Institutional Rigidities and the Size of the Clean Development Mechanism," Energy Policy 33, no. 4 (2005): 511-23.
26. For arguments on these topics, see A. Michaelowa and K. Michaelowa, "Climate or Development: Is ODA Diverted from Its Original Purpose?" Climatic Change 84, no. 1 (2007): 5-21.
27. For a detailed study of project attractiveness in developing countries, see M. Jung, "Host Country Attractiveness for CDM Non-Sink Projects," Energy Policy 34, no. 15 (2006): 2173-84.
28. UNEP Risø CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database, note 5 above.
29. For a less optimistic view of fixing the CDM to redress these failures, especially the lack of renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, see B. Pearson, "Market Failure: Why the Clean Development Mechanism Won't Promote Clean Development," Journal of Cleaner Production 15, no. 2 (2007): 247-52.
30. For concrete ideas for fixing these same failures, see P. Del Rio, "Encouraging the Implementation of Small Renewable Electricity CDM Projects: An Economic Analysis of Different Options," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11, no. 7 (2007): 1361-87.
31. A. Muller, "How to Make the Clean Development Mechanism Sustainable-The Potential of Rent Extraction," Energy Policy 35, no. 6 (2007): 3203-12.
32. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Climate Change Mitigation Measures in the People's Republic of China, International Brief 1 (Washington, DC: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, April 2007), http://www .pewclimate.org/docUploads/International%20Brief% 20-%20China.pdf.
33. Information on the Nairobi Framework is available at UNFCCC, The Nairobi Framework-Catalysing the CDM in Africa, http://cdm.unfccc.int/ Nairobi_ Framework/index.html.
34. A. S. Bozmoski, "Local & Institutional Perceptions of Risk & Benefit: Carbon Forestry in Tanzania," working paper, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 2007.
35. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
36. For example, see Olhoff, Markandya, Halsnaes, and Taylor, note 14 above, chapter 3. The Gold Standard certification program also notably has a dearth of local participation in defining and verifying local sustainability contributions.
37. See The Gold Standard, The Gold Standard Manual for CDM Project Developers, Version 3, 2006, http://www.cdmgoIdstandard.org/uploads/file/ DeveloperManuaI_GS-CER.pdf.
38. Also, for an example of methods for sustainability assessment that use participatory methods to weight various sustainability criteria see R. Heuberger, A. Brent, L. Santos, C. Sutter, and D. Imboden, "CDM Projects under the Kyoto Protocol: A Methodology for Sustainability Assessment- Experiences from South Africa and Uruguay," Environment, Development and Sustainability 9, no. 1 (2007): 33-48.
39. Z. X. Zhang, "Toward an Effective Implementation of Clean Development Mechanism Projects in China," Energy Policy 34, no. 18 (2006): 3691-701.
40. These cases are drawn from J. C. Cole and T. J. Roberts, "Social Development Aspects of Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Projects: A Review of Six Hydroelectricity Projects in Brazil and Peru," in review.
41. Ibid.
42. K. Hamilton, R. Bayon, G. Turner, and D. Higgins, State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2007: Picking Up Steam (London and Washington, DC: The Ecosystem Marketplace and New Carbon Finance, 2007).
43. N. Hultman et al., "How Can the Clean Development Mechanism Better Contribute to Sustainable Development?" Environmental Science and Policy (accepted, subject to revisions).
44. UNDP, note 12 above.