Kinetics of sodium sulfate efflorescence as observed by humidity cycling with ESEM

Proceedings of the International Conference on Heritage, Weathering and Conservation, HWC 2006

Volumn 1, Issue , 2006, Pages 285-291

  Lopez Arce, P ^a   Doehne, E ^a  

^a GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; DEHYDRATION; DRYING; EROSION; MOISTURE; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SHRINKAGE; SURFACE CHEMISTRY; WEATHERING;

ANHYDROUS SODIUM SULFATES; DAMAGE PROCESS; DEHYDRATION REACTIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPES; EXPANSION AND CONTRACTIONS; HUMIDITY CHANGES; HUMIDITY CYCLING; INFLECTION POINTS; MICROCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES; MIRABILITE; PHYSICAL MOVEMENTS; POROUS STRUCTURES; RELATIVE HUMIDITIES; RH-CONTROLS; SODIUM SULFATE DECAHYDRATE; SURFACE AREAS; WEIGHT CHANGES;

SODIUM SULFATE;

EID: 44649137880     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (19)

1. Arnold, A. 1976. Behavior of some soluble salts in stone deterioration. In: Th. Skoulikidis (ed.), Proc. 2nd International Symposium in Deterioration of Building and Stones: 27-36. Athens.
2. Arnold, A. & Kueng, A. 1985. Crystallization and habits of salt efflorescences on walls. In: G. Felix (ed.), Vth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. Lausanne, 25-27 September 1985 1: 255-267. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques Romandes.
3. Arnold, A. & Zehnder, K. 1988. Decay of stony materials by salts on humid atmosphere. In: J. Ciabach (ed.), VIth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. Torun, Poland, 12-14 September, 1988 2: 138-148. Torun: Nicolas Copernicus University.
4. Charola, A.E. & Lewin, S.Z. 1979. Efflorescences on building stones-SEM in the characterization and elucidation of mechanisms of formation. Scanning Electron Microscopy 1:379-386.
5. Charola, A.E. & Weber, J. 1992. The hydration-dehydration mechanism of sodium sulphate. In: J. Delgado Rodrigues et al. (eds.), VIIth International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone: 581-590. Lisbon: Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil.
6. Doehne, E. 1994. In situ dynamics of sodium sulfate hydration and dehydration in stone pores: Observations at high magnification using the environmental scanning electron microscope. In: V Fassina et al. (ed.), Third International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin: 143-50. Venice: Soprintendenza ai Beni artistice e Storici di Venezia.
7. Doehne, E. 2002. Salt weathering: a selective review. Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies: 51-64. Geological Society Special Publication 205.
8. Flatt, R.J. 2002. Hydration pressure: a bad case of crystallization pressure, SALTeXPERT Workshop, Prague. GCI/EC Sponsored http://www.arcchip.cz/#Workshops.
9. Mortensen, H. 1933. Die "Salzsprengung" und ihre Bedeutung fur die Regionalklimatische Gliederung der Wüsten. Dr. A. Petermanns Mitteilungen. Gotha: Justus Perthes. 79: 130-135.
10. Palzer S. 2006. Influence of supra-molecular structure and storage conditions on the caking of powders. In preliminary program for 2006 Spring National Meeting, Orlando, Fl.
11. Price, C. (ed.) 2000. An Expert Chemical Model for Determining the Environmental Conditions Needed to Prevent Salt Damage in Porous Materials. Protection and Conservation of the European Cultural Heritage. European Commission Project ENV4-CT95-0135 (1996-2000).
12. Püehringer, J., Berntsson, L. & Hedberg, B. 1985. Hydrate salts and degradation of materials. In: G. Félix (ed.), Vth International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. Lausanne, 25-27 September 1985: 231-40. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques Romandes.
13. Püehringer, J. & Engström, L. 1985. Unconventional methods for the prevention of salt damage. In: G. Félix (ed.), Vth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone. Lausanne, 25-27 September 1985: 241-50. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques Romandes.
14. Püehringer, J. & Weber, J. 1990. Salt action and material testing. In 9th Triennial Meeting. Dresden, German Democratic Republic, 26-31 August 1990.
15. Rodriguez-Navarro, C. & Doehne, E. 1999. Salt weathering: Influence of evaporation rate, supersaturation and crystallization pattern. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24: 191-209.
16. Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Doehne, E. & Sebastian-Pardo E. 2000. How does sodium sulfate crystallize? Implications for the decay and testing of building materials. Cement and Concrete Research 30 (10): 1527-1534.
17. Schaffer, R.J. 1932. The weathering of Natural Building Stones. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Special Report 18. London: HMSO.
18. Snethlage, R. & Wendler, E. 1997. Moisture cycles and sandstone degradation. In: N.S. Baer & R. Snethlage (eds.), Saving Our Architectural Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures: 7-24. Chichester: Elsevier.
19. Winkler, E.M. & Wilhelm, E.J. 1970. Salt burst by hydration pressures in architectural stone in urban atmosphere. Geological society of America Bulletin 81: 567-572.