메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 41, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 2890-2900

A hidden Markov model-based character extraction method

Author keywords

Binarization; HMM; OCR; Stroke; Thresholding

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION;

EID: 44649135994     PISSN: 00313203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2008.03.004     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (72)
  • 2
    • 0038823501 scopus 로고
    • Operation useful for similarity-invariant pattern recognition
    • Doyle W. Operation useful for similarity-invariant pattern recognition. J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 9 (1962) 259-267
    • (1962) J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. , vol.9 , pp. 259-267
    • Doyle, W.1
  • 3
    • 0018306059 scopus 로고
    • A threshold selection method from gray-level histogram
    • Otsu N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histogram. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9 (1979) 62-66
    • (1979) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. , vol.9 , pp. 62-66
    • Otsu, N.1
  • 4
    • 0022241292 scopus 로고
    • On threshold selection using illustering criteria
    • Kittler J., and Illingworth J. On threshold selection using illustering criteria. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. 15 (1985) 652-655
    • (1985) IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. , vol.15 , pp. 652-655
    • Kittler, J.1    Illingworth, J.2
  • 6
    • 0024163358 scopus 로고
    • Multilevel thresholding using edge matching
    • Hertz L., and Schafer R.W. Multilevel thresholding using edge matching. CVGIP 44 (1988) 279-295
    • (1988) CVGIP , vol.44 , pp. 279-295
    • Hertz, L.1    Schafer, R.W.2
  • 7
    • 0029669198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digital image thresholding based on topological stable state
    • Pikaz A., and Averbuch A. Digital image thresholding based on topological stable state. Pattern Recognition 29 (1996) 829-843
    • (1996) Pattern Recognition , vol.29 , pp. 829-843
    • Pikaz, A.1    Averbuch, A.2
  • 8
    • 0037809152 scopus 로고
    • Grey-level thresholding of images using a correlation criterion
    • Brink A.D. Grey-level thresholding of images using a correlation criterion. Pattern Recognition Lett. 9 (1989) 335-341
    • (1989) Pattern Recognition Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 335-341
    • Brink, A.D.1
  • 9
    • 0029344677 scopus 로고
    • An image thresholding method using a minimum weighted squared-distortion criterion
    • Morii F. An image thresholding method using a minimum weighted squared-distortion criterion. Pattern Recognition 28 (1995) 1063-1071
    • (1995) Pattern Recognition , vol.28 , pp. 1063-1071
    • Morii, F.1
  • 10
    • 0028867982 scopus 로고
    • Image thresholding by minimizing the measures of fuzziness
    • Huang L.K., and Wang M.J.J. Image thresholding by minimizing the measures of fuzziness. Pattern Recognition 28 (1995) 41-51
    • (1995) Pattern Recognition , vol.28 , pp. 41-51
    • Huang, L.K.1    Wang, M.J.J.2
  • 11
    • 1842422015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation
    • Sezgin M., and Sankur B. Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation. J. Electron. Imaging 13 1 (2004) 146-165
    • (2004) J. Electron. Imaging , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 146-165
    • Sezgin, M.1    Sankur, B.2
  • 12
    • 0028255533 scopus 로고
    • Character and line extraction from color map images using a multi-layer neural network
    • Yan H., and Wu J. Character and line extraction from color map images using a multi-layer neural network. Pattern Recognition Lett. 15 (1994) 97-103
    • (1994) Pattern Recognition Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 97-103
    • Yan, H.1    Wu, J.2
  • 13
    • 0000896186 scopus 로고
    • A comparative performance study of several global thresholding techniques for segmentation
    • Le S.U., Chung S.Y., and Park R.H. A comparative performance study of several global thresholding techniques for segmentation. Graph. Models Image Process. 52 (1990) 171-190
    • (1990) Graph. Models Image Process. , vol.52 , pp. 171-190
    • Le, S.U.1    Chung, S.Y.2    Park, R.H.3
  • 15
    • 0022956593 scopus 로고
    • Document image binarization: evaluation of algorithms
    • Palumbo P.W., Swaminathan P., and Srihari S.N. Document image binarization: evaluation of algorithms. Proc. SPIE 697 (1986) 278-286
    • (1986) Proc. SPIE , vol.697 , pp. 278-286
    • Palumbo, P.W.1    Swaminathan, P.2    Srihari, S.N.3
  • 17
    • 0027696845 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of histogram-based thresholding algorithms
    • Glasbey C.A. An analysis of histogram-based thresholding algorithms. Graph. Models Image Process. 55 (1993) 532-537
    • (1993) Graph. Models Image Process. , vol.55 , pp. 532-537
    • Glasbey, C.A.1
  • 19
    • 0033317024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of thresholding algorithms for document processing
    • Sankur B., Abak A.T., and Baris U. Assessment of thresholding algorithms for document processing. ICIP99 (1999) 580-584
    • (1999) ICIP99 , pp. 580-584
    • Sankur, B.1    Abak, A.T.2    Baris, U.3
  • 20
    • 0026202469 scopus 로고
    • Gray level thresholding in badly illuminated images
    • Parker J.R. Gray level thresholding in badly illuminated images. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 13 8 (1991) 813-819
    • (1991) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.13 , Issue.8 , pp. 813-819
    • Parker, J.R.1
  • 22
    • 0019038769 scopus 로고
    • A new method for gray-level picture threshold using the entropy of the histogram
    • Pun T. A new method for gray-level picture threshold using the entropy of the histogram. EUFL4SIP: Signal Process. 2 3 (1980) 223-237
    • (1980) EUFL4SIP: Signal Process. , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-237
    • Pun, T.1
  • 23
    • 0006605353 scopus 로고
    • A peak detection algorithm and its application to histogram-based image data reduction
    • Sezan M.I. A peak detection algorithm and its application to histogram-based image data reduction. CVGIP 29 (1985) 47-59
    • (1985) CVGIP , vol.29 , pp. 47-59
    • Sezan, M.I.1
  • 24
    • 0019390125 scopus 로고
    • Entropic thresholding, a new approach
    • Pun T. Entropic thresholding, a new approach. Comput. Graph. Image Process. 16 (1981) 210-239
    • (1981) Comput. Graph. Image Process. , vol.16 , pp. 210-239
    • Pun, T.1
  • 25
  • 27
    • 0022266928 scopus 로고
    • A new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram
    • Kapur J.N., Sahoo P.K., and Wong A.K.C. A new method for gray-level picture thresholding using the entropy of the histogram. Graph. Models Image Process. 29 (1985) 273-285
    • (1985) Graph. Models Image Process. , vol.29 , pp. 273-285
    • Kapur, J.N.1    Sahoo, P.K.2    Wong, A.K.C.3
  • 28
    • 0028513711 scopus 로고
    • Utilization of information measure as a means of image thresholding
    • Shanbag A.G. Utilization of information measure as a means of image thresholding. CVGIP 56 (1994) 414-419
    • (1994) CVGIP , vol.56 , pp. 414-419
    • Shanbag, A.G.1
  • 29
    • 0029306926 scopus 로고
    • Entropic thresholding using a block source model
    • Beghdadi A., Negrate A.L.P., and DeLesegno V. Entropic thresholding using a block source model. CVGIP CMIP 57 (1995) 197-205
    • (1995) CVGIP CMIP , vol.57 , pp. 197-205
    • Beghdadi, A.1    Negrate, A.L.P.2    DeLesegno, V.3
  • 30
    • 0029669423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • minimum cross entropy threshold selection
    • Brink A.D., and Pendock N.E. minimum cross entropy threshold selection. Pattern Recognition 29 (1996) 179-188
    • (1996) Pattern Recognition , vol.29 , pp. 179-188
    • Brink, A.D.1    Pendock, N.E.2
  • 31
    • 0027574929 scopus 로고
    • Minimum cross-entropy thresholding
    • Li C.H., and Lee C.K. Minimum cross-entropy thresholding. Pattern Recognition 26 (1993) 617-625
    • (1993) Pattern Recognition , vol.26 , pp. 617-625
    • Li, C.H.1    Lee, C.K.2
  • 32
    • 0001888506 scopus 로고
    • A valley-seeking threshold selection technique
    • Rosenfeld A., and Shapiro L. (Eds), Academic Press, New York
    • Sahasrabudhe S.C., and Gupta K.S.D. A valley-seeking threshold selection technique. In: Rosenfeld A., and Shapiro L. (Eds). Computer Vision and Image Processing (1992), Academic Press, New York 55-65
    • (1992) Computer Vision and Image Processing , pp. 55-65
    • Sahasrabudhe, S.C.1    Gupta, K.S.D.2
  • 33
    • 0020722087 scopus 로고
    • Histogram concavity analysis as an aid in threshold selection
    • Rosenfeld A., and De laTorre P. Histogram concavity analysis as an aid in threshold selection. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. 13 (1983) 231-235
    • (1983) IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. , vol.13 , pp. 231-235
    • Rosenfeld, A.1    De laTorre, P.2
  • 34
    • 0023154823 scopus 로고
    • Histogram analysis using a scale-space approach
    • Carlotto M.J. Histogram analysis using a scale-space approach. IEEE Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 9 (1987) 121-129
    • (1987) IEEE Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.9 , pp. 121-129
    • Carlotto, M.J.1
  • 35
    • 0028426846 scopus 로고
    • Automatic threshold selection using the wavelet transform
    • Ohio J.-C. Automatic threshold selection using the wavelet transform. CVGIP 56 (1994) 205-218
    • (1994) CVGIP , vol.56 , pp. 205-218
    • Ohio, J.-C.1
  • 36
    • 0018293731 scopus 로고
    • Histogram modification for threshold selection
    • Weszka J., and Rosenfeld A. Histogram modification for threshold selection. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. 9 (1979) 38-52
    • (1979) IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. , vol.9 , pp. 38-52
    • Weszka, J.1    Rosenfeld, A.2
  • 37
    • 0029516611 scopus 로고
    • Histogram modification via partial differential equations
    • Sapiro G., and Casselles V. Histogram modification via partial differential equations. Proceedings of IClP 95 (1995) 632-635
    • (1995) Proceedings of IClP 95 , pp. 632-635
    • Sapiro, G.1    Casselles, V.2
  • 38
    • 0024103852 scopus 로고
    • A robust algorithm for text string separation from mixed textigraphics images
    • Fletcher L.A., and Kasturi R. A robust algorithm for text string separation from mixed textigraphics images. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 10 6 (1988) 910-918
    • (1988) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 910-918
    • Fletcher, L.A.1    Kasturi, R.2
  • 39
    • 0033908199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An adaptive logical method for binarization of degraded document images
    • Yang Y., and Yan H. An adaptive logical method for binarization of degraded document images. Pattern Recognition 33 (2000) 787-807
    • (2000) Pattern Recognition , vol.33 , pp. 787-807
    • Yang, Y.1    Yan, H.2
  • 40
    • 0018004847 scopus 로고
    • Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method
    • Ridler T.W., and Calvard S. Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 8 (1978) 630-632
    • (1978) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. , vol.8 , pp. 630-632
    • Ridler, T.W.1    Calvard, S.2
  • 41
    • 0030241291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance analysis of a class of iterative image thresholding algorithms
    • Leung C.K., and Lam F.K. Performance analysis of a class of iterative image thresholding algorithms. Pattern Recognition 29 9 (1996) 1523-1530
    • (1996) Pattern Recognition , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 1523-1530
    • Leung, C.K.1    Lam, F.K.2
  • 42
    • 84915400743 scopus 로고
    • Comments on picture thresholding using iterative selection method
    • Trussel H.J. Comments on picture thresholding using iterative selection method. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9 (1979) 311
    • (1979) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. , vol.9 , pp. 311
    • Trussel, H.J.1
  • 44
    • 44649100512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D.E. Lloyd, Automatic target classification using moment invariant of image shapes, Technical Report, RAE IDN AW126, Farnborough, UK, December 1985.
    • D.E. Lloyd, Automatic target classification using moment invariant of image shapes, Technical Report, RAE IDN AW126, Farnborough, UK, December 1985.
  • 45
    • 0024813750 scopus 로고
    • Improvement of Kittler and Illingworths's minimum error thresholding
    • Cho S., Haralick R., and Yi S. Improvement of Kittler and Illingworths's minimum error thresholding. Pattern Recognition 22 (1989) 609-617
    • (1989) Pattern Recognition , vol.22 , pp. 609-617
    • Cho, S.1    Haralick, R.2    Yi, S.3
  • 46
    • 0031245694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigations on fuzzy thresholding based on fuzzy clustering
    • Jawahar C.V., Biswas P.K., and Ray A.K. Investigations on fuzzy thresholding based on fuzzy clustering. Pattern Recognition 30 (1997) 1605-1613
    • (1997) Pattern Recognition , vol.30 , pp. 1605-1613
    • Jawahar, C.V.1    Biswas, P.K.2    Ray, A.K.3
  • 47
    • 44649099877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. Giuliano, O. Paitra, L. Stringa, Electronic character reading system, U.S. Patent 4, 047,15, 6 September, 1977.
    • E. Giuliano, O. Paitra, L. Stringa, Electronic character reading system, U.S. Patent 4, 047,15, 6 September, 1977.
  • 48
    • 0023737543 scopus 로고
    • Image enhancement and thresholding by optimization of fuzzy compactness
    • Pal K., and Rosenfeld A. Image enhancement and thresholding by optimization of fuzzy compactness. Pattern Recognition Lett. 7 (1988) 77-86
    • (1988) Pattern Recognition Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 77-86
    • Pal, K.1    Rosenfeld, A.2
  • 49
    • 0021631744 scopus 로고
    • The fuzzy geometry of image subsets
    • Rosenfeld A. The fuzzy geometry of image subsets. Pattern Recognition Lett. 2 (1984) 311-317
    • (1984) Pattern Recognition Lett. , vol.2 , pp. 311-317
    • Rosenfeld, A.1
  • 50
    • 0022266946 scopus 로고
    • Moment-preserving thresholding: a new approach
    • Tsai W.H. Moment-preserving thresholding: a new approach. Graph. Models Image Process. 19 (1985) 377-393
    • (1985) Graph. Models Image Process. , vol.19 , pp. 377-393
    • Tsai, W.H.1
  • 51
    • 0027578088 scopus 로고
    • A neural network approach of the moment-preserving technique and its application to thresholding
    • Cheng S.C., and Tsai W.H. A neural network approach of the moment-preserving technique and its application to thresholding. IEEE Trans. Comput. C-42 (1993) 501-507
    • (1993) IEEE Trans. Comput. , vol.C-42 , pp. 501-507
    • Cheng, S.C.1    Tsai, W.H.2
  • 52
  • 53
    • 38249018758 scopus 로고
    • Fuzzy thresholding: a mathematical framework, bound functions and weighted moving average technique
    • Murthy C.A., and Pal S.K. Fuzzy thresholding: a mathematical framework, bound functions and weighted moving average technique. Pattern Recognition Lett. 11 (1990) 197-206
    • (1990) Pattern Recognition Lett. , vol.11 , pp. 197-206
    • Murthy, C.A.1    Pal, S.K.2
  • 54
    • 0018668763 scopus 로고
    • On the measure of fuzziness and negation. Part I: membership in the unit interval
    • Yager R. On the measure of fuzziness and negation. Part I: membership in the unit interval. Int. J. Gen. Syst. 5 (1979) 221-229
    • (1979) Int. J. Gen. Syst. , vol.5 , pp. 221-229
    • Yager, R.1
  • 56
    • 1842598694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit model oriented optimal thresholding using Kolmogorov-Smirnov similarity measure
    • Barcelona
    • Fernandez X. Implicit model oriented optimal thresholding using Kolmogorov-Smirnov similarity measure. ICPR 2000: International Conference on Pattern Recognition. Barcelona (2000) 466-469
    • (2000) ICPR 2000: International Conference on Pattern Recognition , pp. 466-469
    • Fernandez, X.1
  • 57
    • 0031612530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum segmented image information thresholding
    • Leung C.K., and Lam F.K. Maximum segmented image information thresholding. Graph. Models Image Process. 60 (1998) 57-76
    • (1998) Graph. Models Image Process. , vol.60 , pp. 57-76
    • Leung, C.K.1    Lam, F.K.2
  • 58
    • 0030644855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Hopfield neural network for adaptive image segmentation: an active surface paradigm
    • Shen D., and Ip H.H.S. A Hopfield neural network for adaptive image segmentation: an active surface paradigm. Pattern Recognition Lett. 18 (1997) 37-48
    • (1997) Pattern Recognition Lett. , vol.18 , pp. 37-48
    • Shen, D.1    Ip, H.H.S.2
  • 60
    • 0040355653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive document image binarization
    • Sauvola J., and Pietaksinen M. Adaptive document image binarization. Pattern Recognition 33 (2000) 225-236
    • (2000) Pattern Recognition , vol.33 , pp. 225-236
    • Sauvola, J.1    Pietaksinen, M.2
  • 61
    • 0020783566 scopus 로고
    • Imager segmentation for optical character recognition and other applications requiring character image extraction
    • White J.M., and Rohrer G.D. Imager segmentation for optical character recognition and other applications requiring character image extraction. IBM J. Res. Dev. 27 4 (1983) 400-411
    • (1983) IBM J. Res. Dev. , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 400-411
    • White, J.M.1    Rohrer, G.D.2
  • 62
    • 0001862769 scopus 로고
    • An inequality and associated maximization technique in statistical estimation for probabilistic functions of finite state Markov chains
    • Academic Press, New York
    • Baum L.E. An inequality and associated maximization technique in statistical estimation for probabilistic functions of finite state Markov chains. Inequalities III (1972), Academic Press, New York 1-8
    • (1972) Inequalities III , pp. 1-8
    • Baum, L.E.1
  • 63
    • 0000342467 scopus 로고
    • Statistical inference for probabilistic functions of finite state Markov chains
    • Baum L.E., and Petrie T. Statistical inference for probabilistic functions of finite state Markov chains. Ann. Math. Stat. 37 (1966) 1554-1563
    • (1966) Ann. Math. Stat. , vol.37 , pp. 1554-1563
    • Baum, L.E.1    Petrie, T.2
  • 64
    • 84965063004 scopus 로고
    • An inequality with applications to statistical estimation for probabilistic functions of Markov processes and to a model for ecology
    • Baum L.E., and Eagon J.A. An inequality with applications to statistical estimation for probabilistic functions of Markov processes and to a model for ecology. Bull. Am. Math. Stat. 37 (1967) 360-363
    • (1967) Bull. Am. Math. Stat. , vol.37 , pp. 360-363
    • Baum, L.E.1    Eagon, J.A.2
  • 65
    • 0000353178 scopus 로고
    • A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains
    • Baum L.E., Petrie T., Soules G., and Weiss N. A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains. Ann. Math. Stat. 41 1 (1970) 164-171
    • (1970) Ann. Math. Stat. , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 164-171
    • Baum, L.E.1    Petrie, T.2    Soules, G.3    Weiss, N.4
  • 66
    • 0029230678 scopus 로고
    • The challenge of spoken language systems: research directions for the nineties
    • Cole R., Hirschman L., Atlas L., Beckman M., et al. The challenge of spoken language systems: research directions for the nineties. IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 3 (1995) 1-21
    • (1995) IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. , vol.3 , pp. 1-21
    • Cole, R.1    Hirschman, L.2    Atlas, L.3    Beckman, M.4
  • 67
    • 0001457509 scopus 로고
    • Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations
    • University of California Press, Berkeley, CA
    • MacQueen J.B. Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability vol. 1 (1967), University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 281-297
    • (1967) Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability , vol.1 , pp. 281-297
    • MacQueen, J.B.1
  • 68
    • 0032319058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A.E. Savakis, Adaptive document image thresholding using foreground and background cluster, in: The 7th International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communications (ICEIC04), Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing ICIP98, 1998, pp. 438-441.
    • A.E. Savakis, Adaptive document image thresholding using foreground and background cluster, in: The 7th International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communications (ICEIC04), Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing ICIP98, 1998, pp. 438-441.
  • 70
  • 71
    • 0030216623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey on evaluation methods for image segmentation
    • Zhang Y.J. A survey on evaluation methods for image segmentation. Pattern Recognition 29 (1996) 1335-1346
    • (1996) Pattern Recognition , vol.29 , pp. 1335-1346
    • Zhang, Y.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.