Experience in Wales (UK) of the optimisation of orthophosphate dosing for controlling lead in drinking water

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 177-185

  Hayes, C R ^a   Incledion, S ^b   Balch, M ^c  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Welsh Water   (United Kingdom)

^c United Utilities Operational Services Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Drinking water; Lead; Optimisation; Ortho phosphate; Wales

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; LEAD; PHOSPHATE;

DRINKING WATER; LEAD; OPTIMIZATION; PH; POLLUTION CONTROL; POLLUTION MONITORING; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK; WATER SUPPLY;

ARTICLE; EXPERIENCE; HOUSEHOLD; MONITORING; PH; SAMPLING; TUBE; UNITED KINGDOM; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; LEAD; PHOSPHATES; WALES; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER POLLUTION, CHEMICAL; WATER SUPPLY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WALES; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 44649131403     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2008.044     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. Coiling, J. H., Whincup, P. A. E. & Hayes, C. R. 1987 The measurement of plumbosolvency propensity to guide the control of lead in tap waters. JIWEM 1(3), 263-269.
2. Coiling, J. H., Croll, B. T., Whincup, P. A. E. & Harward, C. 1992 Plumbosolvency effects and control in hard waters. JIWEM 6(3), 259-268.
3. Croll, B.T. 2001 Personal communication.
4. Department of the Environment 1980 Report of the Expert Advisory Group on Identification and Monitoring, Lead in Potable Water Technical Note No. 1.
5. Department of the Environment 1989 Guidance on Safeguarding the Quality of Public Water Supplies. HMSO, UK.
6. Drinking Water Inspectorate 1990 Lead in drinking water supplies - monitoring the effectiveness of treatment to reduce plumbosolvency. Information Letter 2/90. Available at: www.dwi.gov.uk.
7. Drinking Water Inspectorate 2000 Determination of requirements to meet new lead standards. Information Letter 12/2000. Available at: www.dwi.gov.uk.
8. Drinking Water Inspectorate 2001 Further guidance on requirements to meet new lead standards. Information Letter 3/2001. Available at: www.dwi.gov.uk.
9. European Commission 1980 Council Directive (80/778/EC) of 15 July 1980 relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official J. L229/11-29, 23, 30 August 1980.
10. European Commission 1998 Council Directive (98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official J. L330 32, 23-45.
11. Hayes, C. R. 2002 Simulation of Lead Emissions to Drinking Water - the Development and Application of Computational Methods for Optimising Plumbosolvency Control. PhD Thesis University of Wales Swansea, UK.
12. Hayes, C. R. 2004 Lead in drinking water - have we got the balance? In: Quality at the Tap, Seminar, Manchester, Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 15th June 2004.
13. Hayes, C. R., Bates, A. J., Jones, L., Cuthill, A. D., Van der Leer, D. & Weatherill, N. P. 2006 Optimisation of plumbosolvency control using a computational model. Wat. Environ. J. 20, 256-264.
14. Kuch, A. & Wagner, I. 1983 A mass transfer model to describe lead concentrations in drinking water. Wat. Res. 17(10), 1303-1307.
15. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution 1983 Lead in the Environment. Ninth Report, HMSO, UK.
16. UK Government 1989 The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 1989. Statutory Instrument 1989 No. 1147, HMSO, UK.
17. UK Government 2000 The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000, Statutory Instrument No. 3184, UK.
18. Van der Leer, D., Weatherill, N. P., Sharp, R. J. & Hayes, C. R. 2002 Modelling the diffusion of lead into drinking water. Appl. Math. Model. 26(6), 681-699.
19. World Health Organization 1970 European Standards for Drinking Water. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.