Euclidean and fractal geometry of microvascular networks in normal and neoplastic pituitary tissue

Neurosurgical Review

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 271-281

  Di Ieva, Antonio ^a   Grizzi, Fabio ^a   Gaetani, Paolo ^a   Goglia, Umberto ^b   Tschabitscher, Manfred ^c   Mortini, Pietro ^d   Rodriguez Y Baena, Riccardo ^a  

^a HUMANITAS CLINICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adenoma; Complexity; Fractal geometry; Microvessel density; Pituitary; Vascularity

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL TRAIT; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; FRACTAL ANALYSIS; GEOMETRY; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS TUMOR; MICROVASCULATURE; OXYGEN DELIVERY DEVICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

EID: 44649130742     PISSN: 03445607     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10143-008-0127-7     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Albeda SM, Muller WA, Buck CA, Newman PJ (1991) Molecular and cellular properties of PECAM (endoCAM/CD31): a novel vascular cell-cell adhesion molecule. J Cell Biol 14:1059-1068
2. Anderson JC, Babb AL, Hlastala MP (2005) A fractal analysis of the radial distribution of bronchial capillaries around large airways. J Appl Physiol 98:850-855
3. Baish JW, Jain RK (1998) Cancer, angiogenesis and fractals. Nat Med 4:984
4. Baish JW, Jain RK (2000) Fractals and cancer. Cancer Res 60:3683-3688
5. Baish JW, Gazit Y, Berk DA, Nozue M, Baxter LT, Jain RK (1996) Role of tumor vascular architecture in nutrient and drug delivery: an invasion percolation-based network model. Microvasc Res 51:327-346
6. Barbareschi M, Weidner N, Gasparini G, Morelli L, Forti S, Eccher C, Fina P, Caffo O, Leonardi E, Mauri F, Bevilacqua P, Palma PD (1995) Microvessel density quantification in breast carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem 3:75-84
7. Bassingthwaighte JB, Liebovitch LS, West BJ (1994) Fractal physiology. Oxford University Press, New York
8. Beard DA, Bassingthwaighte JB (2000) The fractal nature of myocardial blood flow emerges from a whole-organ model of arterial network. J Vasc Res 37:282-296
9. Bochner BH, Cote RJ, Weidner N, Groshen S, Chen SC, Skinner DG, Nichols PW (1995) Angiogenesis in bladder cancer: relationship between microvessel density and tumor prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1603-1612
10. Bruner E, Mantini S, Perna A, Maffei C, Manzi G (2005) Fractal dimension of the middle meningeal vessels: variation and evolution in Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and modern humans. Eur J Morphol 42:217-224
11. Carmeliet P (2003) Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat Med 9:653-660
12. Cross SS (1997) Fractals in pathology. J Pathol 182:1-8
13. Cross SS, Start RD, Silcocks PB, Bull AD, Cotton DW, Underwood JC (1993) Quantitation of the renal arterial tree by fractal analysis. J Pathol 170:479-484
14. De Felice C, Latini G, Bianciardi G, Parrini S, Fadda GM, Marini M, Laurini RN, Kopotic RJ (2003) Abnormal vascular network complexity: a new phenotypic marker in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Gut 52:1764-1767
15. Dey P (2005) Basic principles and applications of fractal geometry in pathology: a review. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 27:284-290
16. Di Ieva A (2007) Fractal Geometry of the pituitary microvascular network [in Italian]. Dissertation, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, October
17. Di Ieva A, Grizzi F, Ceva-Grimaldi G, Russo C, Gaetani P, Aimar E, Levi D, Pisano P, Tancioni F, Nicola G, Tschabitscher M, Dioguardi N, Rodriguez y Baena R (2007) Fractal dimension as a quantitator of the microvasculature of normal and adenomatous pituitary tissue. J Anat 211:673-680
18. Erroi A, Bassetti M, Spada A, Giannattasio G (1986) Microvasculature of human micro- and macroprolactinomas. A morphological study. Neuroendocrinology 43:159-165
19. Folkman J (1972) Anti-angiogenesis: new concept for therapy of solid tumours. Ann Surg 175:409-416
20. Folkman J (1990) What is the evidence that tumours are angiogenesis dependent. J Natl Cancet Inst 82:4-6
21. Fox SB, Leek RD, Weekes MP, Whitehouse RM, Gatter KC, Harris AL (1995) Quantification and prognostic value of breast cancer angiogenesis: comparison of microvessel density, Chalkley count, and computer image analysis. J Pathol 177:275-283
22. Frank RE, Saclarides TJ, Leurgans S, Speziale NJ, Drab EA, Rubin DB (1995) Tumor angiogenesis as a predictor of recurrence and survival in patients with node-negative colon cancer. Ann Surg 222:695-699
23. Gasparini G, Weidner N, Bevilacqua P, Maluta S, Dalla Palma PD, Caffo O, Barbareschi M, Boracchi P, Marubini E, Pozza F (1994) Tumor microvessel density, p53 expression, tumor size and peritumoral lymphatic vessel invasion are relevant prognostic markers in node-negative breast carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 12:454-466
24. Goldberger AL, West BJ (1987) Fractals in physiology and medicine. Yale J Biol Med 60:421-435
25. Grizzi F (2007) The architectural vascular complexity: is it a helpful histopathological biomarker? In: Swenson LI (ed) Progress in tumor marker research. Nova Science, Hauppauge
26. Grizzi F, Chiriva-Internati M (2005) The complexity of anatomical systems. Theor Biol Med Model 19:2-26
27. Grizzi F, Colombo P, Barbieri B, Franceschini B, Roncalli M, Chiriva-Internati M, Muzzio PC, Dioguardi N (2001) Correspondence re: E. Sabo et al., microscopic analysis and significance of vascular architectural complexity in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 7:533-537
28. Grizzi F, Russo C, Colombo P, Franceschini B, Frezza EE, Cobos E, Chiriva-Internati M (2005) Quantitative evaluation and modeling of two-dimensional neovascular network complexity: the surface fractal dimension. BMC Cancer 8:5-14
29. Grizzi F, Colombo P, Taverna G, Chiriva-Internati M, Cobos E, Graziotti P, Muzzio PC, Dioguardi N (2007) The geometry of human vascular system: is it an obstacle for quantifying anti-angiogenic therapies. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 15:134-139
30. Guidolin D, Vacca A, Nussdorfer GG, Ribatti D (2004) A new image analysis method based on topological and fractal parameters to evaluate the angiostatic activity of docetaxel by using the Matrigel assay in vitro. Microvasc Res 67:117-124
31. Hastings HM, Sugihara G (1993) Fractals. A user's guide for the natural sciences. Oxford Science, Oxford
32. Heymans O, Blacher S, Brouers F, Pierard GE (1999) Fractal quantification of the microvasculature heterogeneity in cutaneous melanoma. Dermatology 198:212-217
33. Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P, Folkman J (2002) Clinical application of antiangiogenic therapy: microvessel density, what it does and doesn't tell us. J Natl Cancer Inst 19:883-893
34. Itoh J, Serizawa A, Kawai K, Ishii Y, Teramoto A, Osamura RY (2003) Vascular networks and endothelial cells in the RAT experimental pituitary glands and in the human pituitary adenomas. Microsc Res Tech 60:231-235
35. Jugenburg M, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Scheithauer BW (1995) Vasculature in nontumorous hypophyses, pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: a quantitative morphologic study. Endocr Pathol 67:115-124
36. Kirchner LM, Schmidt SP, Gruber BS (1996) Quantitation of angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model using fractal analysis. Microvasc Res 51:2-14
37. Landini G, Misson GP, Murray PI (1993) Fractal analysis of the normal human retinal fluorescein angiogram. Curr Eye Res 12:23-27
38. Landini G, Murray PI, Misson GP (1995) Local connected fractal dimensions and lacunarity analyses of 60 degrees fluorescein angiograms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:2749-2755
39. Latini G, Bianciardi G, Parrini S, Laurini RN, De Felice C (2006) Abnormal oral vascular network pattern geometry: a new clinical sign of down syndrome. J Pediatr 148:132-137
40. Losa GA, Nonnenmacher TF (1996) Self-similarity and fractal irregularity in pathologic tissues. Mod Pathol 9:174-182
41. Losa GA, Merlini D, Nonnemacher TF, Weibel ER (1998) Fractals in biology and medicine, vol. II. Birhkäuser, Basel
42. Losa G, Merlini D, Nonnemacher TF, Weibel ER (2002) Fractals in biology and medicine, vol. III. Birhkäuser, Basel
43. Losa G, Merlini D, Nonnemacher TF, Weibel ER (2005) Fractals in biology and medicine, vol. IV. Birhkäuser, Basel
44. Maeda K, Chung YS, Takatsuka S, Ogawa Y, Sawada T, Yamashita Y, Onoda N, Kato Y, Nitta A, Arimoto Y (1995) Tumor angiogenesis as a predictor of recurrence in gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 13:477-481
45. Mandelbrot BB (1982) The fractal geometry of nature. Freeman, New York
46. Masters BR (2004) Fractal analysis of the vascular tree in the human retina. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 6:427-452
47. Mukai K, Rosai J, Burgdorf WHC (1980) Localisation of factor VIII-related antigen in vascular endothelial cell using an immuno-peroxidase method. Am J Surg Pathol 4:273-276
48. Niveiro M, Aranda I, Peiro G, Alenda C, Pico A (2005) Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor angiogenic factors in human pituitary adenoma. Hum Pathol 36:1090-1095
49. Nonnemacher TF, Losa GA, Merlini D, Weibel ER (1994) Fractals in biology and medicine, vol. I. Birhkäuser, Basel
50. Oczeretko E, Juczewska M, Kasacka I (2001) Fractal geometric analysis of lung cancer angiogenic patterns. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 39(Suppl 2):75-76
51. Pan LX, Chen ZP, Liu SL, Zhao JH (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging and biological markers in pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space. J Neurooncol 74:71-76
52. Parsons-Wingerter P, Lwai B, Yang MC, Elliott KE, Milaninia A, Redlitz A, Clark JI, Sage EH (1998) A novel assay of angiogenesis in the quail chorioallantoic membrane: stimulation by bFGF and inhibition by angiostatin according to fractal dimension and grid intersection. Microvasc Res 55:201-214
53. Pawlikowski M, Pisarek H, Jaranowska M (1997) Immunocytochemical investigations on the vascularization of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 8:189-193
54. Phillips JD (2005) Entropy analysis of multiple scale causality and qualitative causal shifts in spatial systems. Prof Geogr 57:83-93
55. Sabo E, Boltenko A, Sova Y, Stein A, Kleinhaus S, Resnick MB (2001) Microscopic analysis and significance of vascular architectural complexity in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 7:533-537
56. Schecter J (1972) Ultrastructural changes in the capillary bed of human pituitary tumours. Am J Pathol 67:109-126
57. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Kontogeorgos G, Riehle DL, Sebo TJ, Murray D, Vidal S, Tran A, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R (2000) Effect of dopamine agonists on lactotroph adenomas of the human pituitary. Endocr Pathol 11:341-352
58. Steinmeier R, Fahlbusch R, Powers AD, Dotterl A, Buchfelder M (1991) Pituitary microcirculation: physiological aspects and clinical implications. A laser-Doppler flow study during transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Neurosurgery 29:47-54
59. Tiboldi T, Nemessanyi Z, Csernay I, Kovacs K (1967) Effect of estrogen on pituitary blood flow in rats. Endocrinol Exp 1:73-77
60. Tsafnat N, Tsafnat G, Lambert TD (2004) A three-dimensional fractal model of tumour vasculature. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1:683-686
61. Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, Margaret ME, Harris AL, Wass JAH (2000) Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas and the normal pituitary gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1159-1162
62. Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, Esiri MM, Wass JA, Harris AL (2000) Proliferation, bcl-2 expression and angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas: relationship to tumour behaviour. Br J Cancer 82:1441-1445
63. Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, Esiri MM, Harris AL, Wass JA (2000) Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas-relationship to endocrine function, treatment and outcome. J Endocrinol 165:475-481
64. Vermeulen PB, Gasparini G, Fox SB, Colpaert C, Marson LP, Gion M, Belien JA, de Waal RM, Van Marck E, Magnani E, Weidner N, Harris AL, Dirix LY (2002) Second international consensus on the methodology and criteria of evaluation of angiogenesis quantification in solid human tumours. Eur J Cancer 38:1564-1579
65. Viacava P, Gasperi M, Acerbi G, Manetti L, Cecconi E, Bonadio AG, Naccarato AG, Acerbi F, Parenti G, Lupi I, Genovesi M, Martino E (2003) Microvascular density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in normal pituitary tissue adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 26:23-28
66. Vico PG, Kyriacos S, Heymans O, Louryan S, Cartilier L (1998) Dynamic study of the extraembryonic vascular network of the chick embryo by fractal analysis. J Theor Biol 195:525-532
67. Vidal S, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K (2000) Vascularity in nontumorous human pituitaries and incidental microadenomas: a morphometric study. Endocr Pathol 11:215-227
68. Vidal S, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Scheithauer BW, Kuroki T, Lloyd RV (2001) Microvessel density in pituitary adenomas and carcinomas. Virchows Arch 438:595-602
69. Vidal S, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Lloyd RV, Scheithauer BW (2003) Microvascular structural entropy: a novel approach to assess angiogenesis in pituitary tumors. Endocr Pathol 14:239-247
70. Weidner N (1996) Intratumoral vascularity as a prognostic factor in cancers of the urogenital tract. Eur J Cancer 32A:2506-2512
71. Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J (1991) Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis: correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med 324:1-8
72. Weidner N, Folkman J, Pozza F, Bevilacqua P, Allred EN, Moore DH, Meli S, Gasparini G (1992) Tumour angiogenesis: a new significant and independent prognostic indicator in early stage breast carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1875-1887
73. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1999) The fourth dimension of life: fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science 284:1677-1679
74. Witt M, Klessen CH (1987) Galactose and fucose binding sites in anterior pituitary cells of the rat: detection by means of biotinylated lectins. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 25:115-118
75. Zamir M (2001) Fractal dimensions and multifractility in vascular branching. J Theor Biol. 212:183-190