Comparison of extraction methods for sampling of low molecular compounds in polymers degraded during recycling

European Polymer Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1583-1593

  Möller, Johanna ^a   Strömberg, Emma ^a   Karlsson, Sigbritt ^a  

^a ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE); Extraction; Head space solid phase micro extraction (HS SPME); Head space stir bar sorptive extraction (HSSE); Microwave assisted extraction (MAE); Recycled polymers

Indexed keywords

DEGRADATION; EXTRACTION; POLYETHYLENES; RECYCLING; SAMPLING;

ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION (ASE); HEAD-SPACE SOLID PHASE MICRO EXTRACTION (HS-SPME); HEAD-SPACE STIR BAR SORPTIVE EXTRACTION (HSSE); MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION (MAE); RECYCLED POLYMERS;

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS;

EID: 44649086397     PISSN: 00143057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.03.027     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Camacho W., and Karlsson S. Quality-determination of recycled plastic packaging waste by identification of contaminants by GC-MS after microwave assisted extraction (MAE). Polym Degrad Stabil 71 1 (2000) 123-134
2. Camacho W. Analytical techniques for quality assessment of separated and commingled recycled polymer fractions (2002), Department of Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
3. Camacho W., and Karlsson S. Quality assessment of co-mingled recycled resins by fourier transform raman spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Polym Recycl 6 2/3 (2001) 89-98
4. Ashraf-Khorassani M., and Levy J.M. Quantitative analysis of polymer additives in low density polyethylene using supercritical fluid extraction/supercritical fluid chromatography. J High Resolut Chromatogr 13 11 (1990) 742-747
5. Venema A., et al. Supercritical fluid extraction of nylon 6: An investigation into the factors affecting the efficiency of extraction of caprolactam and its oligomers. J High Resolut Chromatogr 16 9 (1993) 522-524
6. Schmidt S., Blomberg L., and Waennman T. Analysis of volatiles in polymers, part II. Supercritical fluid extraction/open tubular GC/MS. Chromatographia 28 7-8 (1989) 400-404
7. Hunt T.P., Dowle C.J., and Greenway G. Analysis for poly(vinyl chloride) additives by supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography. Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) 116 12 (1991) 1299-1304
8. Cotton N.J., et al. Rate and extent of supercritical fluid extraction of additives from polypropylene: diffusion, solubility, and matrix effects. J Appl Polym Sci 48 9 (1993) 1607-1619
9. Oudsema J.W., and Poole C.F. A comparison of formic acid and formamide as modifiers of supercritical carbon dioxide compatible with flame ionization detection. J High Resolut Chromatogr 16 2 (1993) 130-134
10. Vandenburg H.J., et al. Analytical extraction of additives from polymers. Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) 122 9 (1997) 101R-115R
11. British Standard 2782, Part 4, Method 405D; 1965.
12. Freitag J.F., and Fresenius Z. Anal Chem 316 (1983) 495
13. Schabron J.F., and Fenska L.E. Determination of BHT, Irganox 1076 and Irganox 1010 antioxidant additives in polyethylene by hihg performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 52 9 (1980) 1411-1415
14. Newton I.D. The separation and analysis of additives in polymers. Polym Charact (1993) 8-36
15. Spell H.L., and Eddy R.D. Determination of additives in polyethylene by absorption spectroscopy. Anal Chem 32 (1960) 1811-1814
16. Kaufmann B., and Christen P. Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave-assisted extraction and pressurized solvent extraction. Phytochem Anal 13 2 (2002) 105-113
17. Raynie D.E. Modern extraction techniques. Anal Chem 76 16 (2004) 4659-4664
18. Frost S.P., et al. Extraction of hexaconazole from weathered soils: a comparison between Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and accelerated solvent extraction. Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) 122 9 (1997) 895-898
19. Luque-Garcia J.L., and Luque de Castro M.D. Where is microwave-based analytical equipment for solid sample pre-treatment going?. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 22 2 (2003) 90-98
20. Nobrega J.A., et al. Focused-microwave-assisted strategies for sample preparation. Spectrochim Acta, B: Atomic Spectrosc 57B 12 (2002) 1855-1876
21. Luque-Garcia J.L., and Luque de Castro M.D. Ultrasound: a powerful tool for leaching. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 22 1 (2003) 41-47
22. Haider N. A rapid ultrasonic extraction technique to identify and quantify additives in polyethylene. Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) 124 (1999) 797-800
23. Luque de Castro M.D., and Garcia-Ayuso L.E. Soxhlet extraction of solid materials. An outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Anal Chim Acta 369 1-2 (1998) 1-10
24. Crompton T.R. Identification of additives in polyolefins and polystyrenes. Euro Polym J 4 4 (1968) 473-496
25. Haney M.A., and Dark W.A. A reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method for analysis of additives in polyolefins. J Chromatogr Sci 18 12 (1980) 655-659
26. Majors R.E. High speed liquid chromatography of antioxidants and plasticizers using solid core supports. J Chromatogr Sci 8 6 (1970) 338-345
27. Wims A.M., and Swarin S.J. Determination of antioxidants in polypropylene by liquid chromatography. J Appl Polym Sci 19 5 (1975) 1243-1256
28. Flórez Menéndez J.C., et al. Static headspace versus head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for the determination of volatile organochlorine compounds in landfill leachates by gas chromatography. Talanta 63 (2004) 809-814
29. Gallet G. From fast to slow degradation: different strategies to characterise polymer degradation by chromatographic techniques (2001), Department of Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
30. Chai X.-S., Luo Q., and Zhu J.Y. Analysis of nonvolatile species in a complex matrix by headspace gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 909 (2001) 249-257
31. Kataoka H. Automated sample preparation using in-tube solid-phase microextraction and its application - a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 373 1-2 (2002) 31-45
32. Barenstedt C. Environmental degradation of starch-modified polyethylene: degradation products and long-term properties (1994), Department of Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden p. 85
33. Bart J.C.J. Direct solid sampling methods for gas chromatographic analysis of polymer/additive formulations. Polym Testing 20 7 (2001) 729-740
34. Munoz-Olivas R. Screening analysis an overview of methods applied to environmental, clinical and food analyses. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 23 3 (2004) 203-216
35. Zhang Z., and Pawliszyn J. Headspace solid-phase microextraction. Anal Chem 65 14 (1993) 1843-1852
36. Baltussen E., et al. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples: theory and principles. J Microcolumn Separat 11 10 (1999) 737-747
37. Baltussen E., Cramers C.A., and Sandra P.J.F. Sorptive sample preparation - a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 373 1-2 (2002) 3-22
38. Bicchi C., et al. Headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) in the headspace analysis of aromatic and medicinal plants. J High Resolut Chromatogr 23 9 (2000) 539-546
39. Eskilsson C.S., and Bjorklund E. Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. J chromatogr 902 1 (2000) 227-250
40. Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) of Additives from Polymer Materials. Dionex corporation: Application Note 331, 2000.
41. Contat-Rodrigo L., et al. Ultrasonication and microwave assisted extraction of degradation products from degradable polyolefin blends aged in soil. J Appl Polym Sci 79 6 (2000) 1101-1112
42. Garcia-Ayuso L.E., and Luque de Castro M.D. Employing focused microwaves to counteract conventional Soxhlet extraction drawbacks. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 20 1 (2001) 28-34
43. Marcato B., and Vianello M. Microwave-assisted extraction by fast sample preparation for the systematic analysis of additives in polyolefins by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 869 1+2 (2000) 285-300
44. In: Brandrup J., Immergut E.H., and Grulke E.A. (Eds). Polymer handbook. 4th ed. (1999), John Wiley & Sons Inc
45. Hakkarainen M., Albertsson A.-C., and Karlsson S. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an effective means to isolate degradation products in polymers. J Environ Polym Degrad 5 2 (1997) 67-73
46. Hakkarainen M., and Karlsson S. Gas chromatography (-mass spectrometry) in the analysis of polymers and rubbers. In: Meyers R.A. (Ed). Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry (2000), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 7608-7623