Trends in bacteremia in the pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era among HIV-infected children in the US perinatal AIDS collaborative transmission study (1986-2004)

Pediatrics

Volumn 121, Issue 5, 2008, Pages

  Kapogiannis, Bill G ^a,b,h   Soe, Minn M ^c   Nesheim, Steven R ^a   Sullivan, Kevin M ^c   Abrams, Elaine ^d   Farley, John ^e   Palumbo, Paul ^f   Koenig, Linda J ^g   Bulterys, Marc ^g  

^a Division of Infectious Diseases   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d HARLEM HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

^g CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^h EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacteremia incidence; HAART; Pediatric HIV AIDS

Indexed keywords

COTRIMOXAZOLE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHILD; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFECTION RISK; KAPLAN MEIER METHOD; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RACE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SALMONELLA; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX RATIO; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; SURVIVAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREND STUDY; VACCINATION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; AIDS RELATED COMPLEX; CLINICAL TRIAL; MICROBIOLOGY; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; BACTEREMIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; KAPLAN-MEIERS ESTIMATE; MALE; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 44449167726     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-0871     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Hatherill M. Sepsis predisposition in children with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005;6(3 suppl): S92-S98
2. Krasinski K, Borkowsky W, Bonk S, Lawrence R, Chandwani S. Bacterial infections in human immunodeficiency virus- infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988;7(5):323-328
3. Bernstein LJ, Krieger BZ, Novick B, Sicklick MJ, Rubinstein A. Bacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome of children. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985;4(5):472-475
4. Roilides E, Marshall D, Venzon D, Butler K, Husson R, Pizzo PA. Bacterial infections in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children: the impact of central venous catheters and antiretroviral agents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10(11): 813-819
5. Ward JI, Zangwill KM. Haemophilus influenzae. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:1464-1482
6. Espin Rios I, Garcia-Fulgueiras A, Navarro Alonso JA, et al. Seroconversion and duration of immunity after vaccination against group C meningococcal infection in young children. Vaccine. 2000;18(24);2656-2660
7. Sell SH, Wright PF, Vaughn WK, Thompson J, Schiffman G. Clinical studies of pneumococcal vaccines in infants. I. Reacto- genicity and immunogenicity of two polyvalent polysaccharide vaccines. Rev Infect Dis. 1981;3(suppl):S97-S107
8. Leinonen M, Sakkinen A, Kalliokoski R, Luotonen J, Timonen M, Makela PH. Antibody response to 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in pre-school age children. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986;5(1):39-44
9. Douglas RM, Paton JC, Duncan SJ, Hansman DJ. Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in children younger than five years of age. J Infect Dis. 1983;148(1):131-137
10. Ammann AJ, Schiffman G, Abrams D, Volberding P, Ziegler J, Conant M. B-cell immunodeficiency in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA. 1984;251(11):1447-1449
11. Clerici M, Stocks NI, Zajac RA, et al. Detection of three distinct patterns of T helper cell dysfunction in asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients. Independence of CD4+ cell numbers and clinical staging. J Clin Invest. 1989; 84(6):1892-1899
12. Roilides E, Clerici M, DePalma L, Rubin M, Pizzo PA, Shearer GM. Helper T-cell responses in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1991;118(5): 724-730
13. Moir S, Malaspina A, Ogwaro KM, et al. HIV-1 induces phe-notypic and functional perturbations of B cells in chronically infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98(18): 10362-10367
14. Lane HC, Fauci AS. Immunologic abnormalities inthe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Annu Rev Immunol. 1985;3: 477-500
15. Moir S, Ogwaro KM, Malaspina A, et al. Perturbations in B cell responsiveness to CD4+ T cell help in HIV-infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(10):6057-6062
16. Lane HC, Masur H, Edgar LC, Whalen G, Rook AH, Fauci AS. Abnormalities of B-cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1983;309(8):453-458
17. Bernstein LJ, Ochs HD, Wedgwood RJ, Rubinstein A. Defective humoral immunity in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Pediatr. 1985;107(3):352-357
18. Schnittman SM, Lane HC, Higgins SE, Folks T, Fauci AS. Direct polyclonal activation of human B lymphocytes by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus. Science. 1986;233(4768): 1084 -1086
19. Simpson BJ, Andiman WA. Difficulties in assigning human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and seroreversion status in a cohort of HIV-exposed in children using serologic criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pediatrics. 1994;93(5):840-842
20. Peters VB, Hyatt AC, Schechter C, Diamant EP, Hodes DS. Evaluation of prophylaxis against invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13(7):667-669
21. Dankner WM, Lindsey JC, Levin MJ. Correlates of opportunistic infections in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus managed before highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(1):40-48
22. Andiman WA, Mezger J, Shapiro E. Invasive bacterial infections in children born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1994;124(6):846-852
23. Lichenstein R, King JC Jr, Farley JJ, Su P, Nair P, Vink PE. Bacteremia in febrile human immunodeficiency virus-infected children presenting to ambulatory care settings. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(5):381-385
24. Farley JJ, King JC Jr, Nair P, Hines SE, Tressler RL, Vink PE. Invasive pneumococcal disease among infected and uninfected children of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr. 1994;124(6):853-858
25. Zangwill KM, Vadheim CM, Vannier AM, Hemenway LS, Greenberg DP, Ward JI. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in southern California: implications for the design and conduct of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy trial. J Infect Dis. 1996;174(4):752-759
26. Dagan R, Engelhard D, Piccard E, Englehard D. Epidemiology of invasive childhood pneumococcal infections in Israel. The Israeli Pediatric Bacteremia and Meningitis Group. JAMA. 1992;268(23):3328 -3332
27. Eskola J, Takala AK, Kela E, Pekkanen E, Kalliokoski R, Leinonen M. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in children in Finland. JAMA. 1992;268(23):3323-3327
28. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of bacterial infections in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(2):73-80
29. Mofenson LM, Moye J Jr, Bethel J, Hirschhorn R, Jordan C, Nugent R. Prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin in HIV- infected children with CD4+ counts of 0.20 X 10(9)/L or more. Effect on viral, opportunistic, and bacterial infections. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Developent Intravenous Immunoglobulin Clinical Trial Study Group. JAMA. 1992;268(4):483-488
30. Mofenson LM, Moye J Jr, Korelitz J, Bethel J, Hirschhorn R, Nugent R. Crossover of placebo patients to intravenous immunoglobulin confirms efficacy for prophylaxis of bacterial infections and reduction of hospitalizations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Clinical Trial Study Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13(6): 477-4784
31. Spector SA, Gelber RD, McGrath N, et al. A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children receiving zidovudine for advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl JMed. 1994;331(18):1181-1187
32. Ledergerber B, Egger M, Erard V, et al. AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses occurring after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. JAMA. 1999;282(23): 2220 -2226
33. Mocroft A, Katlama C, Johnson AM, et al. AIDS across Europe, 1994-98: the EuroSIDA study. Lancet. 2000;356(9226): 291-296
34. Ledergerber B, Mocroft A, Reiss P, et al. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who have a response to antiret-roviral therapy. Eight European Study Groups. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(3):168 -174
35. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(13):853-860
36. Grau I, Pallares R, Tubau F, et al. Epidemiologic changes in bacteremic pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(13):1533-1540
37. Tumbarello M, Tacconelli E, Donati KG, et al. HIV-associated bacteremia: how it has changed in the highly active antiretro-viral therapy (HAART) era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000; 23(2):145-151
38. Redd SC, Rutherford GW 3rd, Sande MA, et al. The role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pneumococcal bacteremia in San Francisco residents. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(5): 1012-1017
39. Gona P, Van Dyke RB, Williams PL, et al. Incidence of opportunistic and other infections in HIV-infected children in the HAART era. JAMA. 2006;296(3):292-300
40. Resino S, Resino R, Maria Bellon J, et al. Clinical outcomes improve with highly active antiretroviral therapy in vertically HIV type-1-infected children. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(2): 243-252
41. Gray L, Newell ML, Thorne C, Peckham C, Levy J; European Collaborative Study. Fluctuations in symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: the first 10 years of life. Pediatrics. 2001;108(1):116-122
42. Abrams EJ, Wiener J, Carter R, et al. Maternal health factors and early pediatric antiretroviral therapy influence the rate of perinatal HIV-1 disease progression in children. AIDS. 2003; 17(6):867-877
43. Berk DR, Falkovitz-Halpern MS, Hill DW, et al. Temporal trends in early clinical manifestations of perinatal HIV infection in a population-based cohort. JAMA. 2005;293(18): 2221-2231
44. Scott GB, Hutto C, Makuch RW, et al. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(26):1791-1796
45. Freedman D, Koenig L, Wiener J, et al. Challenges to reenrolling perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-exposed but uninfected children into a prospective cohort study: strategies for locating and recruiting hard-to-reach families. Paedr Perinat Epidemiol. 2006;20(4):338 -347
46. Bulterys M, Nesheim S, Abrams EJ, et al. Lack of evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the offspring of HIV-infected women. Retrospective review of perinatal exposure to antiretroviral drugs in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;918:212-221
47. US Food and Drug Administration. Electronic orange book: approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations. Available at: www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/obdetail.cfm?AppLNo = 020659&TABLE1=OB-Rx. Accessed September 3, 2005
48. Gortmaker SL, Hughes M, Cervia J, et al. Effect of combination therapy including protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolescents infected with HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(21):1522-1528
49. Gahlinger PM, Abramson JH. Computer Programs for Epidemiologic Analysis [computer program]. PEPI Version 2. Stone Mountain, GA: USD, Inc; 1995
50. Denny T, Yogev R, Gelman R, et al. Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children during the first 5 years of life. JAMA. 1992; 267(11):1484-1488
51. Rothman K, Greenland S. Modern Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1998
52. U.S. Public Health Service recommendations for human immunodeficiency virus counseling and voluntary testing for pregnant women. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1995;44(RR-7): 1-15
53. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service Task Force on the use of zidovudine to reduce perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1994; 43(RR-11):1-20
54. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331(18):1173-1180