An emerging universality of justiciable victims' rights in the criminal process to curtail impunity for state-sponsored crimes

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 605-686

  Aldana Pindell, Raquel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRIME; HUMAN RIGHTS; IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS;

EID: 4444369610     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2004.0030     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Introduction: Impunity in 2001, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL REPORT, available at http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/home/home?Open Document
2. 1 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION REPORT, Introduction, ¶ 18, available at www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2001eng/chap.1.htm.
3. www.corteidh.or.cr.
4. Raquel Aldana-Pindell, In Vindication of Justiciable Victims' Rights to Truth and Justice for State-Sponsored Crimes, 35 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 1399, 1405 (2002).
5. William W. Burke-White, Reframing Impunity: Applying Liberal International Law Theory to an Analysis of Amnesty Legislation, 42 HARV. INT'L L.J. 467 (2001).
6. Peter L. Davis, Rodney King and the Decriminalization of Police Brutality in America: Direct and Judicial Access to the Grand Jury as Remedies for Victims of Police Brutality When the Prosecutor Declines to Prosecute, 53 MD. L. REV. 271 (1994).
7. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, SHIELDED FROM JUSTICE: POLICE BRUTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES (1998)
8. MARGARET POPKIN, PEACE WITHOUT JUSTICE: OBSTACLES TO BUILDING THE RULE OF LAW IN EL SALVADOR 49-57 (2000)
9. Monica Hans, Comment, Providing for Uniformity in the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction: Can Either the Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction or an International Criminal Court Accomplish this Goal? 15 TRANSNAT'L LAW 357 (2002).
10. Cheryl K. Moralez, Establishing an International Criminal Court: Will it Work? 4 DEPAUL INT'L L.J. 135 (2000).
11. Elisa C. Massimino, Prospects for the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 19 WHITTIER L. REV. 317 (1997).
12. David Gonzalez, Finding Despair, Then Faith, in a Sister's Murder, N.Y., TIMES, 21 Sept. 2002
13. JOHN POINTING & MIKE MAGUIRE, VICTIMS OF CRIME: A NEW DEAL? 10-13 (Mike Maguire & John Pointing eds., 1988).
14. Matti Joutsen, Listening to the Victim: The Victim's Role in European Criminal Justice Systems, 31 EUR. CRIM. JUST. 95, 100-02 (1987).
15. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DRUG CONTROL AND CRIME PREVENTION: CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION, GUIDE FOR POLICY MAKERS ON THJE IMPLEMENIATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE FOR VICTEMS OF CRIME AND ABUSE OF POWER (1999) [hereinafter GUIDE FOR POLICY MAKERS], available at www.victimology.nl.
16. Robert Elias, Which Victim Movement? The Politics of Victim Policy, in TOWARDS A CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY 74, 82 (Ezzat A. Fattah ed., 1992).
17. LESLIE SEBBA, THIRD PARTIES: VICTIMS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 193-94 (1996).
18. ROBERT ELIAS, THE POLITICS OF VICTIMIZATION: VICTIMS, VICTIMOLOGY AND HUMAN RIGHTS 186 (1986).
19. Hans Joachim Schneider, The Present Situation of Victimology in the WORLD, in THE VICTIM IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: PAPERS AND ESSAYS GIVEN AT THE "THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VICTIMOLOGY" 1979 IN MUNSTER/WESTFALIA 11 (Hans Joachim Schneider ed., 1979).
20. HANS VON HENTIG, REMARKS ON THE INTERACTION OF PERPETRATOR AND VICTIM (1941), MENDELSON'S NEW BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL HORIZONS: VICTIMOLOGY (1947),
21. HANS VON HENTIG, THE CRIMINAL AND HIS VICTIMS (1948)).
22. FRANK J. WEED, CERTAINTY OF JUSTICE: REFORM IN THE CRIME VICTIM MOVEMENT 3-4 (1995).
23. Donald R. Cressey, Research Implications of Conflicting Conceptions of Victimology, in VICTIMOLOGY: INTERNATIONAL ACTION AND STUDY OF VICTIMS: PAPERS GIVEN AT THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VICTIMOLOGY, VOL. 1, 43 (Zvonimir Paul Separovic ed., 1988).
24. Jan J.M. van Dijk, Introducing Victimology, in CARING FOR CRIME VICTIMS: SELECTED PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VICTIMOLOGY 6 (Jan J.M. van Dijk et al. eds., 1999).
25. Victimology: A New Focus, available at www.victimology.co.za.
26. PAUL ROCK, A VIEW FROM THE SHADOWS: THE MINISTRY OF THE SOLICITOR GENERAL OF CANADA AND THE MAKING OF THE JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME INITIATIVE 102 (1986).
27. Conclusions and Recommendations Adopted by the First International Symposium on Victimology, Jerusalem, 2-6 Sept. 1973, in VICTIMOLOGY: A NEW FOCUS, VOL. III, CRIMES, VICTIMS AND JUSTICE 227-29 (Israel Drapkin & Emilio Viano eds,. 1974).
28. Conclusions and Recommendations of the Fourth International Institute on Victimology, in CRIME AND ITS VICTIMS: INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE ON VICTIMOLOGY 310-11 (Emilio C. Viano ed., 1989).
29. Matti Joutsen, Changing Victim Policy: International Dimensions, in INTERNATIONAL DEBATES OF VICTIMOLOGY: PAPERS AND ESSAYS GIVEN AT THE VIITH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VICTIMOLOGY IN RIO DE JANEIRO 1991, 238 (Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff et al. eds., 1994).
30. International Association of Judges, available at www.iaj-uim.org/ENG/framesetG.html.
31. ABOUT IACP, available at www.theiacp.org.
32. HISTORY OF THE ILA, available at www.ila-hq.org/.
33. www.uncjin.org/CICP/cicp.html.
34. www.uncjin.org/Documents/10thcongress/10thcongress.html.
35. R.I. MAWBY & SANDRA WALKLATE, CRITICAL VICTIMOLOGY: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 88 (1994).
36. LeRoy L. Lamborn, The United Nations Declaration on Victims: Incorporating "Abuse of Power," 19 RUTGERS L. REV. 59 (1987).
37. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR DRUG CONTROL AND CRIME PREVENTION: CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION HANDBOOK ON JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS: ON THE USE AND APPLICATION OF THE DECLARATION OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME AND ABUSE OF POWER (1999) [hereinafter HANDBOOK ON JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS] available at www.uncjin.org/Standards/9857854.pdf.
38. www.coe.int/T/E/Humanghts/Police/.
39. www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/74-92.html.
40. www.oas.org./juridico/english/Treaties/a-51.html
41. www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/finalcumentsindex.htm
42. Diane F. Orentlicher, Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime, 100 YALE L.J. 2537 (1991).
43. Ronald C. Slye, The Legitimacy of Amnesties under International Law and the General Principles of Anglo-American Law: Is a Legitimate Amnesty Possible? 43 VA. J. INT'L L. 173, 191-97 (2002).
44. www.echr.coe.int/convention/webconvenENG.pdf
45. www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.htm.
46. DINAH SHELTON, REMEDIES IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RICHTS LAW 223 (1999).
47. www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf.
48. Civil and Political Rights, Including the Questions of: Independence of the Judiciary, Administration of Justice, Impunity: The Rights to Restitution, Compesation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: Final Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. M. Cherif Bassiouni, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 56th Sess., Agenda Item 11(d), ¶ 1, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2000/62 (2000)
49. The Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 58th Sess, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Res/2002/44 (2002)
50. Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, Principle 33, U.N. Doc. A/Res/43/173 (1988)
51. Draft International Convention on the Protection of All Persons From Forced Disappearance, Report of the Sessional Working Group on the Administration of Justice, art. 11, ¶ 1, U.N. Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/19 (1998).
52. Question of Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Res. 2002/41, ¶ 13, U.N. Doc. E/2002/23-E/CN.4/2002/200 (2002)
53. Question of the Human Rights of all Persons Subjected to any Form of Detention or Imprisonment: Question of Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances: Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., Agenda item 8(c), ¶ 71, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1998/43 (1998).
54. Use and Application of United Nations Standards and Norms, in CRIME PREVENTION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: USE AND APPLICATION OF THE DECLARATION OF BASIC PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME AND ABUSE OF POWER, Comm'n on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, 6th Sess., Agenda item 8 ¶ 5, U.N. Doc. E/CN.15/1997/16 (1997).
55. KENT ROACH, DUE PROCESS AND VICTIMS' RIGHTS: THE NEW LAW AND POLITICS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 284 (1999).
56. Jan J.M. van Dijk, Towards a Research-Based Victim Policy: Report of the General Rapporteurs, Part II, in INTERNATIONAL FACES OF VICTIMOLOGY: PAPERS AND ESSAYS GIVEN AT THE VI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VICTIMOLOGY IN JERUSALEM IN 1988 23 (Sarah Ben David et al. eds., 1988).
57. Working Paper: Offenders and Victims: Accountability and Fairness in the Criminal Justice Process, Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Vienna, 10-17 April 2000,
58. www.un.org/icty/legaldoc/index.htm
59. www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/rules/260503/270503e&fnew.pdf
60. Vladimir N. Tochilovsky, Victims' Procedural Rights at Trial: Approach of Continental Europe and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, in CARING FOR VICTIMS: SELECTED PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VICTIMOLOGY 287-89 (Jan J.M. van Dijk et al. eds., 1999).
61. Marieke L. Wierda, What Lessons Can Be Learned From the Ad Hoc Criminal Tribunals? 9 U.C. DAVIS J. INT'L L. & POL'Y 13, 20 (2002).
62. United Nations Standards and Norms in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Report of the Secretary-General, Addendum, Recommendations of the Expert Group Meeting on Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power in the International Setting, Comm'n on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, 5th Sess., Agenda item 7, U.N. Doc.E/CN.15/1996/1/Add.3 ¶ 6 (1996).
63. Christopher Keith Hall, The First Five Sessions of the UN Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, 94 AM. J. INT'L L. 773, 783 (2000).
64. Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, G.A. Res. 9842, U.N. GAOR, 55th Sess., Annex, Agenda Item 114(c), U.N. Doc. A/RES/55/89 (2000).
65. Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, Eighth UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, U.N. Doc. A/Conf.144/28/Rev. 1 at 189 (1990).
66. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers, 361st meeting of the Ministers' Deputies, Doc. No. R (83) 7 (1983), available at cm.coe.int/ta/rec/1983/83r7.htm.
67. Ugljesa Zvekic, The International Crime (Victim) Survey: Issues of Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages, 6 INT'L CRIM. JUSTICE REV. 1 (1996)
68. Renee Zauberman, Sources of Information about Victims and Methodological Problems in this Field, in 23 COLLECTED STUDIES IN CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH: RESEARCH ON VICTIMIZATION: REPORTS PRESENTED TO THE SIXTEENTH CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE 17 (1985)
69. The Hon. C.J. Sumner, Victim Participation in the Criminal Justice System, 10 Aus. & NZ J. OF CRIMINOLOGY 195, 201 (1987).
70. Lynne Henderson, Revisiting Victims' Rights, UTAH L. REV. 383, 392 (1999).
71. DOUGLAS E. BELOOF, VICTIMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 280 (1999)
72. Susan Bandes, Victim Standing, UTAH L. REV. 331 (1999).
73. Donald G. Gifford, Equal Protection and the Prosecutor's Charging Decision: Enforcing an Ideal, 49 G.W.L. REV. 659 (1981)
74. Robert C. Davis et al., Expanding the Victim's Role in the Criminal Court Dispositional Process: The Results of an Experiment, 75 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 491, 492 (1984).
75. David Meirs, The Responsibilities and the Rights of Victims of Crime, 55 MODERN L. REV. 482, 493 (1992)
76. Josephine Gittler, Expanding the Role of the Victim in a Criminal Action: An Overview of Issues and Problems, 11 PEPPERDINE L. REV. 117, 155-57 (1984).
77. Douglas Evan Beloof, The Third Model of Criminal Process: The Victim Participation Model, UTAH L. REV. 289, 298 (1999).
78. Stuart P. Green, Private Challenges to Prosecutorial Inaction: A Model Declaratory Judgment Statute, 97 YALE L. J. 488 (1988)
79. Michael R. Pahl, Wanted: Criminal Justice-Colombia's Adoption of a Prosecutorial System of Criminal Procedure, 16 FORDHAM INT'L L. J. 608, 613-17 (1992/1993)
80. Matthew S. Nichols, No One Can Serve Two Masters: Arguments Against Private Prosecutors, 13 CAP. DEF. J. 279, 288-89 (2001)
81. K.W. Krainz, The Position of the Injured Parties in the Austrian Criminal Procedures: First Results of an Empirical Investigation, in VICTIMS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: LEGAL PROTECTION, RESTITUTION, AND SUPPORT 629, 631-36 (G. Kaiser et al. eds., 1991)
82. E. Bienkowska, Law and Practice: Two Faces of Reality-Victims in the Polish Criminal Justice System, in VICTIMS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: LEGAL PROTECTION, RESTITUTION, AND SUPPORT, at 677
83. Arthur J. Lurigio & Patricia A. Resick, Healing the Psychological Wounds of Criminal Victimization: Predicting Postcrime Distress and Recovery, in VICTIMS OF CRIME: PROBLEMS, POLICIES AND PROGRAMS 60 (Arthur J. Lurigio et al. eds., 1990).
84. David S. Riggs & Dean G. Kilpatrick, Families and Friends: Indirect Victimization by Crime, in VICTIMS OF CRIME: PROBLEMS, POLICIES, AND PROGRAMS, at 122.
85. Camille B. Wortman et al., Coming to Terms with the Sudden, Traumatic Death of a Spouse or Child, in VICTIMS OF CRIME SECOND ED. 108, 118 (Robert C. David et al. eds., 1997).
86. C.D. Spinellis et al., Victim Theory and Research in Greece, in VICTIMS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: VICTIMOLOGICAL RESEARCH: STOCKTAKING AND PROSPECTS 123, 133 (G. Kaiser et al. eds., 1991)
87. Robert Elias, Community Control, Criminal Justice and Victim Services, in FROM CRIME POLICY TO VICTIM POLICY 290, 294-96 (Ezzat A. Fattah ed., 1986).
88. CEJIL, ANNUAL REPORT 2001, available at www.cejik.org/labores.cfm
89. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 2002: AMERICANS: ARGENTINA, available at www.hrw.org/wr2k2/americas1.html
90. Luz Estella Nagle, The Cinderella of Government: Judicial Reform in Latin America, 30 CAL. W. INT'L L. J. 345 (2000).
91. J. GABRIEL PELAEZ GANTIER, MENTIRAS DE LA REFORMA JUDICIAL (Tupak Katari ed., 1995).
92. FRANCISCO ELISEO ORTIZ RUIZ, DIEZ AÑOS DE LA RFFORMA JUDICIAL EN EL SALVADOR: APPROXIMACION DE UN DIAGNOSTICO (1997).
93. JAVIER HENAO HIDRON, LA NUEVA REFORMA JUDICIAL (1989).
94. CARLOS TOVAR GUTZLAFF, REFORMA DEL PODER JUDICIAL (1989).
95. LINN A. HAMMERGREN, THE POLITICS OF JUSTICE REFORM IN LATIN AMERICA: THE PERUBIAN CASE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE (1998).
96. CARLOS SANTIAGO NINO, RADICAL EVIL ON TRIAL 115-16 (1996).
97. Neil J. Kritz, Coming to Terms with Atrocities: A Review of Accountability Mechanisms for Mass Violations of human Rights, 59 LAW & CONTEMP. PROB. 127, 129 (1996).
98. Bernard Muna, The ICTR Must Achieve Justice for Rwandans, 13 AM. U. INT'L L. REV. 1480 (1998)
99. Paul van Zyl, Justice Without Punishment: Guaranteeing Human Rights in Transitional Societies, in LOOKING BACK REACHING FORWARD: REFLECTIONS ON THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA 42-44 (Charles Villa-Vicencio & William Verwoerd eds., 2000)
100. MARTHA MINOW, BETWEEN VENGEANCE AND FORGIVENESS: FACING HISTORY AFTER GENOCIDE AND MASS VIOLENCE 25 (1998).
101. Leah Werchick, Prospects for Justice in Rwanda's Citizen Tribunals, 8 HUM. RTS. BRIEF 15
102. Mark A. Drumbl, Punishment, Postgenocide: From Guilt to Shame to Civis in Rwanda, 75 N.Y.U.L. REV. 1221, 1237-39 (2000).
103. DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA: (RE)CONSTRUCTING POLITICAL SOCIETY 5-6 (Manuel Antonio Garreton & Edward Newman eds., 2001).
104. Peter L. Davis, The Crime Victem's "Right" to a Criminal Prosecution: A Proposed Model Statute for the Governance of Private Criminal Prosecutions, 38 DEPAUL L. REV. 329 (1989).
105. ROBERT ELIAS, VICTIMS STILL: THE POLITICAL MANIPULATION OF CRIME VICTIMS 94 (1993).
106. MARKUS DIRK DUBBER, VICTIMS IN THE WAR ON CRIME: THE USE AND ABUSE OF VICTIMS' RIGHTS (2002).
107. Renee Zauberman, Victims as Consumers of the Criminal Justice System?, in INTEGRATING A VICTIM PERSPECTIVE WITHIN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: INTERNATIONAL DEBATES 47 (Adam Crawford & Jo Goodey eds., 2000).
108. Juan E. Méndez, In Defense of Transitional Justice, in TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND THE RULE OF LAW IN NEW DEMOCRACIES 17-18 (A. James McAdams ed., 1997).
109. John Hatchard, Protecting Victims of Abuse of Power: The Role of Commonwealth National Institutions, in VICTIMOLOGY AT THE TRANSITION OF THE 20TH TO THE 21ST CENTURY: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF HANS JOACHIM SCHNEIDER 210 (Gerd Ferdinana Kirchoff & Paul C. Friday eds., 2000)
110. John Hatchard, Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power in Africa: An Overview, in VICTIMS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: PARTICULAR GROUPS OF VICTIMS, PART 2 (G. Kaiser ed., 1991)
111. PEGGY M. TOBOLOWSKY, CRIME VICTIMS RIGHTS AND REMEDIES 34, 116-20 (2001).
112. The United Nations On-Line Crime and Justice Clearinghouse (UNOJUST), available at www.unojust.org