Fungal contamination as a major contributor to sick building syndrome

Advances in Applied Microbiology

Volumn 55, Issue , 2004, Pages 31-112

  Li, De Wei ^a   Yang, Chin S ^a  

^a P and K Microbiology Services Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN B1; ALAMETHICIN; EMODIN; MYCOTOXIN; ORCHRATOXIN A; STERIGMATOCYSTIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABSIDIA; ACREMONIUM; AGARICUS; AIRBORNE INFECTION; ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALTERNARIA; ASPERGILLUS; BOTRYTIS; CHAETOMIUM; CLAVICEPS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COPRINUS; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS; CUNNINGHAMELLA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDERMOPHYTON; FUNGAL CONTAMINATION; HEALTH HAZARD; HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION; MUSHROOM; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; PENICILLIUM; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT ALLERGY; REVIEW; SICK BUILDING SYNDROME; STACHYBOTRYS CHARTARUM; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE;

ABSIDIA; AGARICUS; ALTERNARIA; ASPERGILLUS; BASIDIOMYCOTA; BOTRYTIS; CHAETOMIUM; CLAVICEPS; COPRINUS; CUNNINGHAMELLA; EPIDERMOPHYTON; HOMOBASIDIOMYCETES; PENICILLIUM; STACHYBOTRYS CHARTARUM;

EID: 4444366092     PISSN: 00652164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(04)55002-5     Document Type: Article

References (270)

1. Abe K., Nagao Y., Nakada T., Sakuma S. Assessment of indoor climate in an apartment by use of a fungal index. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62:1996;959-963
2. Agrawak O.P., Dhawan S., Garg K.L., Shaheen F., Pathak N., Misra A. Study of biodeterioration of the ajanta wall paintings. International Biodeterioration. 24:1988;121-129
3. Adan O.C.G. "On the Fungal Defacement of Interior Finishes." 1994;. Ph.D. Dissertation, Eindhoven University, The Netherlands
4. Ahearn D.G., Crow S.A., Simmons R.B., Price D.L., Mishra S.K., Pierson D.L. Fungal colonization of air filters and insulation in a multi-story office building: Production of volatile organics. Current Microbiology. 35:1997;305-308
5. Al-Doory Y., Ramsey S. "Mould and Health: Who is at risk." 1987;Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois
6. Alexopoulos C.J., Mims C.W., Blackwell M. "Introductory Mycology," 4th edn.:1996;868 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
7. Ammann H.M. ACGIH TLV Statement on bioaerosols; American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists. Johanning E. "Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control" 1999;520-521 Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany
8. Andersen B., Nielsen K.F., Jarvis B.B. Characterization of Stachybotrys from water-damaged buildings based on morphology, growth, and metabolite production. Mycologia. 94:2002;392-403
9. Andersen B., Nielsen K.F., Thrane U., Szaro T., Taylor J., Jarvis B.B. Stachybotrys chlorohalonata, a new species from water-damaged buildings. Mycologia. 2003;. (in press).
10. Anderson K., Morris G., Kennedy H., Croall J., Michie J., Richardson M.D., Gibson B. Aspergillosis in immunocompromised paediatric patients: Associations with building hygiene, design, and indoor air. Thorax. 51:1996;256-261
11. Andrae S., Axelson O., Björkstén B., Fredriksson M., Kjellaman N-I M. Symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma in relation to environmental factors. Arch. Dis. Child. 63:1988;473-478
12. Anonymous. Recommendations. Samson R.A., Flannigan B., Flannigan M.E., VerHoeff A.P., Adan O.C.G., Hoekstra E.S. "Health Implications of fungi in indoor environments" 1994;531-538 Elsevier, Amsterdam
13. Assoulin-Daya Y., Leong A., Shoenfeld Y., Gershwin M.E. Studies of sick building syndrome. IV. Mycotoxicosis. Journal of Asthma. 39:2002;191-201
14. Banerjee U., Weber P., Ruffin J., Banerjee S. Airborne fungi survey of some residences in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Grana. 26:1987;103-108
15. Barnes C., Buckley S., Pacheco F., Portnoy J. IgE-reactive proteins from Stachybotrys chartarum. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 89:2002;29-33
16. Barth O.M. Pollen and spore sampling in Brazil of relevance to allergy. International Aerobiology Newsletter No. 14:1981;8-11
17. Batterman S.A. Sampling and analysis of biological volatile organic compounds. Burge H.A. "Bioaerosols" 1995;249-268 Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton
18. Beaumont F., Kauffman H.F., vander Mark T.H., Sluiter H.J., de Vries K. Volumetric aerobiological survey of conidial fungi in the North-East Netherlands: I. Seasonal patterns and the influence of meteorological variables. Allergy. 40:1985;173-180
19. Benenson A.S. "Control of Communicable Disease in Man," 15th edn.:1990;American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
20. Brakhage A.A., Langfelder K. Menacing mold: The molecular biology of Aspergillus fumigatus. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56:2003;433-455
21. Brunekreef B., Dockery D.W., Speizer F.E., Ware J.H., Spengler J.D., Ferris B.G. Home dampness and respiratory morbidity in children. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1989;1363-1367
22. Burge H.A. Some comments on the aerobiology of fungus spores. Grana. 25:1986;143-146
23. Burge H.A. Bioaerosols: Prevalence and health effects in the indoor environment. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 86:1990a;687-703
24. Burge H.A. The fungi. Morey P., Feeley J., Otten J. "Biological contaminants in indoor environments" 1990b;136-162 American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
25. Burr M.L. Indoor fungal exposure - does it matter, and what can be done about it? Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 29:1999;1442-1444
26. Buttner M.P., Cruz-Perez P., Garrett P.J., Stetzenbach L.D. Dispersal of fungal spores from three types of air handling system duct material. Aerobiologia. 15:1999;1-8
27. Buttner M.P., Cruz-Perez P., Stetzenbach L.D., Garrett P., Luedtke A.E. Measurement of airborne fungal spore dispersal from three types of flooring materials. Aerobiologia. 18:2002;1-11
28. Calvo M.A., Guarro J., Suarez G., Ramirez C. Airborne fungi in the air of Barcelona, Spain. IV. Studies of the spore content of air in Dwellings. Ann. Allergy. 44:1980;228-234
29. Campbell M., Stewart J.L. "The Medical Mycology Handbook." 1980;A Wiley Medical Publication, John Wiley & Sons, New York
30. CAST. "Mycotoxins: Risk in Plants, Animal, and Human Systems." 2003;. Task Force Report, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa
31. Chang J.C.S., Foarde K., Vanosdell D.W. Growth evaluation of fungi (Penicillium and Aspergillus spp.) on ceiling tiles. Atmospheric Environment. 29:1995;2331-2337
32. Chao H.J., Milton D.K., Schwartz J., Burge H.A. Dustborne fungi in large office buildings. Mycopathologia. 154:2002a;93-106
33. Chao H.J., Schwartz J., Milton D.K., Burge H.A. Population and determinants of airborne fungi in large office buildings. Environmental Health Perspectives. 110:2002b;777-782
34. Chapman J. Aeroallergens of south eastern Missouri, USA. Grana. 25:1986;235-246
35. Chapman J.A. Update on Airborne Mold and Mold Allergy. Allergy and Asthma Proc. 20:1999;289-292
36. Chow L.P., Chiou S.H., Hsiao M.C., Yu C.J., Chiang B.L. Characterization of Pen n 13, a major allergen from the mold Penicillium notatum. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications. 269:2000;14-20
37. Christensen C.M. Intramural dissemination of spores of Hormodendrum resinae. J. Allergy. 21:1950;409-413
38. Collier L., Balows A., Sussman M. 9th edn. "Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections," 4:1998;Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York
39. Cooley J.D., Wong W.C., Jumper C.A., Straus D.C. Correlation between the prevalence of certain fungi and sick building syndrome. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 55:1998;579-584
40. Cooperman C.J., Jenkins S.F., Averre C.W. Overwintering and aerobiology of Cercospora asparagi in North Carolina. Plant Dis. 70:1986;392-394
41. Cox C.S., Wathes C.M. "Bioaerosols Handbook," 1995;621 Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton
42. Croft W.A., Jarvis B.B., Yatawara C.S. Airborne outbreak of trichothecene toxicosis. Atmos. Environ. 20:1986;549-552
43. Cruse M., Telerant R., Gallapher T., Lee T., Taylor J.W. Cryptic species in Stachybotrys chartarum. Mycologia. 94:2002;814-822
44. Cruz-Perez P., Butteener M.P., Stetzenbach L.D. Specific detection of Stachybotrys chartarum in pure culture using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Cell. Probes. 15:2001;129
45. Dales R.E., Burnett R., Zwaneburg H. Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home dampness and molds. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 143:1991;505-509
46. Dales R., Zwanenburg H., Burnett R., Franklin C.A. Respiratory health effects of home dampness and molds among Canadian children. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134:1991a;196-203
47. Dearborn D. Pulmonary hemorrhage in infants and children. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 9:1997;219-224
48. Dekker C., Dales R., Bartlett S., Brunekreef B., Zwanenburg H. Child asthma and the indoor environment. Chest. 100:1991;922-926
49. Dharmage S., Bailey M., Raven J., Mitakakis T., Thien F., Forbes A., Guest D., Abramson M., Walters E.H. Prevalence and residential determinants of fungi within homes in Melbourne, Australia. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 29:1999;1481-1489
50. Dill I., Trautmann C., Szewzyk R. Mass development of Stachybotrys chartarum on decomposable plant-pots made of recycling paper. Mycosis. 40:1997;110-114
51. Dillon H.K., Miller J.D., Soreson W.G., Douwes J., Jacobs R.R. A review of methods applicable to the assessment of mold exposure to children. Environmental Health Perspective. 107:(Suppl. 3):1999;473-480
52. Doll S.C., Burge H.A. Characterization of fungi occurring on "new" gypsum wallboard. IAQ 2001. 2001;1-8
53. Durand K.T.H., Mulenberg M., Burge A.B., Seixas N.S. Effects of sampling time on the culturability of airborne fungi and bacteria sampled by filtration. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 46:2002;113-118
54. Elidemir O., Colasurdo G.N., Rossmann S.N., Fan L.L. Isolation of Stachybotrys from the lung of a child with pulmonary hemosiderosis. Pediatrics. 102:1999;964-966
55. Elke K., Begerow J., Oppermann H., Kramer U., Jermann E., Dunemann L. Determination of selected microbial volatile organic compounds by diffusive sampling and dual-column capillary GC-FID - a new feasible approach for the detection of an exposure to indoor mold fungi? Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 1:1999;445-452
56. Engelhart S., Loock A., Skutlarek D., Sagunski H., Lommel A., Farber H., Exner M. Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 68:2002;3886-3890
57. Eversmeyer M.G., Kramer C.L. Single versus multiple sampler comparisons. Grana. 26:1987;109-112
58. Ezeonu I.M., Price D.L., Simmons R.B., Crow S.A., Ahearn D.G. Fungal production of volatiles during growth on fiberglass. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1994;4172-4173
59. Fatterpekar G., Mukherji S., Arbealez A. Fungal diseases of the paranasal sinuses. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 20:1999;391-401
60. Fiedler K., Schutz E., Geh S. Detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) produced by molds on various materials. International Journal of Hygiene & Environmental Health. 204:2001;111-121
61. Flannigan B., McCabe E.M., McGarry F. Allergic and toxigenic micro-organisms in houses. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 70:(Suppl.):1991;61s-73s
62. Flannigan B., Miller J.D. Health implications of fungi in indoor environments-an overview. Samson R.A., Flannidan B., Flannigan M.E., Erhoeff A.P., Adan O.C.G., Hoekstra E.S. "Health Implications of Fungi in Indoor Environments" 1994;3-28 Elsevier, Amsterdam
63. Flannigan B., Samson R.A., Miller J.D. "Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments, diversity, health impacts, investigation and control." 2001;Taylor & Francis, London and New York
64. Flappan S.M., Portnoy J., Jones P., Barnes C. Infant pulmonary hemorrhage in a suburban home with water damage and mold (Stachybotrys atra). Environmental Health Perspectives. 107:1999;927-930
65. Foarde K.K., Menetrez M.Y. Factors relating to the release of Stachybotrys chartarum spores from contaminated sources. Hal Levin. "Indoor Air 2002: Proceedings of International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate" 1:2002;. Indoor Air 2002, Santa Cruz, California, 2002.
66. Frank M., Kinston E., Jeffrey J.C., Moss M.O., Murray M., Simpson T.J., Sutherland A. Walleminol and walleminone, novel caryophyllenes from the toxigenic fungus Wallemia sebi. Tetrahedron Letters. 40:1999;133-136
67. Furuuchi I., Baba K. Mould allergy (Alternaria). Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 53:1986;108-111
68. Gao P., Martin J. Volatile metabolites produced by three strains of Stachybotrys chartarum cultivated on rice and gypsum board. Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene. 17:2002;430-436
69. Garrett M.H., Rayment P.R., Hooper M.A., Abramson M.J., Hooper B.M. Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 28:1998;459-467
70. Gehring U., Douwes J., Doekes G., Koch A., Bischof W., Fahlbusch B., Richter K., Wichmann H.E., Heinrich J. Beta(1 → 3)-glucan in house dust of German homes: Housing characteristics, occupant behavior, and relations with endotoxins, allergens, and molds. Environmental Health Perspectives. 109:2001;139-144
71. Goodwin W., Haas C.D., Fabian C., Heller-Bettinger I., Hoogstraten B. Phase I evaluation of anguidine (diacetoxyscirpenol, NSC-141537). Cancer. 42:1978;23-26
72. Gorny R.L., Dutkiewicz J. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in Central and Eastern European countries. Annals of Agricultural & Environmental Medicine. 9:2002;17-23
73. Gorny R.L., Reponen T., Grinshpun S.A., Cho S.H., Willeke K. Release of fungal propagules from contaminated surfaces by vibration. Hal Levin. "Indoor Air 2002: Proceedings of International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate" 1:2002a;. Indoor Air 2002. Santa Cruz, California, 2002.
74. Gorny R.L., Reponen T., Willeke K., Schmechel D., Robine E., Boissier M., Grinshpun S.A. Fungal fragments as indoor air biocontaminants. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 68:2002b;3522-3531
75. Grant C., Hunter C.A., Flannigan B., Bravery A.F. The moisture requirements of molds isolated from domestic dwellings. International Biodeterioration. 25:1989;259-284
76. Graudenz G.S., Kalil J., Saldiva P.H., Gambale W., Latorre M.R., Morato-Castro F.F. Upper respiratory symptoms associated with aging of the ventilation system in artificially ventilated offices in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Chest. 122:2002;729-735
77. Gravesen S. Fungi as a cause of allergic disease. Allergy. 34:1979;135-154
78. Gravesen S., Frisvad J.C., Samson R.A. "Microfungi." 1994;Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark
79. Gravesen S., Nielsen P.A., Iversen R., Nielsen K.F. Microfungal contamination of damp buildings - examples of risk constructions and risk materials. Environmental Health Perspectives. 107:(Suppl. 3):1999;505-508
80. Halwig J.M., Brueske D.A., Greenberger P.A., Dreisin R.B., Sommers H.M. Allergic bronchopulmonary curvulariosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132:1985;186-188
81. Haugland R.A., Brinkman N., Vesper S.J. Evaluation of rapid DNA extraction methods for the quantitative detection of fungi using real-time PCR analysis. J. Microbiol. Methods. 50:2002;319-323
82. Heinemann S., Beguin H., Nolard N. Biocontamination in air-conditioning. Samson R.A., Flannigan B., Flannigan M.E., VerHoeff A.P., Adan O.C.G., Hoekstra E.S. "Health Implications of fungi in indoor environments" 1994;179-186 Elsevier, Amsterdam
83. Henry J.B. "Clinical Diagnosis and Management," 7th edn.:1984;W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
84. Hessel P.A., Klaver J., Michaelchuk D., McGhan S., Carson M.M., Melvin D. The epidemiology of childhood asthma in Red Deer and Medicine Hat, Alberta. Canadian Respiratory Journal. 8:2001;139-146
85. Hirsch T., Hering M., Burkner K., Hirsch D., Leupold W., Kerkmann M.L., Kuhlisch E., Jatzwauk L. House-dust-mite allergen concentrations (Der f 1) and mold spores in apartment bedrooms before and after installation of insulated windows and central heating systems. Allergy. 55:2000;79-83
86. Hodgson M.J., Morey P., Leung W.-Y., Morrow L., Miller D., Jarvis B.B., Robbins H., Halsey J.F., Storey E. Building-associated pulmonary disease from exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor. JOEM. 40:1998;241-249
87. Hodgson M., Scott R. Prevalence of fungi in carpet dust samples. Johanning E. "Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control" 1999;268-274 Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany
88. Hoffman D.R. Mould allergens. Al-Doory Y., Domson J.F. "Mould Allergy" 1984;104-116 Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 278 pp.
89. Holmberg K. Indoor mold exposure and health effects. Seifert B., Esdorn H., Fischer M., Pdiden H., Wegner J. "Indoor Air 1987" Proc. 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate:1987;637-642 Institute for Water, Soil, and Air Hygiene, Berlin
90. Horner W.E., Ibanez M.D., Liengswangwong V., Salvaggio J.E., Lehrer S.B. Characterization of allergens from spores of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 82:1988;978-986
91. Horner W.E., Lehrer S.B. Why are there still problems with fungal allergen extracts? Johanning E. "Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control" 1999;313-319 Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany
92. Horwitz R.J., Bush R.K. Allergens and other factors important in atopic disease. Patterson R., Grammer L.C., Greenberger P.A. "Allergic Diseases, Diagnosis and Management" 1997;75-129 Lippencott-Raven, Philadelphia
93. Howard W.A. Incidence and clinical characteristics of mold allergy. Al-Doory Y., Domson J.F. "Mould Allergy" 1984;147-156 Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 287 pp.
94. Howard D. "Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals," 2nd edn.:2003;Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
95. Hyvarinen A., Reponen T., Husman T., Nevalainen A. Comparison of the indoor air quality in mold damaged and reference buildings in a subarctic climate. Central European Journal of Public Health. 9:2001;133-139
96. Ibanez M.D., Horner W.E., Liengwangwong V., Sastre J., Lehrer S.B. Identification and analysis of basidiospore allergens from puffballs. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 82:1988;787-795
97. Infante-Garcia-Pantaleton F., Dominguez-Vilches E. Annual variation of Cladosporium spores in home habitats in Córdoba, Spain. Ann. Allergy. 60:1988;256-261
98. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs in the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC Monograph. 56:1993;245-523
99. Ismail M.A., Chebon S.K., Nakamya R. Preliminary surveys of outdoor and indoor aeromycobiota in Uganda. Mycopathologia. 148:1999;41-51
100. Jaakkola M.S., Nordman H., Piipari R., Uitti J., Laitinen J., Karjalainen A., Hahtola P., Jaakkola J.J. Indoor dampness and molds and development of adult-onset asthma: A population-based incident case-control study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 110:2002;543-547
101. Jacob R.L., Andrews C.P., Jacobs F.O. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis treated with an electrostatic dust filter. Ann. Intern. Med. 110:1989;115-118
102. Jacob B., Ritz B., Gehring U., Koch A., Bischof W., Wichmann H.E., Heinrich J. Indoor exposure to molds and allergic sensitization. Environmental Health Perspectives. 110:2002;647-653
103. Jaroff L. Allergies: Nothing to sneeze at. Time. 1992;36-41. June 22
104. Johanning E., Morey P.R., Jarvis B.B. Clinical-epidemiological investigation of health effects caused by Stachybotrys atra building contamination. Seppänen O. "Indoor Air '93, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate" 1:1993;225-230 Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
105. Johanning E., Gareis M., Chin S., Yang S., Hintikka E-L., Nikulin M., Jarvis B., Dietrich R. Toxicity screening of materials from buildings with fungal indoor air quality problems (Stachybotrys chartarum). Mycotoxin Research. 14:1998;60-73
106. Jovanovic S., Piechotowski I., Gabrio T., Weidner U., Zollner I., Schwenk M. Assessment of mold pollution in residences in southwest Germany. Gesundheitswesen. 63:2001;404-411
107. Kaplan A.P., Reddigari S., Baeza M., Kuna P. Histamine releasing factors and cytokine-dependent activation of basophils and mast cells. Dixon F.J., Austen K.F., Hood E.L., Uhr J.W., Kishimoto T., Melchers F. "Advances in Immunology" 50:1991;237-260 Academic Press Inc., San Diego. 343 pp.
108. Käpylä M. Frame fungi on insulated windows. Allergy. 40:1985;558-564
109. Karlsson-Borgå Å., Jonsson P., Rolfsen W. Specific IgE antibodies to 16 widespread mold genera inpatients with suspected mold allergy. Ann. Allergy. 63:1989;521-526
110. Karunasena E., Markham N., Brasel T., Cooley J.D., Straus D.C. Evaluation of fungal growth on cellulose-containing and inorganic ceiling tile. Mycopathologia. 150:2001;91-95
111. Kaufhold T., Fiedler K., Jung G., Lindner M., Gassel R.P. Moisture and mold on the inner walls of prefabricated building slabs - investigating a strange cause. Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin. 199:1997;527-536
112. Keller R., Senkpiel K., Ohgke H. Use of MVOC measurements and odor perception as indicator of mold in indoor areas. Johanning E. "Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control" 1999;532-537 Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany
113. Kemp S.J., Kuehn T.H., Pui D.H., Vesley D., Streifel A.J. Growth of microorganisms on HVAC filters under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers Transactions. 101:(Pt. 1):1995;1-12
114. Kendrick B. "The Fifth Kingdom," 3rd edn.:2000;Focus Publication, R. Pullins Company, Newburyport, MA
115. Khan Z.U., Khan M.A., Chandy R., Sharma P.N. Aspergillus and other molds in the air of Kuwait. Mycopathologia. 146:1999;25-32
116. Kirk P.M., Cannon P.F., David J.C., Stalpers J.A. Dictionary of the Fungi. 9th ed.:2001;655
117. Klein J. "Immunology." 1990;508 Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston
118. Klanova K. The concentrations of mixed populations of fungi in indoor air: Rooms with and without mold problems; rooms with and without health complaints. Central European Journal of Public Health. 8:2000;59-61
119. Klich M.A., Pitt J.I. "A Laboratory Guide to Common Aspergillus species and their Teleomorphs." 1988;CSIRO North Ryde, NSW, Australia
120. Koch A., Heilemann K.J., Bischof W., Heinrich J., Wichmann H.E. Indoor viable mold spores-a comparison between two cities, Erfurt (eastern Germany) and Hamburg (western Germany). Allergy. 55:2000;176-180
121. Kohn D.M., Ghannoum M.A. Indoor mold, toxigenic fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum: Infectious disease perspective. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16:2003;144-172
122. Kreja L., Seidel H.J. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of some microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) with the comet assay, the micronucleus assay and the HPRT gene mutation assay. Mutation Research. 513:2002;143-150
123. Kurup V.P. Allergens, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Johanning E. "Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control" 1999;620-625 Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany
124. Lacey J. The aerobiology of conidial fungi. Cole G.T., Kendrick B. "Biology of Conidial Fungi" I:1981;373-415 Academic Press, New York. 486 pp.
125. Lacey J. Aerobiology and Health. Hawksworth D.L. "Frontiers in Mycology" 1991;157-185 CABI, UK
126. Lander F., Meyer H.W., Norn S. Serum IgE specific to indoor molds, measured by basophil histamine release, is associated with building-related symptoms in damp buildings. Inflammation Research. 50:2001;227-231
127. Larsen T.O., Frisvad J.C. Characterization of volatile metabolites from 47 Penicillium taxa. Mycol. Res. 99:1995;1153-1166
128. Latgé J.P., Paris S. The fungal spore: reservoir of allergens. Cole G.T., Hoch H.C. "The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals" 1991;379-401 Plenum Press, New York and London. 555 pp.
129. Lawton M., Dales R.E., White J. The influence of house characteristics in a Canadian community on microbiological contamination. Indoor Air. 8:1999;2-11
130. Lenhart S.W. Recommendations for protecting workers from Histoplasma capsulatum exposure during bat guano removal from a church's attic. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 9:1994;230-236
131. Li C.S., Hsu C.W., Tai M.L. Indoor pollution and sick building syndrome symptoms among workers in day-care centers. Archives of Environmental Health. 52:1997;200-207
132. Li D.W. Studies on Aeromycology in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. 1994;. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Waterloo
133. Li D.W., Kendrick B. Functional relationships between airborne fungal spores and environmental factors in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, as detected by canonical correspondence analysis. Grana. 33:1994;166-176
134. Li D.W., Kendrick B. A year-round comparison of fungal spores in indoor and outdoor air. Mycologia. 87:1995a;190-195
135. Li D.W., Kendrick B. A year-round outdoor aeromycological study in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Grana. 34:1995b;199-207
136. Li D.W., Kendrick B. A year-round study on functional relations of airborne fungi with meteorological factors. Int. Biometeorol. 39:1995c;74-80
137. Li D.W., Kendrick B. Indoor aeromycota in relation to residential characteristics and allergic symptoms. Mycopathologia. 131:1995d;149-157
138. Li D.W., Kendrick B. Functional and causal relationships between indoor and outdoor airborne fungi. Can. J. Bot. 74:1996;194-209
139. Li D.W., Yang C.S. Notes on indoor fungi I: New records of and interesting fungi growing in indoor environments. Mycotaxon. 2003;. (in preparation).
140. Lyon F.L., Framer C.L., Eversmeyer M.G. Variation of airspora in the atmosphere due to weather conditions. Grana. 23:1984;177-181
141. Macher J.M. Review of methods to collect settled dust and isolate culturable microorganisms. Indoor Air. 11:2001;99-110
142. Macher J.M., Ammann H.A., Burge H.A., Milton D.K., Morey P.R. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. 1999;American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, Ohio
143. Macher J.M., Huang F.-Y., Flores M. A two-year study of microbiological indoor air quality in a new apartment. Arch. Env. Health. 46:1991;25-29
144. Mallaiah K.V., Rao K.V. Aeromycology of two species of Cercospora pathogenic to groundnuts. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad. B. 46:1980;215-222
145. Malling H.J. Diagnosis and immunotherapy of mold allergy. With special reference to Cladosporium herbarum. Dan. Med. Bull. 37:1990;12-22
146. Malling H.J., Agrell B., Croner S., Dreborg S., Foucard T., Kjellman M., Koivikko A., Roth A., Weeke B. Diagnosis and immunotherapy of mould allergy. I. Screening for mould allergy. Allergy. 40:1985;108-114
147. Martinez Ordaz V.A., Rincon-Castaneda C.B., Esquivel Lopez G., Lazo-Saenz J.G., Llorenz Meraz M.T., Velasco Rodriguez V.M. Fungal spores in the environment of the asthmatic patient in a semi-desert area of Mexico. Revista Alergia Mexico. 49:2002;2-7
148. Matossian M.K. "Poisons of the past: Molds, Epidemics, and History." 1989;Yale University Press, New Haven
149. McCracken F.I. Observations on the spore release of Paxillus panuoides. Grana. 26:1987;174-176
150. McDonald M.S., O'Driscoll B.J. Aerobiological studies based in Galway. A comparison of pollen and spore counts over two seasons of widely differing conditions. Clin. Allergy. 10:1980;211-215
151. Meklin T., Husman T., Vepsalainen A., Vahteristo M., Koivisto J., Halla-Aho J., Hyvarinen A., Moschandreas D., Nevalainen A. Indoor air microbes and respiratory symptoms of children in moisture damaged and reference schools. Indoor Air. 12:2002;175-183
152. Melia P.J.W., Florey C. du. V., Morris R.W., Goldstein B.D., John H.H., Clark D., Craighead I.B., Mackinlay J.C. Childhood respiratory illness and the home environment. II. Association between respiratory illness and nitrogen dioxide, temperature and relative humidity. Int. J. Epidemiol. 11:1982;164-169
153. Middleton E. Jr., Reed C.E., Ellis E.F., Adkinson N.F. Jr., Yunginger J.W. 3rd Ed. "Allergy: Principles and Practice." Vol. I:1998;808 Mosby, St. Louis
154. Miller J.D. Fungi as contaminants in indoor air. Atmos. Environ. 26A:1992;2163-2172
155. Miller J.D. Mycology, mycologists and biotechnology. Hawksworth D.L. "Frontier in Mycology" 1991;225-240 CABI, UK
156. Miller J.D. Fungi and the building engineer. "IAQ '92: Environments for People," 1993;147-158 ASHRAE, Atlanta
157. Milton D.K., Alwis K.U., Fisette L., Muilenberg M. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for (1→6) branched, (1→3)-beta-D-glucan detection in environmental samples. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 67:2001;5420-5424
158. Montana E., Etzel R.A., Dearborn D.G., Sorenson W.G., Hill R. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infancy associated with Stachybotrys atra Cleveland, Ohio, 1993-1995. Am. J. Epidemiol. 141:1995;S83
159. Moore-Landecker E. "Fundamentals of the Fungi." 1982;578 Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey
160. Morey P., Abe K., Horner E., Ligman B. Use of fungal detectors to monitor drying of water damaged buildings. Hal Levin, ed. "Indoor Air 2002: Proceedings of International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate" 1:2002;748-751 Santa Cruz, California
161. Morey P.R., Feeley J.C. Sr. The landlord, tenant, and investigator: their needs, concerns and viewpoints. Morey P.R., Feeley J.C. Sr., Otten J.A. "Biological Contaminants in Indoor Environments" 1990;1-20 Am. Soc. Testing and Materials, Philadephia. 244 pp.
162. Morgan-Jones G., Jacobsen B.J. Notes on hyphomycetes. LVIII. Some dematiaceous taxa, including two undescribed species of Cladosporium, associated with biodeterioration of carpet, plaster and wallpaper. Mycotaxon. 32:1988;223-236
163. Moriyama Y., Nawata N., Tsuda T., Nitta M. Occurrence of moulds in Japanese bathrooms. Internat. Biodet. & Biodegrad. 30:1992;47-55
164. Morring K.L., Sorenson W.G., Attfield M.D. Sampling for airborne fungi: A statistical comparison of media. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44:1983;662-664
165. Nakazawa T., Tochigi T. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to mushroom (Pholiota nameko) spores. Chest. 95:1989;1149-1151
166. Nesa D., Lortholary J., Bouakline A., Bordes M., Chandenier J., Derouin F., Gangneux J.P. Comparative performance of impactor air samplers for quantification of fungal contamination. Journal of Hospital Infection. 47:2001;149-155
167. Nielsen K.F. Mycotoxin production by indoor molds. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2003;. (in press).
168. Nielson K.F. Mould growth on building materials. Ph. D. Dissertation. 2002;BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
169. Nikulin M. "Toxigenic Stachybotrys chartarum in water-damaged building materials: Ecology and biology." 1999;Microbiological Publication 461999, University of Helsinki, Finland
170. Nikulin M., Reijula K., Jarvis B.B., Hintikka E.L. Experimental lung mycotoxicosis in mice induced by Stachybotrys atra. Int. J. Exp. Path. 77:1996;213-218
171. Noble J.A., Crow S.A., Ahearn D.G., Kuhn F.A. Allergic fungal sinusitis in the southeastern USA: Involvement of a new agent Epicoccum nigrum Ehrenb. ex Schlecht. 1824. Journal of Medical & Veterinary Mycology. 35:1997;405-409
172. Nolles G., Hoekstra M.O., Schouten J.P., Gerritsen J., Kauffman H.F. Prevalence of immunoglobulin E for fungi in atopic children. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 31:2001;1564-1570
173. Novotny W.E., Dixit A. Pulmonary hemorrhage in an infant following 2 weeks of fungal exposure. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 154:2000;271-275
174. O'Hollaren M.T., Yunginger J.W., Offerd K.P., Somers M.J., Connell E.J.O., Ballard D.J., Sachs M.I. Exposure to an aeroallergen as a possible precipitating factor in respiratory arrest in young patients with asthma. New Engl. J. Med. 324:1991;359-363
175. Oppermann H., Doering C., Sobottka A., Kramer U., Thriene B. Exposure status of East and West German households with house dust mites and fungi. Gesundheitswesen. 63:2001;85-89
176. Pasanen A.L., Nikulin M., Tuomainen M., Berg S., Parikka P., Hintikka E.L. Laboratory experiments on membrane filter sampling of airborne mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys atra Corda. Atmos. Environment. 27A:1993;9-13
177. Pasanen A.-L., Juutinen T., Jantunen M.J., Kalliokoski P. Occurrence and moisture requirements of microbial growth in building materials. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 30:1992;273-283
178. Passoni L.F., Wanke B., Nishikawa M.M., Lazera M.S. Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from human dwellings in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: An analysis of the domestic environment of AIDS patients with and without cryptococcosis. Medical Mycology. 36:1998;305-311
179. Paul W. "Fundamental Immunology." 1989;1123 Raven Press, New York
180. Pei-Chih W., Huey-Jen S., Chia-Yin L. Characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons. Science of the Total Environment. 253:2000;111-118
181. Peltola J., Andersson M.A., Haahtela T., Mussalo-Rauhamaa H., Rainey F.A., Kroppenstedt R.M., Samson R.A., Salkinoja-Salonen M.S. Toxic-metabolite-producing bacteria and fungus in an indoor environment. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 67:2001;3269-3274
182. Pessi A.M., Suonketo J., Pentti M., Kurkilahti M., Peltola K., Rantio-Lehtimaki A. Microbial growth inside insulated external walls as an indoor air biocontamination source. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 68:2002;963-967
183. Pieckova E., Kunova Z. Indoor fungi and their ciliostatic metabolites. Annals of Agricultural & Environmental Medicine. 9:2002;59-63
184. Pitt J.I. "The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces." 1979;Academic Press, New York
185. Platt S.D., Martin C.J., Hunt S.M., Lewis C.W. Damp housing, mould growth, and symptomatic health state. Brit Med. J. 298:1989;1673-1678
186. Pope A.M., Patterson R., Burge H. "Indoor allergens." 1993;National Academy Press, Washington, DC
187. Rao C.Y., Brain J.D., Burge H.A. Reduction of pulmonary toxicity of Stachybotrys chartarum spores by methanol extraction of mycotoxins. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 66:2000;2817-2821
188. Raper K.B., Fennell D.I. "The genus Aspergillus." 1977;Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Co., Malabar, Florida
189. Raven P., Johnson G.B. "Biology." 1986;Times MirrorMosby College Publishing, St. Louis. 1198+125 pp.
190. Reed C.E. What we do and do not know about molds allergy and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 76:1985;773-775
191. Ren P., Jankun T.M., Leaderer B.P. Comparisons of seasonal fungal prevalence in indoor and outdoor air and in house dusts of dwellings in one Northeast American county. Journal of Exposure Analysis & Environmental Epidemiology. 9:1999;560-568
192. Ren P., Jankun T.M., Belanger K., Bracken M.B., Leaderer B.P. The relation between fungal propagules in indoor air and home characteristics. Allergy. 56:2001;419-424
193. Reynolds S.J., Black D.W., Borin S.S., Breuer G., Burmeister L.F., Fuortes L.J., Smith T.F., Stein M.A., Subramanian P., Thorne P.S., Whitten P. Indoor environmental quality in six commercial office buildings in the Midwest United States. Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene. 16:2001;1065-1077
194. Rijckaert G. Exposure to fungi in modern homes. Allergy. 36:1981;277-280
195. Rippon J.W. "Medical Mycology: The pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes." 3rd edition:1988;W. B. Saunders Company, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Philadelphia
196. Robbins C.A., Swenson L.J., Nealley M.L., Gots R.E., Kelman B.J. Health effects of mycotoxins in indoor air: A critical review. Applied Occupational & Environmental Hygiene. 15:2000;773-784
197. Rudblad S., Andersson K., Stridh G., Bodin L., Juto J.E. Slowly decreasing mucosal hyperreactivity years after working in a school with moisture problems. Indoor Air. 12:2002;138-144
198. Ruotsalainen R., Jaakkola N., Jaakkola J.J.K. Dampness and molds in day-care centers as an occupational problem. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 66:1995;369-374
199. Rylander R. Office and domestic environments. Rylander R., Jacobs R.R. "Organic dusts. Exposure, Effects, and Prevention" 1994;Lewis Publ., Boca Raton
200. Rylander R., Lin R.H. (1 → 3)-beta-D-glucan - relationship to indoor air-related symptoms, allergy and asthma. Toxicology. 152:2000;47-52
201. Sakamoto T., Ito K., Yamada M., Iguchi H., Ueda M., Torii S. Allergenicity of the osmophilic fungus Aspergillus restrictus evaluated by skin prick test and radioallergosorbent test. Arerugi. 39:1990;1492-1498
202. Salvaggio J.E. Human symptomatology and epidemiology of fungi in air. (Health and Welfare Canada Working Group on Fungi and Indoor Air, eds.) "Significance of fungi in indoor air: Report of a working group, Part I" 1986;1-33 Ottawa
203. Salvaggio J., Aukrust L. Mold-induced asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 68:1981;327-346
204. Samson R.A. Fungi in indoor air associated with adverse health effects. Health and Welfare Canada Working Group on Fungi and Indoor Air (eds.). "Significance of fungi in indoor air: Report of a working group, Part I." 1986;1-25 Ottawa
205. Samson R.A. Mycotoxins: A mycologist's perspective. J. Med. Veterinary Mycology. 30:(Suppl. 1):1992;9-18
206. Samson R.A., Hoekstra E.S., Frisvad J.C., Filtenborg O. "Introduction to Food- and Aiborne Fungi." Sixth Edition.:2000;389 CBS, Utrecht
207. Samson R.A., Flannigan B., Flannigan M.E., VerHoeff A.P., Adan O.C.G., Hoekstra E.S. "Health Implications of Fungi in Indoor Environments." 1994;Elsevier Science B. V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
208. Sanders C.H., Cornish J.P. "Dampness: One week's complaints in five local authorities in England and Wales." 1982;HMSO, London
209. Santilli J. Jr., Rockwell W.J., Collins R.P. The significance of the spores of the Basidiomycetes (mushrooms and their allies) in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy. 55:1985;469-471
210. Santilli J. Jr., Rockwell W.J., Collins R.P. Individual patterns of immediate skin reactivity to mold extracts. Ann. Allergy. 65:1990;454-458
211. Savilahti R., Uitti J., Laippala P., Husman T., Roto P. Respiratory morbidity among children following renovation of a water-damaged school. Archives of Environmental Health. 55:2000;405-410
212. Schiefer H.B. Mycotoxins in indoor air: A critical toxicological viewpoint. "Indoor Air '90, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate," 1:1990;167-172 Toronto
213. Scott J.A. Studies on Indoor Fungi. Ph.D. Dissertation. 2001;Department of Botany, University of Toronto 2001
214. Senkpiel K., Kurowski V., Ohgke H. Indoor air studies of mold fungus contamination of homes of selected patients with bronchial asthma (with special regard to evaluation problems). Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin. 198:1996;191-203
215. Sessa R., Di P.M., Schiavoni G., Santino I., Altieri A., Pinelli S., Del P.M. Microbiological indoor air quality in healthy buildings. New Microbiologica. 25:2002;51-56
216. Seuri M., Husman K., Kinnunen H., Reiman M., Kreus R., Kuronen P., Lehtomaki K., Paananen M. An outbreak of respiratory diseases among workers at a water-damaged building - a case report. Indoor Air. 10:2000;138-145
217. Shelton B.G., Kirkland K.H., Flanders W.D., Morris G.K. Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 68:2002;1743-1753
218. Shen H.D., Lin W.L., Chen R.J., Han S.H. Cross-reactivity among antigens of different air-borne fungi detected by ELISA using five monoclonal antibodies against Penicillium notatum. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih. 46:1990;195-201
219. Singh J. Nature and extent of deterioration in buildings due to fungi. Singh J. "Building Mycology" 1994;34-53 Chapman and Hall, London
220. Smith D.H., Crosby F.L. Aeromycology of two peanut leafspot fungi. Phytopathology. 67:1973;1051-1056
221. Smith S.L., Hill S.T. Influence temperature and water activity on germination and growth of Aspergillus restrictus and A. versicolor. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 79:1982;558-560
222. Smith G. "Sampling and Identifying Allergenic Pollen and Molds." 1990;196 Blewstone Press, San Antonio
223. Smoragiewicz W., Cossette B., Boutard A., Krzystyniak K. Trichothecene mycotoxins in the dust of ventilation systems in office buildings. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 65:1993;113-117
224. Solomon W.R., Burge H.A., Boise J.R. Airborne Aspergillus fumigatus levels outside and with a large clinical center. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 62:1978;56-60
225. Solomon W.R., Burge H.A., Boise J.R. Exclusion of particulate allergens by window air conditioners. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 65:1980;305-308
226. Sorenson W.G., Frazier D.G., Jarvis B.B., Simpson J., Robinson V.A. Trichothecene mycotoxins in aerosolized conidia of Stachybotrys atra. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1987;1370-1375
227. Spengler J., Neas L., Nalai S., Dockery D., Speizer F., Ware J., Raizenne M. Respiratory symptoms and housing characteristics. Seppänen O. "Indoor Air '93, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate" 1:1993;165-170 Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
228. St-Germain G., Summerbell R. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook. 1st ed.:1996;Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California
229. Stites D., Terr A.I. "Basic and Clinical Immunology," 7th ed.:1991;870 Appleton & Lange, Norwalk
230. Strachan D.P. Damp housing and childhood asthma: Validation of reporting symptoms. Brit. Med. J. 297:1988;1223-1226
231. Strachan D.P., Sanders C.H. Damp housing and childhood asthma; Respiratory effects of indoor air temperature and relative humidity. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 43:1989;714
232. Strachan D.P., Flannigan B., McCabe E.M., McGarry F. Quantification of airborne molds in the homes of children with and without wheeze. Thorax. 45:1990;382-387
233. Streifel A.J., Rhame F.S. Hospital air filamentous fungal spore and particle counts in a specially designed hospital. Seppänen O. "Indoor Air '93, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate" 4:1993;161-165 Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
234. Su H.J., Rotnitzky A., Burge H., Spengler J. Examination of fungi in domestic interiors by using factor analysis: Correlations and associations with home factors. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1992;181-186
235. Su H.J., Wu P.C., Chen H.L., Lee F.C., Lin L.L. Exposure assessment of indoor allergens, endotoxin, and airborne fungi for homes in southern Taiwan. Environmental Research. 85:2001;135-144
236. Sutton J.C., Swanton C.J., Gillespie T.J. Relation of weather variables and host factors to incidence of airborne spores of Botrytis. Can. J. Bot. 56:1978;2460-2469
237. Szponar B., Larsson L. Determination of microbial colonisation in water-damaged buildings using chemical marker analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Indoor Air. 10:2000;13-18
238. Takahashi T. Airborne fungal colony-forming units in outdoor and indoor environments in Yokohama, Japan. Mycopathologia. 139:1997;23-33
239. Taylor G., Wang X., Jabaji-Hare S.H. Detection of the mycoparasite Stachybotrys elegans, using primers with sequence-characterized amplification regions in conventional and real-time PCR. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25:2003;49-61
240. Terracina F., Rogers S.A. In-home fungal studies: Methods to increase the yield. Ann. Allergy. 49:1982;35-37
241. Thorn A., Lewne M., Belin L. Allergic alveolitis in a school environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 22:1996;311-314
242. Tilak S.T. Aerobiology and cereal crop diseases. Rev. Trop. Pl. Path. 1:1984;329-354
243. Tizard I.R. Immunology: An Introduction. 1988;563 Saunders College Publ., Philadelphia
244. Tobin R.S., Baranowski E., Gilman A.P., Kuiper-Goodman T., Miller J.D., Giddings M. Significance of Fungi in indoor air: Report of a working group. Can. J. Public Health. 78:(Suppl.):1987;s1-s14
245. Tripi P.A., Modlin S., Sorenson W.G., Dearborn D.G. Acute pulmonary haemorrhage in an infant during induction of general anaesthesia. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 10:2000;92-94
246. Tuomi T., Reijula K., Johnson T., Hemminki K., Hintikka E.-L., Lindroos O., Kalso S., Koukila-Kahkola P., Mussalo-Rauhamaa H., Haahtela T. Mycotoxins in crude building materials from water-damaged buildings. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66:2000;1899-1904
247. van Bronswijk J.E., Rijckaert G., van De Lustgraaf B. Indoor fungi, distribution and allergenicity. Acta Bot. Neerl. 35:1986;329-345
248. Vesper S.J., Vesper M.J. Stachylysin may be a cause of hemorrhaging in humans exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum. Infection and Immunity. 70:2002;2065-2069
249. Vesper S.J., Maguson M.L., Dearborn D.G., Yike I., Haugland R.A. Initial characterization of the hemolysin stahylysin from Stachybotrys chartarum. Infection and Immunity. 69:2001;912-916
250. Vesper S., Dearborn D.G., Yike I., Allan T., Sobolewski J., Hinkley S.F., Jarvis B.B., Haugland R.A. Evaluation of Stachybotrys chartarum in the house of an infant with pulmonary hemorrhage: Quantitative assessment before, during, and after remediation. Journal of Urban Health. 77:2000;68-85
251. Vittal B.P.R., Glory A.L. Airborne fungus spores of a library in India. Grana. 24:1985;129-132
252. Vitanen H.A., Bjurman J. Mould growth on wood at fluctuating humidity conditions. Mater. Organismen. 29:1995;27-46
253. Vujanovic V., Smoragiewicz W., Krzysztyniak K. Airborne fungal ecological niche determination as one of the possibilities for indirect mycotoxin risk assessment in indoor air. Environmental Toxicology. 16:2001;1-8
254. Waegemaekers M., van Wageningen N., Brunekreef B., Boleij J.S.M. Respiratory symptoms in damp homes. A pilot study. Allergy. 44:1989;192-198
255. Wallenbeck I., Dreborg S., Zetterström O., Einarsson R. Aspergillus fumigatus specific IgE and IgG antibodies for diagnosis of Aspergillus-related lung diseases. Allergy. 46:1991;372-378
256. Wan G.H., Li C.S. Indoor endotoxin and glucan in association with airway inflammation and systemic symptoms. Archives of Environmental Health. 54:1999;172-179
257. Wang C.J.K., Zabel R.A. Identification manual for fungi from utility poles in the Eastern United States. 1990;American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland
258. Wicklow D.T., Shotwell O. Intrafungal distribution of aflatoxins among conidia and sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Can. J. Microbiol. 29:1983;1-5
259. Wijnands L.M., Deisz W.D., van Leusden F.M. Marker antigens to assess exposure to molds and their allergens. I. Aspergillus fumigatus. Allergy. 55:2000;850-855
260. Wilkins K., Larsen K., Simkus M. Volatile metabolites from mold growth on building materials and synthetic media. Chemosphere. 41:2000;437-446
261. Woolcock A.J. Aeroallergens in the home and asthma. Presentation at Annual meeting, Royal Society of Canada, June 1991, Kingston. 1991
262. Wouters I.M., Douwes J., Doekes G., Thorne P.S., Brunekreef B., Heederik D.J. Increased levels of markers of microbial exposure in homes with indoor storage of organic household waste. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 66:2000;627-631
263. Wu Z., Wang X.-R., Blomquist G. Evaluation of PCR conditions for specific detection of common airborne fungi. J. of Environ. Monitoring. 4:2002;377-382
264. Yang C. Fungal colonization of HVAC fiber-glass air-duct liner in the U.S.A, p. 173-177. Ikeda K., Iwata T. "Indoor Air '96. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Indoor Air and Climate." 3:1996;Institute of Health, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan. Indoor Air '96
265. Yang C.S., Hung L.-L., Lewis F.A., Zampiello F.A. Airborne fungal populations in non-residential buildings in the United States. Seppänen O. "Indoor Air '93, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate" 4:1993;219-224 Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
266. Yang C.S., Johanning E. Airborne Fungi and Mycotoxins. Hurst C.J., Knudsen G.R., McInerney M.J., Stetzenbach L.D., Walter M.V. "Manual of Environmental Microbiology" 2002;839-852 American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
267. Yang C.Y., Chiu J.F., Chiu H.F., Kao W.Y. Damp housing conditions and respiratory symptoms in primary school children. Pediatric Pulmonology. 24:1997;73-77
268. Young S.H., Dobozin B.S., Miner M. Allergies: The complete guide to diagnosis, treatment, and daily management. Consumer Reports Books. 1991;308 Yonkers, New York
269. Zabel R.A., Morrell J.J. "Wood Microbiology." 1992;Academic Press, Inc., San Diego
270. Zhou G., Whong W.Z., Ong T., Chen B. Development of a fungus-specific PCR assay for detecting low-level fungi in an indoor environment. Molecular & Cellular Probes. 14:2000;339-348