Complications of anterior cruciate ligament surgery

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 185-195

  St Pierre, Patrick ^a,b  

^a Nirschl Orthoped Sports Med Ctr   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL); Arthroscopic reconstruction; Complications

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE; BONE GRAFT; BONE TRANSPLANTATION; HEMARTHROSIS; HUMAN; JOINT STABILITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT SELECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SUTURING METHOD; TOURNIQUET; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 4444351120     PISSN: 10628592     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.jsa.0000131852.82203.b4     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Heier KA, Mack DR, Moseley JB, et al. An analysis of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in middle-aged patients. Am J Sports Med. 1997; 25:527-532.
2. Plancher KD, Steadman JR, Briggs KK, et al. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in patients who are at least forty years old. A long-term follow-up and outcome study. J Bone Joint Surg. 1998;80: 184-197.
3. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar tendon graft in patients with articular cartilage damage. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:626-634.
4. Hutchinson MR, Ireland ML. Knee injuries in female athletes. Sports Med. 1995;19:288-302.
5. Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:694-701.
6. Garrick J, Requa R. Girls' sports injuries in high school athletics. JAMA. 1978;239:2245-2248.
7. Gray J, Taunton JE, McKenzie DC, et al. A survey of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in female basketball players. Int J Sports Med. 1985;6:314-316.
8. Malone TR, Hardaker WT, Garrett WE, et al. Relationship of gender to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in intercollegiate basketball players. J South Orthop Assoc. 1993;2:36-39.
9. Huston L, Wojtys E. Neuromuscular performance characteristic in elite female athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:427-436.
10. Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR, Andrews M. A rigorous comparison between the sexes of results and complications after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:514-526.
11. Ferrari JD, Bach BR, Bush-Joseph CA, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in men and women: An outcome analysis comparing gender. Arthroscopy. 2001;17:588-596.
12. Barrett GR, Noojin FK, Hartzog CW, et al. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in females: A comparison of hamstring versus patellar tendon autograft. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:46-54.
13. Amirault JD, Cameron JC, MacIntosh DL, et al. Chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Long-term results of MacIntosh's lateral substitution reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg. 1988;70:622-624.
14. Reid JS, Hanks GA, Kalenak A, et al. The Ellison iliotibial-band transfer for a torn anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg. 1992;74:1392-1402.
15. Feagin JA, Curl WW. Isolated tear of the anterior cruciate ligament: 5-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 1976;4:95-100.
16. Roth JH, Kennedy JC, Lockstadt H, et al. Polypropylene braid augmented and nonaugmented intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13:321-336.
17. Richmond JC, Manseau CJ, Patz R, et al. Anterior cruciate reconstruction using a Dacron ligament prosthesis. A long-term study. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:24-28.
18. Maletius W, Gillquist J. Long-term results of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a Dacron prosthesis. The frequency of osteoarthritis after seven to eleven years. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:288-293.
19. Paulos LE, Rosenberg TD, Grewe SR, et al. The Gore-Tex anterior cruciate ligament prosthesis. A long-term fullowup. Am J Sports Med. 1992; 20:246-252.
20. Roberts TS, Drez D Jr, McCarthy W, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using freeze-dried, ethylene oxide-sterilized, bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. Two year results in thirty-six patients. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:35-41.
21. Vangsness CT Jr, Garcia IA, Mills CR, et al. Allograft transplantation in the knee: tissue regulation, procurement, processing, and sterilization. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:474-481.
22. Arnoczky SP, Warren RF, Ashlock MA. Replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament using a patellar tendon allograft. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68:376-385.
23. Jackson DW, Grood ES, Goldstein JD, et al. A comparison of patellar tendon autograft and allograft used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the goat model. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:176-185.
24. Fu FH, Jackson DW, Jamison J, et al. Allograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, in Jackson DW, Arnoczky SP, Woo SL-Y, et al. eds. The Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Current and Future Concepts. New York: Raven Press; 1993:325-338.
25. Andrews M, Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:48-54.
26. Shino K, Kimura T, Hirose H, et al. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament by allogeneic tendon graft. An operation for chronic ligamentous insufficiency. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68:739-746.
27. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with human allograft. Comparison of early and later results. J Bone Joint Surg. 1996;78:524-537.
28. Noyes FR, Butler DL, Paulos LE, et al. Intra-articular cruciate reconstruction. I: Perspectives on graft strength, vascularization, and immediate motion after replacement. Clin Orthop. 1983;172:71-77.
29. Larson RV. Complications and pitfalls in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendons. In: Malek MM, Fanelli G, Johnson D, et al. eds. Knee Surgery. Complications, Pitfalls, and Salvage. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.;2001:77-88.
30. Aglietti P, Buzzi R, Zaccherotti G, et al. Patellar tendon versus doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:211-218.
31. Otero AL, Hutcheson L. A comparison of the doubled semitendinosus/gracilis and central third of the patellar tendon autografts in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1993;9: 143-148.
32. Harris NL, Smith DA, Lamoreaux L, et al. Central quadriceps tendon for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Part I: Morphometric and biomechanical evaluation. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:23-28.
33. Breitfuss H, Frohlich R, Povacz P, et al. The tendon defect after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the midthird patellar tendon - a problem for the patellofemoral joint? Knee Surg Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;3:194-198.
34. Kartus J, Stener S, Lindahl S, et al. Factors affecting donor-site morbidity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1997;5: 222-228.
35. Otto D, Pinczewski LA, Clingeleffer A, et al. Five-year results of single-incision arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:181-188.
36. Sachs RA, Daniel DM, Stone ML, et al. Patellofemoral problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17: 760-765.
37. Dandy DJ, Desai SS. Patellar tendon length after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg. 1994;76:198-199.
38. Berg EE. Intrinsic healing of a patellar tendon donor site defect after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop. 1992;278:160-163.
39. Adriani E, Mariani PP, Maresca G, et al. Healing of the patellar tendon after harvesting of its mid-third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and evolution of the unclosed donor-site defect. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1995;3:138-143.
40. Brandsson S, Faxen E, Eriksson BI, et al. Closing patellar tendon defects after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: absence of any benefit. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1998;6:82-87.
41. Shelbourne KD, Trumper RV. Preventing anterior knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:41-47.
42. Rubinstein RA Jr, Shelbourne KD, VanMeter CD, et al. Isolated autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft site morbidity. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:324-327.
43. Shelbourne KD, Urch SE. Primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the contralateral autogenous patellar tendon. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:651-658.
44. Bonamo JJ, Krinick RM, Sporn AA. Rupture of the patellar ligament after use of its central third for anterior cruciate reconstruction. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66A:1294-1297.
45. Langan P, Fontanetta AP. Rupture of the patellar tendon after use of its central third. Orthop Rev. 1987;16:317-321.
46. Mickelsen PL, Morgan SJ, Johnson WA, et al. Patellar tendon rupture 3 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a central one third bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Arthroscopy. 2001;17:648-652.
47. Marumoto JM, Mitsunaga MM, Richardson AB, et al. Late patellar tendon ruptures after removal of the central third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A report of two cases. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24: 698-701.
48. Simonian PT, Harrison SD, Cooley VJ, et al. Assessment of morbidity of semitendinosus and gracilis tendon harvest for ACL reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg. 1997;10:54-59.
49. Marder RA, Raskind JR, Carroll M. Prospective evaluation of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:478-484.
50. DeLee JC. Complications of arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery: results of a national survey. Arthroscopy. 1985;1:214-220.
51. Small NC. Complications in arthroscopy: the knee and other joints. Committee on complications of the Arthroscopy Association of North America. Arthroscopy. 1986;2:253-258.
52. Small NC. Complications in arthroscopic surgery performed by experienced arthroscopists. Arthroscopy. 1988;4:215-221.
53. Sherman OH, Fox JM, Snyder SJ, et al. Arthroscopy - "no-problem surgery". An analysis of complications in two thousand six hundred and forty cases. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68:256-265.
54. Abram LJ, Froimson AI. Saphenous nerve injury. An unusual arthroscopic complication. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:668-669.
55. Logue EJ III, Drez DJ Jr. Dermatitis complicating saphenous nerve injury after arthroscopic debridement of a medial meniscal cyst. Arthroscopy. 1996;12:228-231.
56. Mochida H, Kikuchi S. Injury to infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve in arthroscopic knee surgery. Clin Orthop. 1995;320:88-94.
57. Tifford CD, Spero L, Luke T, et al. The relationship of the infrapatellar branches of the saphenous nerve to arthroscopy portals and incisions for anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:562-567.
58. Deutsch A, Wyzykowski RJ, Victoroff BN. Evaluation of the anatomy of the common peroneal nerve. Defining nerve-at-risk in arthroscopically assisted lateral meniscus repair. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:10-15.
59. Jurist KA, Greene PW III, Shirkhoda A. Peroneal nerve dysfunction as a complication of lateral meniscus repair: A case report and anatomic dissection. Arthroscopy. 1989;5:141-147.
60. Rodeo SA, Forster RA, Weiland AJ. Neurological complications due to arthroscopy. [Current concepts review] J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75:917-926.
61. Rodeo SA, Sobel M, Weiland AJ. Deep peroneal-nerve injury as a result of arthroscopic meniscectomy. A case report and review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75A:1221-1224.
62. Vincent GM, Stanish WD. False aneurysm after arthroscopic meniscectomy. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg. 1990;72:770-772.
63. Post WR, King SS. Neurovascular risk of bicortical tibial drilling for screw and spiked washer fixation of soft-tissue anterior cruciate ligament graft. Arthroscopy. 2001;17:244-247.
64. Kim TK, Savino RM, McFarland EG, et al. Neurovascular Complications of Knee Arthroscopy. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:619-629.
65. Sawyer RJ, Richmond MN, Hickey JD, et al. Peripheral nerve injuries associated with anesthesia. Anesthesia. 2000;55:980-991.
66. Rottenberg MF, DeLisa JA. Severe femoral neuropathy with "hanging leg" syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1981;62:404-406.
67. Gerber C, Beck MH, Schneeberger AG. Scientific principles of surgical treatment. In DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Stanitski CL, eds. Orthopedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 1994:140-159
68. Giannestras NJ, Cranley JJ, Lentz M. Occlusion of the tibial artery after a foot operation under tourniquet. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg. 1977; 59:682-683.
69. Rush JH, Vidovich JD, Johnson MA. Arterial complications of total knee replacement. The Australian experience. J Bone Joint Surg. 1987; 69:400-402.
70. Rorabeck CH, Kennedy JC. Tourniquet-induced nerve ischemia complicating knee ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med. 1980;8:98-102.
71. Gersoff WK, Ruwe P, Jokl P, et al. The effect of tourniquet pressure on muscle function. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17:123-127.
72. Jacobson MD, Pedowitz RA, Oyama BK, et al. Muscle functional deficits after tourniquet ischemia. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:372-377.
73. Mohler LR, Pedowitz RA, Lopez MA, et al. Effects of tourniquet compression on neuromuscular function. Clin Orthop. 1999;359:213-220.
74. Saunders KC, Louis DL, Weingarden SI, et al. Effect of tourniquet time on postoperative quadriceps function. Clin Orthop. 1979;143:194-199.
75. Weingarden SI, Louis DL, Waylonis GW. Electromyographic changes in postmeniscectomy patients. Role of the pneumatic tourniquet. JAMA. 1979;241:1248-1250.
76. Mohler LR, Pedowitz RA, Myers RR, et al. Intermittent reperfusion fails to prevent posttourniquet neurapraxia. J Hand Surg. 1999;24:687-693.
77. Pedowitz RA, Gershuni DH, Schmidt AH, et al. Muscle injury induced beneath and distal to a pneumatic tourniquet: A quantitative animal study of effects of tourniquet pressure and duration. J Hand Surg. 1991;16: 610-621.
78. Wilbourn AJ. Iatrogenic disorders. latrogenic nerve injuries. Neurol Clin. 1998;16:55-82.
79. Hirvensalo E, Tuominen H, Lapinsuo M, et al. Compartment syndrome of the lower limb caused by a tourniquet: a report of two cases. J Orthop Trauma. 1992;6:469-472.
80. Luk KD, Pun WK. Unrecognised compartment syndrome in a patient with tourniquet palsy. J Bone Joint Surg. 1987;69:97-99.
81. Seybold EA, Busconi BD. Anterior thigh compartment syndrome following prolonged tourniquet application and lateral positioning. Am J Orthop. 1996;25:493-496.
82. Fahmy NR, Patel DG. Hemostatic changes and postoperative deep-vein thrombosis associated with use of a pneumatic tourniquet. J Bone Joint Surg. 1981;63A:461-465.
83. Arciero RA, Scoville CR, Hayda RA, et al. The effect of tourniquet use in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective, randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:758-764.
84. Daniel DM, Lumkong G, Stone ML, et al. Effects of tourniquet use in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1995;11:307-311.
85. Dobner JJ, Nitz AJ. Postmeniscectomy tourniquet palsy and functional sequelae. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10:211-214.
86. Coupens SD, Yates CK. The effect of tourniquet use and hemovac drainage on postoperative hemarthrosis. Arthroscopy. 1991;7:278-282.
87. Small NC. An analysis of complications in lateral retinacular release procedures. Arthroscopy. 1989;5:282-286.
88. Johnson DS, Stewart H, Hirst P, et al. Is tourniquet use necessary for knee arthroscopy? Arthroscopy. 2000;16:648-651.
89. Kirkley A, Rampersaud R, Griffin S, et al. Tourniquet versus no tourniquet use in routine knee arthroscopy. A prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Arthroscopy. 2000;16:121-126.
90. Bomberg BC, Hurley PE, Clark CA, et al. Complications associated with the use of an infusion pump during knee arthroscopy. Arthroscopy. 1992; 8:224-228.
91. DiStefano VJ, Kalman VR, O'Malley JS. Femoral nerve palsy after arthroscopic surgery with an infusion pump irrigation system. A report of three cases. Am J Orthop. 1996;25:145-148.
92. Romero J, Smit CM, Zanetti M. Massive intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal accumulation of irrigation fluid as a complication during knee arthroscopy. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:401-404.
93. Belanger M, Fadale P. Compartment syndrome of the leg after arthroscopic examination of a tibial plateau fracture. Case report and review of the literature. Arthroscopy. 1997;13:646-651.
94. Fruensgaard S, Holm A. Compartment syndrome complicating arthroscopic surgery: Brief report. J Bone Joint Surg. 1988;70:146-147.
95. Peek RD, Haynes DW. Compartment syndrome as a complication of arthroscopy: A case report and a study of interstitial pressures. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:464-468.
96. Howell SM, Taylor MA. Failure of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament due to impingement by the intercondylar roof. J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75:1044-1055.
97. Miller MD, Olszewski AD. Posterior tibial tunnel placement to avoid anterior cruciate ligament graft impingement by the intercondylar roof: An in vitro and in vivo study. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:818-822.
98. Frank CB, Jackson DW. The science of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg. 1997;79:1556-1576.
99. Hefzy MS, Grood ES, Noyes FR. Factors affecting the region of most isometric femoral attachment. Part II: The anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17:208-216.
100. Sapega AA, Moyer RA, Schneck C, et al. Testing for isometry during reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Anatomical and biomechanical considerations. J Bone Joint Surg. 1990;72:259-267.
101. Morgan CD, Kalman VR, Grawl DM. Isometry testing for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction revisited. Arthroscopy. 1995;11:647-659.
102. Sidles JA, Larson RV, Garbini JL, et al. Ligament length relationships in the moving knee. J Orthop Res. 1988;6:593-610.
103. Morgan CD, Kalman VR, Grawl DM. Definitive landmarks for reproducible tibial tunnel placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1995;11:275-288.
104. Karlson JA, Steiner ME, Brown CH, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using gracilis and semitendinosus tendons. Comparison of through-the-condyle and over-the-top graft placements. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:659-666.
105. Jackson DW, Schaefer RK. Cyclops syndrome: loss of extension following intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1990;6:171-178.
106. Marzo JM, Bowen MK, Warren RF, et al. Intraarticular fibrous nodule as a cause of loss of extension following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1992;8:10-18.
107. Mueller W: The Knee: Form, Function, and Ligament Reconstruction. New York: Springer Verlag; 19838-75.
108. Muneta T, Yamamoto H, Ishibashi T, et al. The effects of tibial tunnel placement and roofplasty on reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament knees. Arthroscopy. 1995;11:57-62.
109. LaPrade RF, Terry GC, Montgomery RD, et al. The effects of aggressive notchplasty on the normal knee in dogs. Am J Sport Med. 1998;26:193-200.
110. Jomha NM, Pinczewski LA, Clingeleffer A, et al. Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with patellar-tendon autograft and interference screw fixation. The results at seven years. J Bone Joint Surg. 1999;81:775-779.
111. Noyes FR, Butler DL, Grood ES, et al. Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstructions. J Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66:344-352.
112. Pierz K, Baltz M, Fulkerson J. The effect of Kurosaka screw divergence on the holding strength of bone-tendon-bone grafts. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:332-335.
113. Bush-Joseph CA, Bach BR Jr. Migration of femoral interference screw after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg. 1998; 11:32-34.
114. Sidhu DS, Wroble RR. Intraarticular migration of a femoral interference fit screw. A complication of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:268-271.
115. Butler JC, Branch TP, Hutton WC. Optimal graft fixation - the effect of gap size and screw size on bone plug fixation in ACL reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1994;10:524-529.
116. Martinek V, Friederich NF. Tibial and pretibial cyst formation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bioabsorbable interference screw fixation. Arthroscopy. 1999;15:317-320.
117. Otsuka H, Ishibashi Y, Tsuda E, et al. Comparison of three techniques of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Differences in anterior tibial translation and tunnel enlargement with each technique. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:282-288.
118. Clark R, Olsen RE, Larson BJ, et al. Cross-pin femoral fixation: A new technique for hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:258-267.
119. Matava MJ, Evans TA, Wright RW, et al. Septic arthritis of the knee following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Results of a survey of sports medicine fellowship directors. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:717-725.
120. McAllister DR, Parker RD, Cooper AE, et al. Outcomes of postoperative septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:562-570.
121. Williams RJ III, Laurencin CT, Warren RF, et al. Septic arthritis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Diagnosis and management. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:261-267.
122. Armstrong RW, Bolding F, Joseph R. Septic arthritis following arthroscopy: clinical syndromes and analysis of risk factors. Arthroscopy. 1992; 8:213-223.
123. D'Angelo GL, Ogilvie-Harris DJ. Septic arthritis following arthroscopy, with cost/benefit analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis. Arthroscopy. 1988; 4:10-14.
124. Sherman OH, Fox JM, Snyder SJ, et al. Arthroscopy - "no problem surgery." An analysis of complications in two thousand six hundred and forty cases. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68:256-265.
125. Ivey M, Clark R. Arthroscopic debridement of the knee for septic arthritis. Clin Orthop. 1985;199:201-206.
126. Donatto KC. Orthopedic management of septic arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1998;24:275-286.
127. Smith JW, Piercy EA. Infectious arthritis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:225-231.
128. Jaureguito JW, Greenwald AE, Wilcox JF, et al. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis after arthroscopic knee surgery. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:707-710.
129. Cullison TR, Muldoon MP, Gorman JD, et al. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1996;12:657-659.
130. Williams JS Jr, Hulstyn MJ, Fadale PD, et al. Incidence of deep vein thrombosis after arthroscopic knee surgery: a prospective study. Arthroscopy. 1995;11:701-705.
131. Schippinger G, Wirnsberger GH, Obernosterer A, et al. Thromboembolic complications after arthroscopic knee surgery. Incidence and risk factors in 101 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;69:144-146.
132. Demers C, Marcoux S, Ginsberg JS, et al. Incidence of venographically proved deep vein thrombosis after knee arthroscopy. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:47-50.
133. Petsche TS, Hutchinson MR. Loss of extension after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999;7:119-127.
134. Sprague NF III, O'Connor RL, Fox JM. Arthroscopic treatment of post-operative knee fibroarthrosis. Clin Orthop. 1982;166:165-172.
135. Cosgarea AJ, DeHaven KE, Lovelock JE. The surgical treatment of arthrofibrosis of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:184-191.
136. Richmond JC, al Assal M. Arthroscopic management of arthrofibrosis of the knee, including infrapatellar contraction syndrome. Arthroscopy. 1991;7:144-147.
137. Shelbourne KD, Johnson GE. Outpatient surgical management of arthrofibrosis after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med. 1994; 22:192-197.
138. Millett PJ, Williams RJ III, Wickiewicz TL. Open debridement and soft tissue release as a salvage procedure for the severely arthrofibrotic knee. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:552-561.
139. Fullerton LR Jr, Andrews JR. Mechanical block to extension following augmentation of the anterior cruciate ligament. A case report. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:166-168.
140. Fisher SE, Shelbourne KD. Arthroscopic treatment of symptomatic extension block complicating anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:558-564.
141. Delincé P, Krallis P, Descamps PY, et al. Different aspects of the cyclopslesion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A multifactorial etiopathogenesis. Arthroscopy. 1998;14:869-876.
142. Paulos LE, Rosenberg TD, Drawbert J, et al. Infrapatellar contracture syndrome: An unrecognized cause of knee stiffness with patella entrapment and patella infera. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:331-341.
143. Noyes FR, Wojtys EM, Marshall MT. The early diagnosis and treatment of developmental patella infera syndrome. Clin Orthop. 1991;265:241-252.
144. Paulos LE, Wnorowski DC, Greenwald AE. Infrapatellar contracture syndrome. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term followup. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:440-449.
145. Harner CD, Irrgang JJ, Paul J, et al. Loss of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:499-506.
146. Shelbourne KD, Wilckens JH, Mollabashy A, et al. Arthrofibrosis in acute anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The effect of timing of reconstruction and rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:332-336.
147. Strum GM, Friedman MJ, Fox JM, et al. Acute anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Analysis of complications. Clin Orthop. 1990;253:184-189.
148. Bach BR Jr, Jones GT, Sweet FA, et al. Arthroscopy-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon substitution. Two- to four-year follow-up results. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:758-767.
149. Hunter RE, Mastrangelo J, Freeman JR, et al. The impact of surgical timing on postoperative motion and stability following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 1996;12:667-674.
150. Marcacci M, Zaffagnini S, Iacono F, et al. Early versus late reconstruction for anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Results after five years of followup. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:690-693.
151. Wasilewski SA, Covall DJ, Cohen S. Effect of surgical timing on recovery and associated injuries after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:338-342.
152. Shelbourne KD, Foulk DA. Timing of surgery in acute anterior cruciate ligament tears on the return of quadriceps muscle strength after reconstruction using an autogenous patellar tendon graft. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:686-689.
153. Enneking WF, Horowitz M. The intra-articular effects of immobilization on the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg. 1972;54:973-985.
154. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. Reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments after knee dislocation. Use of early protected postoperative motion to decrease arthrofibrosis. Am J Sports Med. 1997; 25:769-778.
155. Shelbourne KD, Gray T. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autogenous patellar tendon graft followed by accelerated rehabilitation. A two- to nine-year followup. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:786-795.