Multilateralism: Behind European views

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 43-59

  Krause, Joachim ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

^b INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4444338107     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/016366004773097704     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. See John G. Ruggie, "This Crisis of Multilateralism Is Different," speech delivered at the UNA-USA National Forum on the United Nations, June 26, 2003, www.unausa.org/newindex.asp?place=http://www.unausa.org/membership/forum/ ruggie.asp. (accessed November 30, 2003).
2. See also John Van Oudenaaren, "What is 'Multilateral'?" Policy Review 117 (February 2003): 33-47.
3. John G. Ruggie, "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," International Organization 46, no. 3 (summer 1992): 561-598.
4. See Mohammed Ayoob, "Squaring the Circle: Collective Security in a System of States," in Collective Security in a Changing World, ed. Thomas G. Weiss (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993), pp. 45-62.
5. See Henry A. Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York and London: Simon and Schuster, 1994), pp. 50-52.
6. See also Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), p. 239;
7. Leon Gordenker and Thomas G. Weiss, "The Collective Security Idea and Changing World Politics," in Collective Security in a Changing World, ed. Thomas G. Weiss (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993), pp. 3-18.
8. Statement of the UN Security Council Summit Meeting Read Out by the President, UN Document S/PV.3046, January 31, 1992, http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/PRO/N92/601/98/PDF/ N9260198.pdf?OpenElement (accessed January 13, 2004).
9. Stanley Hoffmann, "The United States and International Organizations," in Eagle Rules? Foreign Policy and American Primacy in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Robert J. Lieber (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002), pp. 342-352.
10. See Patrick Stewart, ed., Multilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivalent Engagement (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
11. See Steven L. Burg and Paul K. Shoup, The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention (London: Sharpe, 1999);
12. Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000);
13. Alison L. Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (Washington, D.C.: Human Rights Watch, 1999);
14. Tim Trevan, Saddam's Secrets: The Hunt for Iraq's Hidden Weapons (London: Harper Collins, 1999).
15. See also Samantha Power, "A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002);
16. Rosemary Righter, Utopia Lost: The United Nations and World Order (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995).
17. Approximately 250,000 casualties from the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina; 800,000 casualties in Rwanda; 300,000 deaths from political suppression in Iraq after the Gulf War; one million victims of the prolonged application of the UN sanctions regime against Iraq; 1.5 million people from the war in Sudan; and as many as two million deaths from the wars in Congo and Central Africa.
18. Ruggie, "This Crisis of Multilateralism Is Different."
19. The 1995 Bosnia Herzegovina Self Defense Act was passed by Congress on July 26, 1995, and subsequently vetoed by President Bill Clinton on August 11.
20. U.S. Statutes at Large 112 (1998): 3178.
21. See "Testimony of William Kristol, Chairman, Project for the New American Century, to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee," Washington, D.C., February 7, 2002, http://avot.org/stories/storyReader$35 (accessed November 30, 2003) (hereinafter Kristol Senate testimony).
22. See also Lawrence F. Kaplan and William Kristol, The War over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003).
23. For an extreme unilateralist view, see Charles Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment Revisited," National Interest, no. 70 (winter 2002/2003): 5-17.
24. See also Kristol Senate testimony.
25. See Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Commission, 1997);
26. Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2001).
27. See also Ronald D. Asmus, "Rebuilding the Atlantic Alliance," Foreign Affairs 82, no. 5 (September-October 2003): 20-31.
28. See Timothy Garden Ash, In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (London: Vintage Books, 1994).
29. See also Emil Nagengast, "Germany's New Ostpolitik and the Ideology of Multilateralism," International Politics (The Hague) 35, no. 3 (September 1998): 305-331.
30. Hanns Maull and Sebastian Harnisch, Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2001).
31. Joachim Krause, "The Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Risks for Europe," in Europe and the Challenge of Proliferation, eds. Yves Boyer et al. (Paris: WEU Institute for Security Studies, Challiot Papers 24, May 1996), pp. 5-21.
32. See "Speech by Jacques Chirac, French President, to the Opening Meeting of the 58th Session of the United Nations General Assembly," September 23, 2003, www.un.int/france/documents_anglais/030923_mae_chirac_ag.htm (accessed January 16, 2004).
33. Jean Pierre Raffarin, "Politique de Défense et de Décurité," Défense Nationale 59, no. 11 (November 2003): 1-18.
34. French Ministry of Defense, Programmation Militaire, 2003-2008, chap. 3, Rapport Annexé, www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/dossier/d140/index.htm (accessed January 16, 2004).
35. France intervened in Mauritania, Senegal, Congo, Gabon, and Chad in the 1960s and 1970s; 36 in Djibouti, Western Sahara, and Zaire in the 1980s; and in Rwanda in the 1990s, in most cases without seeking authorization by the Security Council.
36. See Rachel Utley, "'Not to Do Less, but to Do Better...': French Military Policy in Africa," International Affairs 78, no. 1 (January 2002): 1-29.
37. Renè Albrecht-Carriè, France, Europe and the Two World Wars (New York: Harper Brothers, 1961).
38. Hubert Védrine and Dominique Moisi, France in an Age of Globalization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2001).
39. Philip H. Gordon, A Certain Idea of France: French Security Policy and the Gaullist Legacy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993);
40. Tony Chafer and Brian Jenkins, France: From the Cold War to the New World Order (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996).
41. Thomas Bernauer, The Projected Chemical Weapons Convention: A Guide to the Negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament (Geneva: United Nations, 1990), pp. 43-45.
42. Charles Cogan, Forced to Choose: France, the Atlantic Alliance, and NATO - Then and Now (New York: Praeger, 1997).
43. See Dominique de Villepin, "Law, Force and Justice," speech at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, March 27, 2003, www.iiss.org/showdocument.php?docID=114 (accessed January 12, 2004).
44. Camille Grand, ed., La Politique Etrangère du Président Chirac (Paris, 1997).
45. See David Davenport, "The New Diplomacy," Policy Review, no. 116 (December 2002/January 2003): 17-30.
46. "Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations," UN Doc. A/55/303-S/2000/809, New York, August 21, 2000, www.un.org/peace/reports/peace⊕erations/docs/a_55_305.pdf (accessed January 16, 2004).
47. Thomas G. Weiss, "The Illusion of UN Security Council Reform," The Washington Quarterly 26, no. 4 (autumn 2003): 147-161.