Diet and cancer prevention

Oncogene

Volumn 23, Issue 38, 2004, Pages 6349-6364

  McCullough, Marjorie L ^a   Giovannucci, Edward L ^b,c  

^a AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Diet; Neoplasms; Nutrition; Prevention

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CARCINOGEN; FLAVONOID; FOLIC ACID; LYCOPENE; SOMATOMEDIN; TRACE ELEMENT; TUMOR MARKER;

CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PREVENTION; CARCINOGENESIS; DIET; ENERGY BALANCE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; METABOLITE; OBESITY; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FRUIT; NEOPLASM; NUTRITION; RISK FACTOR; VEGETABLE;

DIET; ENERGY METABOLISM; FOOD HABITS; FRUIT; HUMANS; MICRONUTRIENTS; NEOPLASMS; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTORS; VEGETABLES;

EID: 4444310761     PISSN: 09509232     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207716     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. Albanes D, Jones DY, Schatzkin A, Micozzi MS and Taylor PR. (1988). Cancer Res., 48, 1658-1662.
2. Alberts DS, Martinez ME, Roe DJ, Guillen-Rodriguez JM, Marshall JR, Van Leeuwen JB, Reid ME, Ritenbaugh C, Vargas PA, Bhattacharyya AB, Earnest DL and Sampliner RE. (2000). N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 1156-1162.
3. Aldecruetz H. (2002). Lancet Oncol., 3, 364-373.
4. Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Sinha R, Graham S, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Laughlin R, Nemoto T and Shields PG. (1998). Int. J. Cancer, 75, 825-830.
5. Ames BN, Gold LS and Willett WC. (1995). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 5258-5265.
6. Arab L, Steck-Scott S and Bowen P. (2001). Epidemiol. Rev., 23, 211-230.
7. Armstrong B and Doll R. (1975). Int. J. Cancer, 15, 617-631.
8. Augustin LSA, Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C, Parpinel M, Negri E, Vaccarella S, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA and Franceschi S. (2001). Ann. Oncol., 12, 1533-1538.
9. Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, van Stolk RU, Haile RW, Sandler RS, Rothstein R, Summers RW, Snover DC, Beck GJ, Bond JH and Greenberg ER. (1999). N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 101-107.
10. Baron JA, Cole BF, Mott L, Haile R, Grau M, Church TR, Beck GJ and Greenberg ER. (2003). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 95, 717-722.
11. Barreto AM, Schwartz GG, Woodruff R and Cramer SD. (2000). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 265-270.
12. Barrett JH, Smith G, Waxman R, Gooderham N, Lightfoot T, Garner R, Augustsson K, Wolf CR, Bishop DT and Forman D. (2003). Carcinogenesis, 24, 275-282.
13. Bingham SA. (1987). Nutr. Abstr. Rev., 57, 705-743.
14. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Norat T, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Nieters A, Boeing H, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Gonzalez C, Key TJ, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Vineis P, Rumino R, Krogh V, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Peeters PHM, Berglund G, Hallmans G, Lund E, Skeie G, Kaaks R and Riboli E. (2003a). Lancet, 361, 1496-1501.
15. Bingham SA, Hughes R and Cross AJ. (2002). J. Nutr., 132, 3522S-3525S.
16. Bingham SA, Luben R, Welch A, Wareham N, Khaw KT and Day N. (2003b). Lancet, 362, 212-214.
17. Block G, Patterson B and Subar A. (1992). Nutr. Cancer, 18, 1-29.
18. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, Yang CS, Zheng SF, Gail M, Li GY, Yu YLB, Tangrea J, Sun Y, Liu F, Fraumeni JF, Zhang YH and Li B. (1993). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85, 1483-1492.
19. Blount BC, Mack MM, Wehr CM, MacGregor JT, Hiatt RA, Wang G, Wickramasinghe SN, Everson RB and Ames BN. (1997). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 3290-3295.
20. Bonithon-Kopp C, Kronborg O, Giocosa A, Rath U and Faivre J. (2000). Lancet, 356, 1300-1306.
21. Bostick RM. (1997). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 6, 971-980.
22. Branca F, Hanley AB, Pool-Zobel B and Verhagen H. (2001). Br. J. Nutr., 85, S55-S92.
23. Bretherton-Watt D, Given-Wilson R, Mansi JL, Thomas V, Carter N and Colston KW. (2001). Br. J. Cancer, 85, 171-175.
24. Brockton N, Little J, Sharp L and Cotton SC. (2000). Am. J. Epidemiol., 151, 846-861.
25. Burkitt DP. (1971). Cancer, 28, 3-13.
26. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K and Thun MJ. (2003). N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1625-1638.
27. Campbell IG, Baxter SW, Eccles DM and Choong DY. (2002). Breast Cancer Res., 4, R14.
28. Carroll KK. (1975). Cancer Res., 35, 3374-3383.
29. Chan JM and Giovannucci EL. (2001). Epidemiol Rev., 23, 87-92.
30. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Rimm EB, Willett WC and Giovannucci EL. (1999). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8, 893-899.
31. Chen J, Giovannucci E, Kelsey K, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Spiegelman D, Willett WC and Hunter DJ. (1996). Cancer Res., 56, 4862-4864.
32. Chen J, Stampfer MJ, Hough HL, Garcia-Closas M, Willett WC, Hennekens CH, Kelsey KT and Hunter DJ. (1998). Cancer Res., 58, 3307-3311.
33. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Chen WY, Colditz GA and Willett WC. (2003a). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev., 12, 1153-1158.
34. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Chen WY, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA and Willett WC. (2003b). JNCI Cancer Spectrum, 95, 1079-1085.
35. Christen S, Woodall AA, Shigenaga MK, Southwell-Keely PT, Duncan MW and Ames BN. (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 3217-3222
36. Clark LC, Combs GFJ, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JLJ, Park HK, Sanders BBJ, Smith CL and Taylor JR. (1996). JAMA, 276, 1957-1963.
37. Clinton SK and Giovannucci E. (1998). Annu. Rev. Nutr., 18, 413-440.
38. Correa P, Fontham ETH, Bravo JC, Bravo LE, Ruiz B, Zarama G, Realpe JL, Malcom GT, Li D, Johnson WD and Mera R. (2000). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 1881-1888.
39. Cotton SC, Sharp L, Little J and Brockton N. (2000). Am. J. Epidemiol., 151, 7-32.
40. Cramer DW, Greenberg ER, Titus-Ernstoff L, Liberman RF, Welch WR, Li E and Ng WG. (2000). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 95-101.
41. Crews H, Alink G, Andersen R, Braesco V, Holst B, Maiani G, Ovesen L, Scotter M, Solfrizzo M, van den Berg R, Verhagen H and Williamson G. (2001). Br. J. Nutr., 86, S5-S35.
42. Cross AJ, Pollock JRA and Bingham SA. (2003). Cancer Res., 63, 2358-2360.
43. Cross HS, Peterlik M, Reddy S and Schuster I. (1997). J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 62, 21-28.
44. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Manjaud I, Boucher P and Mamelle N. (1998). Arch. Intern. Med., 158, 1181-1187.
45. Deitz AC, Zheng W, Leff MA, Gross M, Wen W-Q, Doll MA, Xiao GH, Folsom AR and Hein DW. (2000). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 905-910.
46. Delfino RJ, Sinha R, Smith C, West J, White E, Lin HJ, Liao SY, Gim JS, Ma HL, Bulter J and Anton-Culver H. (2000). Carcinogenesis, 21, 607-615.
47. DHHS (1996). Fed. Regist., 61, 8781-8807.
48. Doll R and Peto R. (1981). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 66, 1191-1308.
49. Doll R. (1992). Cancer Res., 52, 2024s-2029s.
50. Duthie SJ. (1999). Br. Med. Bull., 55, 578-592.
51. Duthie SJ, Narayanan S, Blum S, Pirie L and Brand GM. (2000). Nutr. Cancer, 37, 245-251.
52. Eichholzer M, Luthy J, Moser U and Fowler B. (2001). Swiss Med. Wkly., 131, 539-549.
53. Enns CW, Goldman JD and Cook A. (1997). Family Economics and Nutrition Review, 10, 2-15.
54. FAO/WHO (2002). Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food. World Health Organization: Geneva.
55. Feigelson HS, Jonas CR, Robertson AS, McCullough ML, Thun MJ and Calle EE. (2003). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 12, 161-164.
56. Ferguson LR, Chavan RR and Harris PJ. (2001). Nutr. Cancer, 39, 155-169.
57. Fitzgerald AL, Dewar RA and Veugelers PJ. (2002). Nutr. Cancer, 43, 127-132.
58. Friedenreich CM. (2001). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 287-301.
59. Friedenreich CM, Brant RF and Riboli E. (1994). Epidemiology, 5, 66-79.
60. Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, Goyette P, Sheppard CA, Matthews RG, Boers GJ, den Heijer M, Kluijtmans LA, van den Heuvel LP and Rozen R. (1995). Nat. Genet., 10, 111-113.
61. Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE and Willett WC. (1999). N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 169-176.
62. Fung T, Hu FB, Fuchs C, Giovannucci E, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA and Willett WC. (2003). Arch. Intern. Med., 163, 309-314.
63. Fung TT, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Tofler GH, Willett WC and Hu FB. (2001). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 61-67.
64. Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, Willett W, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH and Stampfer MJ. (1999). Cancer Res., 59, 1225-1230.
65. Garland CF and Garland FC. (1980). Int. J. Epidemiol., 9, 227-231.
66. Garland FC, Garland CF, Gorham ED and Young JF. (1990). Prev. Med., 19, 614-622.
67. Gershoni-Baruch R, Dagan E, Israeli D, Kasinetz L, Kadouri E and Friedman E. (2000). Eur. J. Cancer, 36, 2313-2316.
68. Gertig DM, Stampfer M, Haiman C, Hennekens CH, Kelsey K and Hunter DJ. (1998). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 7, 1001-1005.
69. Giovannucci E and Goldin B. (1997). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66 (Suppl), 1564S-1571S.
70. Giovannucci E. (1998). Cancer Causes Control, 9, 567-582.
71. Giovannucci E. (1999). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91, 317-331.
72. Giovannucci E. (2000). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 1966-1967.
73. Giovannucci E. (2001). J. Nutr., 131, 3109S-3120S.
74. Giovannucci E. (2002). J. Nutr., 132, 2350S-2355S.
75. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y and Willett WC. (2004). Int. J. Epidemiol., 33, 217-225.
76. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A and Willett WC. (1994). Cancer Res., 54, 2390-2397.
77. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Wolk A, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA and Willett WC. (1998a). Cancer Res., 58, 442-447.
78. Giovannucci E, Stampfer M, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE and Willett W. (1998b). Ann. Intern. Med., 129, 517-524.
79. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Rosner BA, Longnecker M, Speizer FE and Willett WC. (1993). Am. J. Epidemiol., 137, 502-511.
80. Goodlad RA. (2001). Gut, 48, 587-589.
81. Manchette CL and Schwartz GG. (1992). Cancer, 70, 2861-2869.
82. Harnack L, Nicodemus K, Jacobs DR and Folsom AR. (2002). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, 889-896.
83. Hayes JD and Pulford DJ. (1995). Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 30, 445-600.
84. Heilbrun LK, Nomura A, Hankin JH and Stemmerman GN. (1985). Lancet, I, 925.
85. Hein DW, Doll MA, Fretland AJ, Leff MA, Webb SJ, Xiao GH, Devanaboyina U, Nangju NA and Feng Y. (2000). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 29-42.
86. Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Albert AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, Morris JS and Comstock GW. (2000). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 2018-2023.
87. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, Belanger C, LaMotte F, Gaziano MJ, Ridker PM, Willett W and Peto R. (1996). N. Engl. J. Med., 334, 1145-1149.
88. Higginbotham S, Zhang Z, Lee I, Cook NR, Giovannucci E, Buring JE and Liu S. (2004). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 96, 229-233.
89. Hillman R and Steinberg S. (1982). Annu. Rev. Med., 33, 345-354.
90. Holick CN, Michaud DS, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Mayne ST, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J and Albanes D. (2002). Am. J. Epidemiol., 156, 536-547.
91. Holt PR. (1999). J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 18, 379S-391S.
92. Holt PR, Arber N, Halmos B, Forde K, Kissileff H, McGlynn KA, Moss SF, Fan K, Yang K and Lipkin M. (2002). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 11, 113-119.
93. Hou M, Tien Y, Lin G, Chen C, Liu C, Lin S and Huang T. (2002). Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 74, 1-7.
94. Howe GR, Aronson KJ, Benito E, Castelleto R, Cornee J, Duffy S, Gallagher RP, Iscovich JM, Dengao J, Kaaks R, Kune GA, Kune S, Lee HP, Lee M, Miller AB, Peters RK, Potter JD, Riboli E, Slattery ML, Trichopoulos D, Tuyns A, Tzonou A, Watson LF, Whittemore AS, Wu Williams AH and Shu Z. (1997). Cancer Causes Control, 8, 215-228.
95. Howe GR, Benito E, Castelleto R, Cornee J, Esteve J, Gallagher RP, Iscovich JM, Deng-ao J, Kaaks R, Kune GA, Kune S, L'Abbe KA, Lee HP, Lee M, Miller AB, Peters RK, Potter JD, Riboli E, Slattery ML, Trichopoulos D, Tuyns A, Tzonou A, Whittemore AS, Wu-Williams AH and Shu Z. (1992). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 84, 1887-1896.
96. Huijbregts P, Feskens E, Rasanen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen A, Menotti A and Kromhout D. (1997). BMJ, 315, 13-17.
97. Bursting SD, Lavigne JA, Berrigan D, Perkins SN and Barrett JC. (2003). Annu. Rev. Med., 54, 131-152.
98. Ingles SA, Garcia DG, Wang W, Meters A, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Haile RW and Coetzee GA. (2000). Cancer Causes Control, 11, 25-30.
99. Ingles SA, Ross RK, Yu MC, Irvine RA, La Pera G, Haile RW and Coetzee GA. (1997). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89, 166-170.
100. Institute of Medicine (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. National Academy Press: Washington, DC.
101. IARC (1999). Metabolic Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon.
102. IARC (2003). Fruit and Vegetables. IARC Press: Lyon.
103. Jacob RA. (1999). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC (eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, pp 467-483.
104. Jacobs EJ, Connell CJ, Patel AV, Chao A, Rodriguez C, Seymour J, McCullough M, Calle EE and Thun MJ. (2001). Cancer Causes Control, 12, 927-934.
105. John EM, Schwartz GG, Dreon DM and Koo J. (1999). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8, 399-406.
106. Jonas CR, McCullough ML, Teras LR, Walker-Thurmond KA, Thun MJ and Calle EE. (2003). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 12, 573-577.
107. Kampman E, Slattery ML, Bigler J, Leppert M, Samowitz W, Caan BJ and Potter JD. (1999). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8, 15-24.
108. Kant AK, Schatzkin A and Ziegler RG. (1995). J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 14, 233-238.
109. Kant AK, Schatzkin A, Graubard BI and Schairer C. (2000). JAMA, 283, 2109-2115.
110. Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE and Riboli E. (1997). Nutr. Cancer, 28, 276-281.
111. Katsouyanni K, Willett W, Trichopoulos D, Boyle P, Tricopoulou A, Vasilaros S, Papadiamantis J and MacMahon B. (1988). Cancer, 61, 181-185.
112. Kolonel LN. (2001). Epidemiol. Rev., 23, 72-81.
113. Kolonel LN, Nomura AM and Cooney RV. (1999). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91, 414-428.
114. Krebs-Smith SM and Kantor LS. (2001). J. Nutr., 131, 487S-501S.
115. Kushi L and Giovannucci E. (2002). Am. J. Med., 113, 63S-73S.
116. Lampe JW and Peterson S. (2002). J. Nutr., 132, 2991-2994.
117. Lampe JW. (1999). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, 475S-490S.
118. Lampe JW, Chen C, Li S, Prunty J, Grate MT, Meehan DE, Barale KV, Dightman DA, Feng Z and Potter JD. (2000). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 787-793.
119. Lamprecht SA and Lipkin M. (2001). Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 952, 73-87.
120. Le Marchand L, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Pierce LM, Franke A, Kolonel LN, Seifried A, Custer LJ, Chang W, Lum-Jones A and Donlon T. (2001). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 1259-1266.
121. Lee I, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE and Hennekens CH. (1999). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91, 2102-2106.
122. Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F and La Vecchia C. (2001). Int. J. Cancer, 91, 260-263.
123. Lin HJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Louie AD, Kau IH, Witte JS, Ingles SA, Franke HD, Lee ER and Haile RW. (1998). Cancer Epidermiol Biomarkers Prev., 8, 647-652.
124. Lipkin M and Newmark H. (1985). N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 1381-1384.
125. Lipkin M and Newmark HL. (1999). J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 18, 392S-397S
126. Liu C, Russell RM and Wang X. (2003). J. Nutr., 133, 173-179.
127. Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH and Manson JE. (2000). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71, 1455-1461.
128. Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Gann PH, Hough HL, Giovannucci E, Kelsey KT, Hennekens CH and Hunter DJ. (1998). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 7, 385-390.
129. Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL and Hankinson SE. (2002). J. Nutr., 132, 518S-524S.
130. Margetts BM and Nelson M. (1997). Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology 2nd edn. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
131. Martin GM and Martin GR. (1997). The Biologic Basis of Aging: Implications for Medical Genetics In: Rimoin DL, Connor JM and Pyeritz RE (Eds) Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics Churchill Livingstone: New York, NY, 439-453.
132. Martinez ME and Willett WC. (1998). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 7, 163-168.
133. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Giovannuci EL, Ascherio A, Variyam JN, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ and Willett WC. (2000a). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72, 1223-1231.
134. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Variyam JN, Colditz GA and Willett WC. (2000b). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72, 1214-1222.
135. McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA and Willett WC. (2002). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, 1261-1271.
136. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Jonas C, Calle EE, Willett WC and Thun MJ. (2003a). Cancer Causes Control, 14, 1-12.
137. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, Jacobs EJ, Stampfer MJ, Jacobs DR, Diver WR, Calle EE and Thun MJ. (2003b). Cancer Causes Control, 14, 959-970.
138. McMichael AJ and Potter JD. (1985). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 75, 185-191.
139. Michaud DS, Liu S, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA and Fuchs CS. (2002). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94, 1293-1300.
140. Michels KB and Wolk A. (2002). Int. J. Epidemiol., 31, 847-854.
141. Miller J. (1994). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 59, 747S-752S.
142. Milner JA. (2001). J. Nutr., 131, 1027S-11031S.
143. Mirvish SS, Haorah J, Zhou L, Clapper ML, Harrison KL and Povey AC. (2002). J. Nutr., 132, 3526S-3529S.
144. Missmer SA, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson WL, vanden Brandt PA, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi LH, Miller AB, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Speizer FE, Toniolo P, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A and Hunter DJ. (2002). Int. J. Epidemiol., 31, 78-85.
145. Negri E, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, D'Avanzo B, Talamini R, Parpinel M, Ferraroni M, Riliberti R, Montella M, Falcini F, Conti E and DeCarli A. (1996). Int. J. Cancer, 65, 140-144.
146. Newmark HL, Wargovich MJ and Bruce WR. (1984). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 72, 1323-1325.
147. Nomura AMY, Lee J, Stemmermann GN and Combs Jr GF. (2000). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9, 883-887.
148. Norat T, Lukanova A, Ferrari P and Riboli E. (2002). Int. J. Cancer, 98, 241-256.
149. Olson JA. (1999). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease 9th edn. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC (eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore.
150. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, Keogh JP, Meyskens FL, Valanis B, Williams JH, Barnhart S and Hammar S. (1996). N. Engl. J. Med., 334, 1150-1155.
151. Outwater JL, Nicholson A and Barnard N. (1997). Med. Hypotheses, 48, 453-461.
152. Palmer S. (1983). Cancer Res., 43, 2509S-2514S.
153. Parodi PW. (1997). J. Nutr., 127, 1055-1060.
154. Pereira MA, Jacobs Jr DR, Pins JJ, Raatz SK, Gross MD, Slavin JL and Seaquist ER. (2002). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 848-855.
155. Peters U, McGlynn KA, Chatterjee N, Gunter E, Garcia-Closas M, Rothman N and Sinha R. (2001). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 1267-1274.
156. Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D and Virtamo J. (1999). Cancer Causes Control, 10, 387-396.
157. Platz EA and Giovannucci E. (1999). Nutritional Oncology Heber D, Blackburn GL and Go VLW (eds). Academic Press: San Diego, pp 223-252.
158. Pollak M. (2000). Eur. J. Cancer, 36, 1224-1228.
159. Pollak M. (2001). Epidemiol. Rev., 23, 59-66.
160. Potischman N, Swanson CA, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Brogan DR, Curtin J and Brinton LA. (1999). Int. J. Cancer, 82, 315-321.
161. Potter J. (1999). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91, 916-932.
162. Prasad MP, Krishna TP, Psricha S, Krishnaswamy K and Quereshi MA. (1992). Nutr. Cancer, 18, 85-93.
163. Prior RL and Cao G. (1999). Free Radic. Biol. Med., 27, 1173-1181.
164. Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM, Jacobs EJ, Fakhrabadi-Shokoohi D, Giovannucci EL, Thun MJ and Calle EE. (2003). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 12, 597-603.
165. Rohan TE, Jain MG, Howe GR and Miller AB. (2000). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 266-269.
166. Ross SA. (2003). Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 983, 197-207.
167. Rossouw JE, Finnegan LP, Harlan WR, Finn VW, Clifford C and McGowan JA. (1995). J. Am. Med. Womens Assoc., 50, 50-55.
168. Ruggiero M, Pacini S, Aterini S, Fallai C, Ruggiero C and Pacini P. (1998). Oncol. Res., 10, 43-46.
169. Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL and Willett WC. (1997). JAMA, 277, 472-477.
170. Sandhu MS, Dunger DB and Giovannucci EL. (2002). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94, 972-980.
171. Sandhu MS, White IR and McPherson K. (2001). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev., 10, 439-446.
172. Schatzkin A and Gail M. (2002). Nature Rev., 2, 1-9.
173. Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, Lance P, Iber F, Caan B, Shike M, Weissfeld J, Burt R, Cooper MR, Kikendall JW and Cahill J. (2000). N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 1149-1155.
174. Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Cerhan JR, Vierkant RA, Gapstur SM, Vachon CM, Olson JE, Therneau TM and Folsom AR. (2000). Epidemiology, 12, 420-428.
175. Semenza JC, Delfino RJ, Ziogas A and Anton-Culver H. (2003). Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 77, 217-223.
176. Serafini M, Bellocco R, Wolk A and Ekstrom AM. (2002). Gastroenterology, 123, 985-991.
177. Seymour JD, Calle EE, Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Ford ES and Thun MJ. (2003). Am. J. Epidemiol., 157, 980-988.
178. Sharp L, Little J, Schoefield AC, Pavlidou E, Cotton SC, Miedzybrodzka Z, Baird JO, Haites NE, Heys SD and Grubb DA. (2002). Cancer Lett., 181, 65-71.
179. Shin M, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE, Wu K, Colditz GA and Willett WC. (2002). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94, 1301-1311.
180. Sinha R and Rothman N. (1997). Mutat. Res., 376, 195-202.
181. Slattery ML, Benson J, Berry TD, Duncan D, Edwards SL, Caan BJ and Potter JD. (1997). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 6, 677-685.
182. Slattery ML, Boucher KM, Caan BJ, Potter JD and Ma KN. (1998). Am. J. Epidemiol., 148, 4-16.
183. Slattery ML, Yakumo K, Hoffman M and Neuhausen S. (2001). Cancer Causes Control, 12, 359-364.
184. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi LH, Miller AB, Rohan TE, Speizer FE, Toniolo P, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A and Hunter DJ. (2001a). Int. J. Cancer, 92, 767-774.
185. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Miller AB, Potter JD, Rohan TE, Speizer FE, Toniolo P, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A and Hunter DJ. (2001b). JAMA, 285, 769-776.
186. Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR and Potter JD. (1994). Am. J. Epidemiol., 139, 1-15.
187. Steinmetz KA and Potter JD. (1991a). Cancer Causes Control, 2, 325-357.
188. Steinmetz KA and Potter JD. (1991b). Cancer Causes Control, 2, 427-442.
189. Sugimura T. (1985). Mutat. Res., 150, 33-41.
190. Talalay P and Fahey JW. (2001). J. Nutr., 131, 3027S-3033S.
191. Tangrea J, Helzlsouer K, Pietinen P, Taylor P, Hollis B, Virtamo J and Albanes D. (1997). Cancer Causes Control, 8, 615-625.
192. Terry P, Giovannucci E, Michels KB, Bergkvist L, Hansen H, Holmberg L and Wolk A. (2001a). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93, 525-533.
193. Terry P, Hu FB, Hansen H and Wolk A. (2001b). Am. J. Epidemiol., 154, 1143-1149.
194. Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR and Rohan TE. (2002a). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 11, 1507-1508.
195. Terry P, Suzuki R, Hu FB and Wolk A. (2001c). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 1281-1285.
196. Terry P, Terry JB and Wolk A. (2001d). J. Intern. Med., 250, 280-290.
197. Terry PD, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR and Rohan TE. (2003a). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 95, 914-916.
198. Terry PD, Rohan TE and Wolk A. (2003b). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 532-543.
199. The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group (1994). N. Engl. J. Med., 330, 1029-1035.
200. Thompson JR, Gerald PF, Willoughby ML and Armstrong BK. (2001). Lancet, 358, 1935-1940.
201. Tiemersma EW, Campman E, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Bunschoten A, van Schothorst EM, Kok FJ and Kromhout D. (2002). Cancer Causes Control, 13, 383-393.
202. Toniolo P, Van Kappel AL, Akhmedkhanov A, Ferrari P, Kato I, Shore RE and Riboli E. (2001). Am. J. Epidemiol., 153, 1142-1147.
203. Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C and Trichopoulos D. (2003). N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 2599-2608.
204. Vineis P. (2001). Public Health Nutr., 4, 485-491.
205. Wickramasinghe SN and Fida S. (1994). Blood, 83, 1656-1661.
206. Willett W and Stampfer MJ. (1986). Am. J. Epidemiol., 124, 17-27.
207. Willett WC. (1998). Nutritional Epidemiol., 2nd edn Oxford University Press: New York.
208. Willett WC. (1999). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M and Ross AC (eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkens: Baltimore, pp 1243-1253.
209. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA and Speizer FE. (1990). N. Engl J. Med., 323, 1664-1672.
210. Wolever TMS and Jenkins DJA. (1986). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 43, 167-172.
211. Woodall AA, Lee SW, Weesie RJ, Jackson MJ and Britton G. (1997). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1336, 33-42.
212. World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research (1997). Food, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington, DC.
213. Wu K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA and Giovannucci EL. (2002). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94, 437-446.
214. Yamagata Z, Zhang Y and Asaka A. (1997). Am. J. Hum. Genet., 61, A388.
215. Yang CS, Landau JM, Huang MT and Newmark HL. (2001). Annu. Rev. Nutr., 21, 381-406.
216. Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB and Giovannucci E. (1998). J. Natl. Cancer Spectrum, 90, 1219-1224.
217. Yu H and Rohan T. (2000). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 1472-1489.
218. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Giovannucci EL, Rosner BA, Colditz GA, Speizer FE and Willett WC. (1999). J. Am. Med. Assoc., 281, 1632-1637.
219. Zhang SM, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hunter DJ, Giovannucci EL, Holmes MD, Colditz GA and Hankinson SE. (2003). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 95, 373-380.
220. Zhang Y, Kiel DP, Ellison RC, Schatzkin A, Dorgan JF, Kreger BE, Cupples LA and Felson DT. (2002). Am. J. Med., 113, 734-739.
221. Zheng W, Deitz AC, Campbell DR, Wen WQ, Cerhan JR, Sellers TA, Folsom AR and Hein DW. (1999). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8, 233-239.
222. Zmuda JM, Cauley JA and Ferrell RE. (2000). Epidemiol. Rev., 22, 203-217.
223. Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Ljung BM, Bauer DC, Cummings SR and Kuller LH. (2001). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93, 930-936.