The interwar origins of international labour's European commitment (1919-1934)

Contemporary European History

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 221-237

  Pasture, Patrick ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 4444310120     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s096077730100203x     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Cf. Marcel Van der Linden, 'Conclusion: The Past and Future of International Trade Unionism', in Marcel Van der Linden, ed., The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (Bern: Peter Lang, 2000), 519-40
2. Aleksandr Lozovsky, The World's Trade Union Movement (Chicago: Trade Union Educational League, 1924)
3. Cf. Patrick Pasture, Histoire du syndicalisme chrétien international. La difficile recherche d'une troisième voie (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999), 75-83 and ff
4. A. Losovsky [Aleksandr Lozovsky], 'Le relèvement de l'Europe et les syndicats', L'Internationale Syndicate Rouge (ISR), no. 13 (Feb.-March 1922), 1-5
5. Léon Jouhaux, 'The Trade Union Movement and World Peace', ITUM, Vol. 2, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1922), 310-26
6. Edo Fimmen, 'War against war - the mission of organised labour in the movement for world peace', World Peace Conference, The Hague, 10-15 December 1922 (International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, IFTU Archives, 113)
7. Compare Jean-Luc Chabot, L'idée d'Europe unie de 1919 à 1939 (Grenoble: Université de Grenoble III - SRT, 1978), 52-57 and passim
8. and Carl H. Pegg, Evolution of the European Idea, 1914-1932 (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 9-10
9. G. D. H. Cole, Communism and Social Democracy 1914-1931 (London and New York: Macmillan, 1958), 680 ff
10. Jouhaux, 'Trade Union Movement', 319
11. 'The First of May', ITUM, Vol. 1, no. 2-3 (March-May 1921), 43
12. Cf. Van Goethem, 'Conflicting Interests', 92-94, who observes 'distrust' towards the League of Nations and the 'operational impotence' of the IFTU to realise its objectives through the ILO
13. Van Goethem, 'Conflicting Interests', 95-96
14. Pasture, Histoire, 87-90
15. E.g. Jan Oudegeest, 'The Occupation of the Ruhr District', ITUM, Vol. 3, no. 2 (March-Apr. 1923), 57-66
16. See Derek H. Aldcroft, Studies in the Intenvar European Economy (Aldershot, Ashgate, 1997)
17. and Bruce Kent, The Spoils of War. The Politics, Economics, and Diplomacy of Reparations 1918-1932 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989)
18. See Chalot's L'idée de l'Europe, esp. 349-52 on European anti-Americanism
19. 'The Reparations Problem. Memorandum to the Assembly of the League of Nations by the IFTU', ITUM, Vol. 3, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1923) 258-65
20. ITUM, Vol. 3, no. 2 (March-April 1923) 67-71 (with a statement of the Board of the IFTU 11-12 March 1923)
21. See Léon Jouhaux, 'The Action of the Workers in Connection with the Reparations Problem', ITUM, Vol. 3, no. 2 (March-April 1923), 72-82
22. See Pegg, Evolution, 53-54
23. and Janet Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde. Between Reform and Revolution (Oxford and Washington: Berg, 1995), 205
24. Internationale Gewerkschaftsbund. Tätigkeit und Bestrebungen 1936-1938, Kongress Zürich 1939 (Paris: IFTU, 1939), I, 111
25. Arnold Sturmthal, The Tragedy of Labor 1918-1939 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), 29
26. See Chabot, 'L'idée de l'europe', 99-103
27. R. N. Berki, 'Marxism and European Unity', in Peter M.R. Stirk, ed., European Unity in Context. The Interwar Period (London and New York: Pinter, 1989), 41-64
28. Herman Kranold, Vereinigte Staaten von Europa, cine Aufgabe proletarischer Politik (Hannover: Meister, 1924)
29. Éric Bussière and Michel Dumoulin et al., 'L'émergence de l'idée d'identité européenne d'un après-guerre à l'autre', in René Girault, ed., Identité et conscience européennes an XXe siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1994). 67-105
30. See also Peter M. R. Stirk, A History of European Integration since 1914 (London: Pinter, 1996), 31-3
31. Clemens A. Wurm, Internationale Kartelle und Aussenpolitik: Beiträge zur Zwischenkriegszeit/ International cartels and foreign policy: studies on the interwar period (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1989)
32. Éric Bussière, La France, la Belgique et l'organisation économique de l'Europe 1918-1935 (Paris: Comité pour l'histoire économique et fmancière de la France, 1992), 257 ff
33. Michèle Pasture, 'Francis Delaisi et l'Europe, 1925-1929-1931 (extraits)', in Michel Dumoulin and Yves Stélandre, eds., L'idée européenne dans l'entre-deux-guerres (Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia, 1992), 43
34. Elisabeth du Rhéau, L'idée d'Europe an XXe siècle. Des mythes aux réalités (Brussels: Compléxe, 1996), 89-90
35. Peter M. R. Stirk, 'Introduction: Crisis and Continuity in Interwar Europe', in Stirk, European Unity in Context, 1-23 (esp. 15-16)
36. Peter Krüger, 'Die Ansätze zu einer europaïschen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft in Deutschland nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg', in Helmut Berding, ed., Wirtschaftliche und politische Integration im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984), 149-68 (155)
37. Pegg, Evolution, 33, 61-62
38. Rapport d'activité de la FSI en 1924, 1925 et 1926 ... (Paris: IFTU, 1927), 140-2
39. Jan Oudegeest, 'Some Information concerning the Rumours of a Continental Steel Trust', ITUM, Vol. 5, no. 1 (Jan.-March. 1925), 1-6
40. P. Ufermann, 'International cartels and the German Heavy Iron Industry', ITUM, Vol. 6, no. 3 (July-Sept. 1926) 201-19
41. 'The IFTU and the Steel Cartel', ITUM, Vol. 6, no. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1926) 307-9
42. Léon Jouhaux, 'The Programme of the Workers for Economic Reconstruction', ITUM, Vol. 6, no. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1926), 265-73
43. ITUM, Vol. 7, no. 4 (April 1927), 50 (May 1st Statement)
44. Bussière, La France, 257 ff
45. 'Declaration made to the International Economic Conference (. . .)', Report and Proceedings of the World Economic Conference held at Geneva, May 4th to 23rd, 1927, I (Geneva: League of Nations, 1927), 233-4
46. Report and Proceedings ..., 141
47. Chabot, L'idée d'Europe, 131-6
48. du Rhéau, L'idée d'Europe, 84
49. Cole, Communism, 680-714
50. Colette, International Faith
51. Denis McShane, International Labor and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), ch. 3 (on communism and the International Metalworkers Federation)
52. On the fascination of America for European trade unions see Van Goethem, 'Conflicting Interests', 117-118
53. Woytinsky, Les Etats-Unis d'Europe, 173
54. Van Goethem, 'Conflicting Interests', 115
55. See also Krüger, 'Die Ansätze', 155, for the reaction of the German labour movement
56. See e.g. the absence of an explicit European programme (but not of a European perspective!) in the (draft) Action Programme of the IFTU for the years 1931 to 1932, IFTU General Council Meeting, Madrid, 27-29 April 1931 (Arch. IFTU, 78)
57. See Peter Dodge, Beyond Marxism: The Faith and Works of Hendrik de Man (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1966), 63 and 177-78
58. Mario Telò, Le New Deal européen. La pensée et la politique sociales-démocraics face à la crise des années trente (Brussels: Éditions de l'Université de Bruxèlles, 1988), 18-52 offers a brief but clear assessment of the national and international dimensions of planism
59. See also Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism. The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London: Fontana Press, 1996), 66-69
60. Telò, Le New Deal, 27-8
61. E.g. 'Report of the Secretariat to the General Council on the Activities of the International Federation of Trade Unions during the Period from the 31st March, 1931, to the 31st January, 1932, Berne 1932', ITUM, Vol. 12, no. 4 (April 1932) 56-76
62. See also Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy 1920-1933 (Boston: Beacon, 1965), 65-100
63. Charles P. Kindleberger, The World in Depression 1929-1939 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973), 131 ff
64. For US policy towards Europe see esp. Roland N. Stromberg, Collective Security and American Foreign Policy. From the League of Nations to NATO (New York: Praeger, 1963), 87 ff
65. 'An "Oslo Conference" of the Workers. Text of the Report', ITUM, Vol. 12, no. 12 (Dec. 1932), 187
66. On the Customs Truce Conference and the Oslo Convention see Max Suetens, Histoire de la politique commerciale de la Belgique depuis 1830 jusqu'à nos jours (Brussels: Librairie encyclopédiste, 1955), 224-30
67. Kindleberger, World in Depression, 131 ff
68. and Ger Van Roon, Small states in years of depression: the Oslo alliance .1930-1940 (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1989)
69. On the Convention of Ouchy see Suetens, Histoire, 236 ff
70. (text of the convention 443-448), Bussière, La France, 406 ff
71. Carl Strikwerda, 'Reinterpreting the History of European Integration: Business, Labor, and Social Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Europe', in Jytte Klausen and Louise A. Tilly, eds., European Integration in Social and Historical Perspective. 1850 to the Present (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), 51-70
72. Strikwerda, 'Reinterpreting', 51-70
73. On the attitudes of the unions towards productivity, see Charles S. Maier, 'Between Taylorism and Technocracy. European ideologies and the vision of individual production', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, no. 2 (1970) 27-61
74. and Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity. American Business and the Modernisation of Germany (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)
75. Guérin, Albert Thomas, 90 and ff
76. ITUM, Vol. 11, no. 8 (1931), 125 ff
77. On the ILO's interest in economic affairs and the conflict about the demarcation of competence with the Economic and Financial Organisation of the League of Nations see Manuela Tortora, Institution spécialisée et organisation mondiale: étude des relations de l'OIT avec la SDN et l'ONU (Brussels: Émile Bruylant, 1980), 89-97
78. See Biard, Le socialisme, 51-52
79. Tortora, Institution spécialisée, 89-94
80. Georges Lefranc, Les expériences syndicales internationales (Paris: Aubier, 1952), 25-35 underscores the IFTU's interest in the ILO
81. Éric Bussière, 'Les milieux économiques face à l'Europe au XXième siècle', Journal for European Integration History, Vol. 3, no. 2 (1997), 5-21 (esp. 13)
82. Horn, European Socialists, 127
83. Cf. Chabot, L'idée d'Europe, 442-444