Evidence-based practice: Examining the risk of toys in the microenvironment of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit

Advances in Neonatal Care

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 184-201

  Hanrahan, Kirsten Sueppel ^a,b   Lofgren, Maria ^b  

^a Division of Neonatology   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA HEALTH CARE   (United States)

Author keywords

evidence based practice; fomites; neonatal intensive care unit; nosocomial infection; SIDS; toys

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DECISION MAKING; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DNA DETERMINATION; EQUIPMENT; EVALUATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEEDING APPARATUS; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION RISK; LITERATURE; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; METHODOLOGY; MICROENVIRONMENT; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NONHUMAN; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SKIN FLORA; SKIN INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; SUPINE POSITION;

CROSS INFECTION; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; PLAY AND PLAYTHINGS; RISK;

EID: 4444309261     PISSN: 15360903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.adnc.2004.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Wenzel R.P., Edmond M.B. The impact of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 7:2001;174-177
2. Weinstein R.A. Nosocomial infection update. Emerg Infect Dis. 4:1998;416-420
3. Hospital infections cost U.S. billions of dollars annually. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r2k0306b.html. Accessed March 5, 2004.
4. Bedford-Russell A.R. New modalities for treating neonatal infection. Eur J Pediatr. 155:(suppl 2):1996;S21-S24
5. Horbar J.D., Rogowski J., Plsek P.E, Delmore P., Edwards W.H., et al. Collaborative quality improvement for neonatal intensive care. NIC/Q Project Investigators of the Vermont Oxford Network. Pediatrics. 107:2001;14-22
6. Titler M.G., Kleiber C., Steelman V., Goode C., Rakel B., et al. The Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice to Promote Quality Care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 13:2001;497-509
7. Titler M.G., Kleiber C., Steelman V.J., Rakel B.A., Budreau G., et al. Infusing research into practice to promote quality care. Nurs Res. 43:1994;307-313
8. Sackett D.L., Rosenberg W.M., Gray J.A., Haynes R.B., Richardson W.S. Evidence based medicine what it is and what it isn't. BMJ. 312:1996;71-72
9. Jennings B.M., Loan L.A. Misconceptions among nurses about evidence-based practice. J Nurs Scholar. 33:2001;121-127
10. Davies M.W., Mehr S., Garland S.T., Morley C.J. Bacterial colonization of toys in neonatal intensive care cots. Pediatrics. 106:2000;E18
11. Lott J.W. Neonatal Infection Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management. 1994;NICU Ink, Petaluma, Calif
12. Craft A., Finer N. Nosocomial coagulase negative staphylococcal (CoNS) catheter-related sepsis in preterm infants definition, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and prevention. J Perinat. 21:2001;186-192
13. Chapman R.L., Faix R.G. Persistent bacteremia and outcome in late onset infection among infants in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 22:2003;17-21
14. Center for Disease Control. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htm. Accessed February 27, 2004.
15. Pittet D. Improving adherence to hand hygiene practice a multidisciplinary approach. Emerging Infect Dis. 7:2001;234-240
16. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. Available at: www.intelihealth.com. Accessed March 5, 2004.
17. Garner J.S., Jarvis W.R., Emori T.G., Horan T.C., Hughes J.M. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infection Control. 16:1988;128-140
18. Fishbain D.A., Cutler R.B., Rosomoff H.L., Rosomoff R.S. Can patients taking opioids drive safely? A structured evidence-based review. J Pain Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 16:2002;9-28
19. Foca M., Jakob K., Whittier S., Della Latta P., Factor S., et al. Endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 343:2000;695-700
20. Garland S., Mackay S., Tabrizi S., Jacobs S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with a contaminated blood-gas analyzer in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 33:1996;145-151
21. Widdowson W.M., Walker L., Havill J.H., Sleigh J.W. Microbial contamination of three-way taps on arterial lines. Anaesthesia Intensive Care. 26:1998;51-55
22. Beamer J.E., Cox R.A. MRSA contamination of a laryngoscope blade a potential vector for cross infection. Anaesthesia. 54:1999;1010-1011
23. Hodges A. Radiographic markers friend or fomite? Radiologic Technology. 73:2001;183-185
24. Thompson A.C., Wilder B.J., Powner D.J. Bedside resuscitation bags a source of bacterial contamination. Infection Control. 6:1985;231-232
25. Wright I.M., Orr H., Porter C. Stethoscope contamination in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 29:1995;65-68
26. French G., Rayner D., Branson M., Walsh M. Contamination of doctors' and nurses' pens with nosocomial pathogens. Lancet. 351:1998;213
27. Bures S., Fishbain J.T., Uyehara C.F., Parker J.M., Berg B.W. Computer keyboards and faucet handles as reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the intensive care unit. Am J Infection Control. 28:2000;465-471
28. Melamed R., Greenberg D., Porat N., Karplus M., Zmora E., et al. Successful control of an Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 53:2003;31-38
29. van den Berg R.W.A., Claahsen H.L., Niessen M., Muytjens H.L., Liem K., et al. Enterobacter cloacae outbreak in the NICU related to disinfected thermometers. J Hosp Infect. 45:2000;29-34
30. v Dijk Y., Bik E.M., Hochstenbach-Vernooij S., v d Vlist G.J., Savelkool P.H., et al. Management of an outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae in a neonatal unit using simple preventive measures. J Hosp Infect. 51:2002;21-26
31. Myers M.G. Longitudinal evaluation of neonatal nosocomial infections association of infection with a blood pressure cuff. Pediatrics. 61:1978;42-45
32. Das I., Lambert P., Hill D., Noy M., Bion J., et al. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and role of curtains in an outbreak in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect. 50:2002;110-114
33. Mehall J.R., Kite C.A., Gilliam C.H., Jackson R.J., Smith S.D. Enteral feeding tubes are a reservoir for nosocomial antibiotic-resistant pathogens. J Pediatr Surg. 37:2002;1011-1012
34. Chandrashekar M.R., Rathish K.C., Nagesha C.N. Reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in neonatal intensive care unit. J Indian Med Assoc. 95:1997;72-74. 77
35. Newman M.J. Neonatal intensive care unit reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens. West African J Med. 21:2002;310-312
36. Verweij P.E., Meis J.F., Christmann V., Vander Bor M., Melchers W.J., et al. Nosocomial outbreak of colonization and infection with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in preterm infants associated with contaminated tap water. Epidemiol Infect. 120:1998;251-256
37. Weber D.J., Rutala W.A., Blanchet C.N., Jordan M., Gergen M.F. Faucet aerators a source of patient colonization with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Am J Infection Control. 27:1999;59-63
38. Vochem M., Vogt M., Doring G. Sepsis in a newborn due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a contaminated tub bath. N Engl J Med. 345:2001;378-379
39. Von Dolinger Brito D., Matos C., Abdalla V.V., Filho D.A., Pinto Gontijo P.F. An outbreak of nosocomial infection caused by ESBLs producing Serratia marcescens in a Brazilian neonatal unit. Braz J Infect Dis. 3:1999;149-155
40. Warris A., Gaustad P., Meis J.F., Voss A., Verweij P.E., et al. Recovery of filamentous fungi from water in a paediatric bone marrow transplantation unit. J Hosp Infect. 47:2001;143-148
41. Mahieu L.M., De Dooy J.J., Van Laer F.A., Jansens H., Ieven M.M. A prospective study on factors influencing aspergillus spore load in the air during renovation works in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 45:2000;191-197
42. McKay I., Gillespie T.A. Bacterial contamination of children's toys used in a general practitioner's surgery. Scott Med J. 45:2000;12-13
43. Merriman E., Corwin P., Ikram R. Toys are a potential source of cross-infection in general practitioners' waiting rooms. Br J Gen Pract. 52:2002;138-140
44. Speirs M., Yarrow S. Hospital inquired infections. Anaesthesia. 55:2000;695-730
45. Rogers M., Weinstock D.M., Eagan J., Kiehn T., Armstrong D., et al. Rotavirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology floor possible association with toys. Am J Infect Control. 28:2000;378-380
46. Smalheiser N.R. Bath toys - a source of gastrointestinal infection. N Engl J Med. 350:2004;521
47. Buttery J.P., Alabaster S.J., Heine R.G., Scott S.M., Crutchfield R.A., et al. Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a pediatric oncology ward related to bath toys. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 17:1998;509-513
48. Suviste J. Infection control the toy trap uncovered. Nurs Times. 92:1996;56-60
49. Hughes W.T., Williams B., Williams B., Pearson T. The nosocomial colonization of T. Bear. Infect Control. 7:1986;495-500
50. Iskersky V., Henning A., Geddes K., Pittard W.B. Placing toys, pictures, and colorful objects in the isolettes with premature infants. J Perinat. 8:1988;396
51. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Draft guideline for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/. Accessed February 22, 2004.
52. Hall C.B. Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections the "Cold War" has not ended. Clin Infect Dis. 31:2000;590-596
53. Anaissie E.J., Costa S.F. Nosocomial aspergillosis is waterborne. Clin Infect Dis. 33:2001;1546-1548
54. Khadilkar V., Tudehope D., Fraser S. A prospective study of nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Paediatr Child Health. 31:1995;387-391
55. Isaacs D., Barfield C., Clothier T., Darlow B., Diplock R., et al. Late-onset infections of infants in neonatal units. J Paediatr Child Health. 32:1996;158-161
56. Levine M., Walter S., Lee H., Haines T., Holbrook A., et al. How to use an article about harm. 2004;. Available at: http://cche.net/usersguides/harm. asp. Accessed February 20
57. Sackett D.L., Richardson W.S., Rosenburg W., Haynes R.B. Evidence-Based Medicine. 1997;Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY
58. Kilbride H.W., Powers R., Wirtschafter D.D., Sheehan M.B., Charsha D.S., et al. Evaluation and development of potentially better practices to prevent neonatal nosocomial bacteremia. Pediatrics. 111:(4 Pt 2):2003;e504-e518
59. Kilbride H.W., Wirtschafter D.D., Powers R.J., Sheehan M.B. Implementation of evidence-based potentially better practices to decrease nosocomial infections. Pediatrics. 111:(4 Pt 2):2003;e519-e533
60. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Infection control in physicians' offices. Pediatrics. 105:2000;1361-1369
61. Bachmeir K. Sharing more than fun. Pediatricians grapple with how to keep waiting room toys from spreading disease. AAP News. 24:2004;66
62. Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome A American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Changing concepts of sudden infant death syndrome implications for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. Pediatrics. 105:(3 Pt 1):2000;650-656
63. Hein H.A., Pettit S.F. Back to sleep good advice for parents but not for hospitals? Pediatrics. 107:(3):2001;537-539
64. Gracey K. The long road home ensuring safe sleep. Adv Neonatal Care. 1:2001;107-111
65. Department of Nursing. Toy Cleaning and Disinfection Children's and Women's Services. 2002;University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
66. Department of Nursing. Infection Control in the Special Care Nurseries Children's and Women's Services. 2000;University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa