Situating Gender: Marie E. Zakrzewska and the place of science in women's medical education

ISIS

Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 34-57

  Tuchman, Arleen Marcia ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ART; ARTICLE; FEMALE; FEMALE PHYSICIAN; GENDER IDENTITY; GERMANY; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE;

EDUCATION, MEDICAL; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; GERMANY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PHYSICIAN'S ROLE; PHYSICIANS, WOMEN; PORTRAITS; WOMEN;

EID: 4444305379     PISSN: 00211753     EISSN: 15456994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/423510     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
2. Biographical information is from A Woman's Quest: The Life of Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D., ed. Agnes Vietor (1924; rpt., New York: Arno, 1972) (hereafter cited as A Woman's Quest, ed. Vietor).
3. Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985), p. 200.
4. According to Evelyn Fox Keller, the most significant shift in feminist scholarship in the past decade has been its attempt to develop an understanding of "the 'situatedness' of gender": Evelyn Fox Keller, "Developmental Biology as a Feminist Cause?" Osiris, 2nd Ser., 1997, 12:16-28, on p. 17.
5. As the feminist philosopher Linda Alcoff put it, the choices seem to be either a view of gender as all-powerful in shaping subjectivity, thus lending support to a universalist and ahistorical picture of woman, or the denial of the power of gender in shaping subjectivity, thereby rendering women invisible. See Linda Alcoff, "Cultural Feminism versus Poststructuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory, " Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1988, 13:405-436.
6. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York/London: Routledge, 1990), esp. pp. 134-141.
7. See, e.g., Pnina G. Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, eds., Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789-1979 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1987).
8. Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1989).
9. See Arleen Marcia Tuchman, "'Only in a Republic Can It Be Proved that Science Has No Sex': Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska (1829-1902) and the Multiple Meanings of Science in the Nineteenth-Century United States, " Journal of Women's History, 1999, 11:121-142.
10. Biographical information on Schmidt can be found in Paul Fraatz, Der Paderborner Kreisarzt Joseph Hermann Schmidt (Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, 29) (Berlin: Ebering, 1939). Information on the nature of midwifery training during the years Zakrzewska spent at the Charité can be found in the annual reports Schmidt sent to the government, as well as several published sources. See Joseph Hermann Schmidt to Adalbert von Ladenberg, 19 Mar. 1849, 15 Apr. 1850, 21 Mar. 1851, 29 Mar. 1852, Geheimes Staatsarchiv, Preussisches Kulturministerium, Rep. 76 VIIIA, no. 1004, pp. 74-75, 92-95, 145-146, 150-152.
11. See also Joseph Hermann Schmidt, "Die geburtshülflich-klinischen Institute der Königlichen Charité, " Annalen des Charité-Krankenhauses, 1850, 1(3):485-523.
12. A Woman's Quest, ed. Vietor, p. 67.
13. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
14. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
15. John Ware, "Success in the Medical Profession, " Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1851, 43:496-504, 509-522, on pp. 518, 503.
16. Ware, "Success in the Medical Profession, " p. 520.
17. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
18. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
19. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
20. A Woman's Quest, ed. Vietor, p. 272.
21. Gardner, "Midwife, Doctor, or Doctress?" p. 143 ff.
22. Samuel Gregory, Man-Midwifery Exposed and Corrected (Boston: George Gregory, 1848), p. 45.
23. The physician he is citing is a "Dr. Maubray. " See Gregory, Man-Midwifery Exposed and Corrected, p. 29.
24. Gregory, Man-Midwifery Exposed and Corrected, pp. 32, 46.
25. Judith Walzer Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986).
26. Hilary Marland, ed., The Art of Midwifery: Early Modern Midwives in Europe (London: Routledge, 1993).
27. Gardner, "Midwife, Doctor, or Doctress?" p. 143 ff.
28. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
29. Samuel Gregory, Man-Midwifery Exposed and Corrected (Boston: George Gregory, 1848), p. 45.
30. Samuel Gregory, Man-Midwifery Exposed and Corrected (Boston: George Gregory, 1848), p. 45.
31. Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985), p. 200.
32. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
33. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
34. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
35. A Woman's Quest, ed. Vietor, p. 175.
36. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
37. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
38. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
39. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
40. Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985), p. 200.
41. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
42. Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985), p. 200.
43. Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985), p. 200.
44. Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985), p. 200.
45. See Arleen Marcia Tuchman, "'Only in a Republic Can It Be Proved that Science Has No Sex': Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska (1829-1902) and the Multiple Meanings of Science in the Nineteenth-Century United States, " Journal of Women's History, 1999, 11:121-142.
46. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
47. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
48. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.
49. See, e.g., the following patient records from the NEH: New England Hospital for Women and Children, Surgical Case Records: Vol. 1B (1872), no. 2, Vol. 2 (1874), nos. 4, 9, Vol. 8 (1884), no. 34 [B MS b19.1], Boston Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston. See also Emma Call, "The Evolution of Modern Maternity Technic, " American Journal of Obstetrics, 1908, 58:392-404.
50. Marie E. Zakrzewska, Introductory Lecture Delivered Wednesday, November 2, before the New England Female Medical College, at the Opening of the Term of 1859-60 (Boston: Hewes, 1859), pp. 5-6.