Drought and disputes, deluge and dearth: Climatic variability and human response in colonial Oaxaca, Mexico

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 249-276

  Endfield, Georgina H ^a   Tejedo, Isabel Fernández ^a   O'Hara, Sarah L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIALISM; DOCUMENTARY SOURCE; DROUGHT; NATURAL HAZARD; SEVERE WEATHER; SOCIAL IMPACT;

MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; NORTH AMERICA; OAXACA;

EID: 4444296152     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-7488(03)00023-9     Document Type: Article

References (299)

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37. G.H. Endfield, Social and Environmental Change in colonial Michoacán, West Central Mexico, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, England, UK, 1997
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39. Kirkby A.V. Individual and community responses to rainfall variability in Oaxaca, Mexico White G.F. Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global 1974 119-128 London
40. Flannery K.V. Kirkby M.J. Kirkby A.V.T. Williams A.W.Jr. Farming systems and political growth in ancient Oaxaca Science 158 1967 445-454
41. Flannery K.V. Preliminary Archaeological Investigations in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, 1966-1969, A Report to the National Science Foundation and the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia 1969 Ann Arbor
42. Kirkby A.V.T. The use of land and water resources in the past and present Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico Flannery K.V. Prehisory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca vol. 1 1973 1 Ann Arbor, Michigan
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44. Kirkby, Individual and Community Responses to Rainfall Variability in Oaxaca, 119-128
45. Lees S. Oaxaca's spiraling race for water Ecologist 6 1976 20-22
46. Dilley M. Climatic factors affecting annual maize yields in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico International Journal of Climatology 17 1997 1549-1557
47. Lorenzo J.L. Aspectos fisicos del valle de Oaxaca Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropologicos 16 1960 49-64
48. Taylor, Landlord and Peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 12.
49. O'Hara S.L. Historical evidence of fluctuations in the level of Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico over the last 600 years The Geographical Journal 159 1993 51-62
50. O'Hara S.L. Metcalfe S.E. Reconstructing the climate of Mexico from historical records The Holocene 5 4 1995 485-490
51. G.H. Endfield, Social and environmental change in colonial Michoacán, west central Mexico, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, England, UK, 1997
52. Endfield G.H. O'Hara S.L. Conflicts over water in the Little Drought Age in central México Environment and History 3 1997 255-272
53. M. Valzques and Y. Yannakakis, The renaissance of Oaxaca City's historical archives, Latin American Research Review 37, 187-198.
54. Greenleaf R.E. Meyer M.C. Research in Mexican History: Topics, Methodology, Sources and a Practical Guide to field research. For the Committee on Mexican Studies Conference on Latin American History 1974 Lincoln, Nebraska
55. S. Cook and W. Borah, The Indian Population of Central Mexico, 1531-1610, Iberoamericana, 44, Berkeley, 1960
56. Williams B. Tepetate in the Valley of Mexico Annals of the Association of American Geographer 62 1972 618-626
57. Chevalier F. La formación des grandes domaines au Mexique: terre et societé aux XVI-XVII siécles 1952
58. Barrett E.M. Encomiendas, mercedes, and haciendas in the tierra caliente of Michoacán Latinamerikas 10 1973 71-111
59. Prem H. Early Spanish colonisation and Indians in the Valley del Atlixo, Puebla Harvey H.R. Prem H. Explorations in Ethnohistory: Indians in Central Mexico in the Sixteenth Century 1984 205-228 Albuquerque, New Mexico
60. Prem H. Spanish colonisation and Indian property in central Mexico, 1521-1620 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 3 1992 444-461
61. Licate J.A. Creation of a Mexican Landscape: Territorial Organisation and Settlement in the Eastern Puebla Basin, 1520-1605 1981 Department of Geography, University of Chicago, Research paper number 201, Chicago
62. López-Lara R. El obispado de Michoacán en el siglo XVII Estudios Michoacanos 3 1973 (Fimax Collección, Morelia, Michoacán)
63. Pellicer S.N. Las transformaciones de la económia ind́gena en Michoacán: siglo XVI Rojas-Rabiela T. Agricultura indigena pasado y presente Ediciones de la casa chata 1994 109-128 Mexico
64. Simpson L.B. Exploitation of Land in Central Mexico in the Sixteenth Century 1952 Berkeley
65. Taylor Landlord and Peasant in colonial Oaxaca 1972
66. Sanders W.T. Ecology and cultural syncretism in sixteenth century Mesoamerica Antiquity 66 1992 172-190
67. Melville E.H.K. Environmental and social change in the Valle del Mezquital, Mexico, 1521-1600 Comparative Studies in Society and History 32 1990 24-53
68. Melville E.G.K. A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico 1994 Cambridge
69. O'Hara, Historical evidence of fluctuations in the level of Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico over the last 600 years, 51-62
70. Butzer and Butzer, The Sixteenth-Century Environment of The Central Mexican Baj́o: archival reconstruction from colonial land grants, 1993
71. Butzer K.W. Butzer E.K. Transfer of the Mediterranean livestock economy to New Spain: adaptation and ecological consequences Turner B.L. Sal A G. Global Land Use Change 1995 151-193 Mexico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
72. O'Hara S.L. Metcalfe S.E. Reconstructing the climate of Mexico from historical records The Holocene 5 4 1995 485-490
73. G.H. Endfield, Social and Environmental Change in colonial Michoacán, west central Mexico, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, England, UK, 1997.
74. F. Paso y Troncoso, Relaciones Geograficas de Oaxaca, in Papeles de la Nueva España, 2a serie, Mexico, 1939-1942, Tomo IV.
75. Esparza M. Relaciones Geograficas de Oaxaca, 1777 y 1778 1994 Tlalpan, Mexico
76. Gay J.A. Historia de Oaxaca Third Edition 1950 Mexico, (4 Volumes, Cap XXI)
77. References to archival sources are cited as detailed below: Archivo General de la Nación: (Mexico City) Key and often used ramos are referenced according to the following system AGNM AGN Ramo de Mercedes (land grant documents) AGNT AGN Ramo de Tierras (litigation records) AGNI AGN Ramo de Indios (indigenous affairs) AGNC AGN Ramo de Civil (civil registers) Other ramos consulted in the AGN are referenced as follows: AGN followed by ramo: AGN Alhond́gas (crop records) AGN Historia (documents dealing with local historical information) AGN Tributos (tribute listings) AGN Industria y Comercio (industrial/ trading records) AGN Hospital de Jesus (Jesuit records) AGN Salinas (salt records) AGN Rios y Acequias (river and dam records) Archivo General del Estado de Oaxaca AGEO followed by ramo AGEO: Alcadias Mayores AGEO: Real Intendencia Archivo Historico Municipal de la Ciudad de Oaxaca AHMCO followed by ramo: AHMCO: Actas de Sessiones de Cabildo (council meeting minutes) Archivo Privado de Col Bustamante Vasconcelos, Papeles de San Bartolo In all cases, archives will be referenced in the following manner: the Ramo, the volume number, the expediente (if applicable), and/or the page (foja) number. e.g. Tierras, volume 636, expediente 4. AGNT 636, exp. 4; Mercedes, volume 27, page no. 56 AGNM 27, fa (foja). 56. Page numbers may also be accompanied by f (frente) facing page or v (verso) reverse page.
78. McIntosh, Tainter, McIntosh, Climate, History and Human Action, 5.
79. Liverman D. Drought impacts in Mexico: climate, agriculture, technology, and land tenure in Sonora and Puebla Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80 1990 49-72
80. Taylor, Landlord and Peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 1972.
81. Dilley M. Climatic factors affecting annual maize yields in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico International Journal of Climatology 17 1997 1549
82. Kirkby, Individual and Community Responses to Rainfall Variability in Oaxaca, 120.
83. Dilley, Climatic factors.
84. The Zapotecs were the primary occupants of the region, but from about the year 1350 they had been under assault by Mixtecs moving in from the east. Oaxaca had been conquered by the Aztecs from Tenochtitlan (i.e. forced to acknowledge its primacy and send it tribute) shortly before 1500, Taylor, Landlord and peasant in colonial Oaxaca (1972) 22.
85. Taylor W.B. Haciendas coloniales en el valle de Oaxaca Florescano E. Haciendas, latifundios y plantaciones en America Latina 1978 74
86. Indios: a term used in original colonial archive material to refer to local populations, Used interchangeably with 'naturales'.
87. Relaciones Geograficas de Oaxaca en Paso y Troncoso Franc, Papeles de la Nueva Espanna, 2a serie Tomo IV (Miahuatlan 1609) 288-300
88. Taylor, Landlord and Peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 29-32
89. Cook S.F. Borah W. The Indian population of Central Mexico 1531-1610 Iberoamericana 44 1960 Berkeley, California
90. Cook S.F. Borah W. The population of the Mixteca Alta 1520-1960 Iberoamericana 50 1968 Berkeley, California
91. Taylor, Landlord and Peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 34.
92. Taylor, Haciendas coloniales en el valle de Oaxaca 71-105
93. AGNM 131
94. AGNM 13 exp foja 179
95. AGNM 13 exp foja 178 vta; AGNM 13 s/exp. foja 178
96. AGNM 13 s/exp. 179 vta; AGNM 13 s/exp foja 101
97. AGNM 13 s/exp foja 115
98. AGNM 17 fa 87
99. To some extent this delay in land investment for agriculture was due to a monopolisation of the lands of the area by Hernan Cortez whose original title to the Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca afforded him jurisdiction over the majority of the valley, AGN Hospital de Jesus 293. Exp.133, fs. 1531.
100. AGNM 2 exp 260.
101. AGN Hospital de Jesus leg 404 exp 2
102. Hospital de Jesus 432 exp 5.
103. AGN Hospital de Jesus leg 404 exp 2
104. AGNT 413 Exp 2 Fs 79
105. AGNT 791 Exp 2 Fs 150
106. AGNT 1583 48 Exp 6 fojas 244.
107. AGNM 24 fa 182
108. AGNM 27 fa 54
109. AGNM 16 fa 121 vta; AGNM 2 fa 264
110. AGNM 53 fa 165 y 167
111. AGNM 64 fs 63 y 64
112. AGNM 17 fa 147 vta; AGNM 58 fs.74 y 114 vta; AGNM 18 fa.43 vta; AGNM 26 fa.13
113. AGNM 26 fa.13
114. AGNM 72 fs 167 vta y 171
115. AGNM 41 fs 45- 46
116. AGNM 16 Exp 436 fa 119 vta; AGNM 23 fa 195 vta; AGNM 40 fa 128
117. AGNM 66 fs 93 y 94
118. AGNM 17 fa 87
119. AGNM 21 fa 157
120. AGNM 41 fa 18
121. AGNM 21 fa 160 vta; AGNM 8 fa 92
122. AGNM 53 fa 160 vta; AGNM 3 exp 670
123. AGNM 18 fa 146
124. AGNM 18 fa 75
125. AGNM 18 fa 204.
126. AGNM 20 fa 47
127. AGNM 18 fa 124.
128. Zarote in Paso Y Troncosco, Francisco del Epistolario de Nuevo Espana, 1505-1818 vol. IV 1939-1942 141
129. Relaciones Geográficas de Oaxaca (various entries) in Paso y Troncosco Francisco, Epistulario de Nuevo España (Mexico 1939-1942))
130. AGNT 2764 Exp 33 fa 396, No 2088 Cat 2088 (Map); AGNT 2764 Exp 33 fa 396
131. AGNM 35 fa 81
132. AGNM 34 fa 146
133. AGNM 65, fa 18vta; AGNM 56 fs 12 vta a 24
134. AGNM 72 fa 194
135. AGNM 13 fa 206
136. AGNM 72 fa.215
137. AGNM 47 fa. 227
138. AGNM 80 fa.129 vta; AGNM 62 fa 108 vta; AGNM 55 fa 19
139. AGNM 53 fs 106 y 110 vta; AGNM 64 fa.188 vta; AGNM 72 fa.200 vta; AGNM 64 fs 197
140. AGNM 81 fs 14 y 14 vta; AGNM 55 fa 5
141. AGNM 37 fa 84
142. AGNM 53 fa 108 vta; AGNM 37 fa 29
143. AGNM 40 fs 113 vta a 117
144. AGNM 67 fa 86
145. AGNM 81 fa 153 y fa 166 vta; AGNM 81 fa 155vta; AGNM 64 fs de 10 a 11 vta; AGNM 80 fa 34 vta; AGNM 22 fa 230 vta; AGNM 70 fa 115
146. AGNM 81 163 vta; AGNM 64 fa 105 vta; AGNM 73 fs 74 a 75
147. AGNM 79 fa 17 vta; AGNM 31 fa 265.
148. Borah W. Silk raising in colonial Mexico Iberoamericana 35 1951 Berkeley, California
149. AGN Historia 31 (3)
150. AGN Historia 31 (3)
151. Taylor, Landlord and peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 47 and 94.
152. Hewitt W.P. Winter M.C. Peterson D.A. Salt production at Hierve el Agua, Oaxaca American Antiquity 52 1987 799-816
153. Doolittle W.E. Pocitos and registros: comments on water-control features at Hierev el Agua, Oaxaca American Antiquity 54 54 1989 841-847
154. Relaciones Geograficas de Oaxaca in Paso y Troncoso Franc, Papeles de la Nueva Espanna, 2a serie Tomo IV (Cuahuitlan 1580) 155-161
155. (Chichicapa, 1580) 116-119
156. (Cuahuitlan 1580); AGNT 450 Exp 1
157. AGN Salinas 15 Exp 14.
158. Mexicans born of Spanish descent.
159. Taylor, Haciendas coloniales en el valle de Oaxaca, 77.
160. Florescano E. Origen y desarollo de los problemas agrarios de Mexico (1500-1821), Colección Problemas de Mexico 1976 Mexico
161. Prem H.J. Milpa y hacienda: tenencia de la tierra Ind́gena y Español en la cuenca del Alto Atoyac, Puebla, Mexico 1520-1650 1978 Wiesbaden
162. Taylor, Landlord and peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 82.
163. See, for example, AGNT 2680 Exp 24 fs 21
164. AGNT 165 Exp 2 fs 262
165. AGNT Vol. 182 Exp 1 fojas 380
166. AGNT 1864 Exp 2
167. AGNT Vol. 95 Exp 4 fojas 5
168. AGNT.Vol 236 Exp 6
169. AGNT 2947 Exp 99 fs 4
170. AGNT 384 Exp 3 Fs 24
171. AGNT Vol 817 Exp 9 foxas 40
172. AGNT 2931 Exp 1.
173. Kirkby, The use of land and water resources in the past and present Valley of Oaxaca, 7.
174. Musset A. El agua en al Valle del Mexico: siglos XVI-XVIII, Mexico 1992 Mexico City
175. Congregación was a process of consolidation of indigenous towns, Implemented following the waves of epidemics and indigenous depopulation, it was designed to collectivise scattered residual indigenous communities for ease of political and administrative control and conversion to Catholicism.
176. AGNT 232 Exp 1 Fs 53
177. AGNT 191 Exp 3 Fs 97
178. AGNT 245 exp 2
179. AGNT 245 Exp 2
180. AGNT 268 Exp 3
181. AGNT 817 Exp 8 Fs 102.
182. Hassan F. Environmental perception and human responses in history and prehistory McIntosh R.J. Tainter J.A. McIntosh S.K. The Way the Wind Blows: Climate, History and Human Action 2000 121-140 New York
183. Yates P.L. Mexico's Agricultural Dilemma 1981 Tucson
184. Relaciones Geograficas de Oaxaca en Paso y Troncoso Franc. Papeles de la Nueva Espanna, 2a serie Tomo IV Teutitlan (1579) 104-108
185. Nexapa (1579) 29-44.
186. Relaciones Geograficas de Oaxaca en Paso y Troncoso Franc. Papeles de la Nueva Espanna, 2a serie Tomo IV 119-122
187. Amatlan, Atatlaucca (1580) 163-176.
188. Murphy M.E. Irrigation in the Baj́o Region of colonial Mexico Latin American studies, no. 19 1982
189. AGNM 20 fa 26
190. AGNM 4 fa.303
191. AGNM 18 fa.215
192. AGNM 18 fa.43 vta; AGNM 81 fs 14 y 14 vta; AGNM 18 fa 8 vta; AGNM 35 fa 81
193. AGNM 35 fa 81
194. AGNM 18 fa 75.
195. AGNM 8 fa 90 vta.
196. AGNM 8 fa 50 vta; AGNM 70 fa 73
197. AGNM 33 fa 32.
198. See, for example, AGNM 73 fa 133 vta; AGNM Vol 35 fa 81
199. AGNM 16 Fa 287 vta; AGNM 73 fa 133
200. AGN Indios 20, Exp 85, Fa 1.
201. Religious college/institution, often owning considerable lands and resources.
202. AGNT 149, exp. 5.
203. Taylor, Haciendas coloniales en el Valle, 11.
204. AGNT 149, exp. 5, fs. 166.
205. AGNM 70, f. 14v.
206. AGEO Real Intendencia, Leg 1, Exp. 39.
207. Forescano E. Fuentes para la historia de la crisis agŕcola de 1785-1786 1981 (Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City)
208. Endfield and O'Hara, Conflicts over water, 255-272.
209. AGN Salinas, 15, exp. 14.
210. AGEO Real Intendencia, Leg 1, exp. 27.
211. AGEO Alcad́as Mayores, Leg 7, exp. 20.
212. For example, AGNT 1861 Exp. 7
213. AGNT 939 Exp 1.
214. See, for example, AGNI 11, exp. 313
215. AGNM 69, fs.50.
216. AGNT 211m exp. 2, fs. 48r.
217. AGNT 939 exp. 1
218. 48r; AGNI 11, exp. 313.
219. Lipsett-Rivera S. Puebla's eighteenth century agrarian decline: a new perspective Hispanic American Historical Review 70 1990 463-481
220. Webre S. Water and society in a Spanish American city: Santiago de Guatemala Hispanic American Historical Review 70 1990 57-84
221. G.H. Endfield, Social and Environmental Change in colonial Michoacán, west central Mexico, Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield, England, UK, 1997
222. Endfield G.H. O'Hara S.L. Conflicts over water in the Little Drought Age in central México Environment and History 3 1997 255-272
223. Ouweneel A. Shadows over Anaáhuac. An ecological interpretation of crisis and development in central México 1730-1800 1996 Albuquerque, 93
224. Taylor, Landlord and peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 34.
225. AGN Hospital de Jesus 307, exp. 18, (1755); AGNT 1271, exp. 2. (1796); AGNT 1877, exp 2 (1797).
226. ANGI 11, exp. 27.
227. AGNT 41 exp 1, 315.
228. Acosta Las Sequias Historicas de Mexico, 1993.
229. Kirkby, The use of land and water resources in the past and present Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico 36.
230. AGNT 211, exp. 2.
231. AGNT 1861, exp. 7.
232. Carga=load, arroba=25lbs.
233. AGN Salinas, 15, exp. 14.
234. AGN Historia, 31, no. 3.
235. AGNT 71, exp. 6, fa 190.
236. Gay J.A. Historia de Oaxaca third ed. 1950 Mexico, 4 volumes, Cap. XXI, 300
237. Rojas R.T. Rafael A. Strauss K. Lameiras J. Nuevas noticias sobre las obras hidraulicas prehispanicas y coloniales en el Valle de Mexico 1974 Mexico
238. Gay J.A. Historia de Oaxaca third ed. 1950 Mexico, 4 volumes, Chapter XXX, 427-428
239. AGN Tributos, 44, exp. 15.
240. Repartimiento: forced labour, corvée labour.
241. AGNI 5, exp. 832.
242. AGNI 4, exp. 482.
243. AGNT 380, exp. 1, fa. 263.
244. One vara: unit of measure, roughly 33inches.
245. Gay J.A. Historia de Oaxaca third ed. 1950 Mexico, 4 volumes, Chapter XIX, 276
246. AGNT 182, exp. 1, fa. 380.
247. AGN Ŕos y Acequias 1 exp. 3.
248. AGN Ŕos y Acequias 1 exp. 3.
249. AGN Rios y Acequias, 4, exp. 4.
250. AGNT Vol. 2979, Exp 105, fa. 2.
251. Interestingly, elsewhere in Mexico, this year witnessed a 'year of hunger' associated with harvest loss to a plague of locusts. The insects reproduced prodigiously and destroyed the crops causing there to be only very thin harvests the following year. This is discussed in Portillo A. Oaxaca en el centenario de la Independencia nacional 1910 Oaxaca, 188
252. AGN Rios y Acequias, 3.
253. Chahuistle is a folk term commonly used to describe wheat rust, and less commonly used to refer to insect or worm infestations.
254. AGNT 10 Exp. 1.
255. Baron Von Hunboldt, Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne Book 4, Chapter 9 (1811) 107.
256. Loegering W.Q. Johnston C.O. Hendrix J.W. Wheat rusts Quisenberry K.S. Wheat and What Improvement Agronomy Series 13 1969 314 Madison, WI
257. Endfield G.H. O'Hara S.L. Conflicts over water in the Little Drought Age in central México Environment and History 3 1997 255-272
258. AHMCO Actas de Sesiones del Cabildo 1728-1733.
259. AHMCO Actas de Sesiones del Cabildo 1746-1748. fa. 78.
260. AHMCO Actas de Sesiones del Cabildo 1746-1748, fa. 54.
261. See, for example, AGEO Real Intendencia Leg 1 Exp 46 4 ff; AGN Industria y Comercio Volumen, 20 Exp 6 fa 237
262. AGN Hospital de Jesus Leg 118 exp. 13.
263. Dilley M. Climatic factors affecting annual maize yields in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico International Journal of Climatology 17 1997 1549-1557
264. Kirkby, The use of land and water resources in the past and present Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico 54.
265. AGN Historico de Hacienda 285 exp. 81.
266. In Francisco del Paso y Troncosco (Eds), Epistolario de Nueva Espana 1505-1818, 4:141-142.
267. Lorenzo J.L. Aspectos fisicos del valle de Oaxaca Revista Mexicana de estudios antropologicos 16 1960 49-64
268. Taylor, Haciendas coloniales en el valle de Oaxaca, 72.
269. Taylor, Landlord and peasant in colonial Oaxaca, 127.
270. AGNT 2696, exp. 8 fa. 7v.
271. Gay, Historia de Oaxaca, Chapter XXI (1950) 300.
272. Zacatillo: a hardy/drought resistant grass/herb.
273. Gay, Historia de Oaxaca, Chapter XXII, 318.
274. Archivo Privado de Col Bustamante Vasconcelos, Papeles de San Bartolo, 94.
275. AGN Historico de Hacienda 285 exp. 81.
276. AGNM 81 fa 172
277. AGNM 79 fa 17 v; AGNM 70 fa 114
278. AGNM 72 fa 14
279. AGNM 70 fa 18 vta; AGNM 70 fa 13
280. AGNM 70 fa 9
281. AGNM 67 fa 32
282. AGNM 59 fa 72
283. AGNM 64 fa 39
284. AGNM 80 fa 34v; AGNM 64 fa 109
285. W.B. Taylor, Landlord and peasant (1972) 128.
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