C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: Bases of scientific evidence;Proteína-C-reativa e doença cardiovascular. As bases da evidência científica

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 452-456

  Santos, Wellington Bruno ^a,b   Mesquita, Evandro Tinoco ^a   Vieira, Rosa Maria R ^a   Olej, Beni ^a   Coutinho, Mário ^a   Avezum, Alvaro ^a  

^a FLUMINENSE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^b NONE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ARTICLE; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; DISEASE MARKER; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE; METHODOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; THROMBOSIS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; FEMALE; HEART INFARCTION; MALE; REVIEW;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MALE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION;

EID: 4444284690     PISSN: 0066782X     EISSN: 16784170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0066-782X2003000400010     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993; 362: 801-09.
2. Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995; 91: 2844-50.
3. Berliner AB, Navab M, Fogelman AM, et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanismsoxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation 1995; 91: 2488-96.
4. Ross R. Atherosclerosis- an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-26.
5. Entman ML, Ballantyne CM. Inflammation in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1993; 88: 800-03.
6. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995; 92: 657-71.
7. Biasucci LM, Colizzi C, Rizzello V, Vitrella G, Crea F, Liuzzo G. Role of inflammation in the pahogenesis of unstable coronary artery disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1999; 230: 12-22.
8. Ridker PM. C-reactive protein and the risks of future myocardial infarction and thrombotic stroke. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1-3.
9. Verri J, Fuster V. Mecanismos das síndromes isquêmicas agudas e da progressão da aterosclerose coronária. Arq Bras Cardiol 1997; 68: 461-7.
10. Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 417-24.
11. Anderson JL, Carlquist JF, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, Elmer SP. Evaluation of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, and infectious serology as risk factor for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 35-41.
12. Biasucci LM, Liuzzo G, Grillo RL, et al. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein at discharge in patients with unstable angina predict recurrent instability. Circulation 1999; 99: 855-60.
13. Liuzzo G, Buffon A, Biasucci LM, et al. Enhanced inflammatory response to coronary angioplasty in patients with severe unstable angina. Circulation 1998; 98: 2370- 6.
14. Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, et al. Enhanced inflammatory response in patients wih preinfarction unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1696-1703.
15. Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al. C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndrommes: a TIMI 11 A Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 1460-5.
16. Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1999; 281: 1722-7.
17. Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Rebuzzi AG, et al. Plasma protein acute-phase response in unstable angina is not induced by ischemic injury. Circulation 1996; 94: 2373-80.
18. Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SDM, et al. Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. Lancet 1997; 349: 462-6.
19. Becker RC, Cannon CP, Bovill EG, et al. Prognostic value of plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (TIMI IIIB Trial). Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 142-7.
20. Toss H, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L (for The Frisc Study Group). Prognostic influence of increased fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation 1997; 96; 4204-10.
21. Ernst E, Hammerschmidt DA, Bagge U, et al. Leukocytes and the risk of ischemic disease. JAMA 1987; 257: 2318-24.
22. Thomson SP, Gibbon RJ, Smars PA, et al. Incremental value of the leukocyte differential and the rapid creatine-kinase-MB isoenzyme for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 335-41.
23. Kannel WB, Anderson K, Wilson PWF. White blood cell count and cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. JAMA 1992; 267: 1253-6.
24. Ribeiro AD. Proteína-C-reativa e contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos como fatores prognósticos na angina instável. Monografia de Conclusão de Curso apresentada ao Departamento de Cínica Médica do Curso de Graduação em Medicina do Centro de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, 1997
25. Ikata J, Wakatsuki T, Oishi Y, Oki T, Ito S. Leukocyte counts and concentration of soluble adhesion molecules as predictors of coronary atherosclerosis. Coron Artery Dis 2000; 11: 445-9.
26. Ikonomidis I, Andreotti F, Economou E, et al. Increased proinflammatory Cytokines in patients with chronic stable angina and their reduction by aspirin. Circulation 1999; 100: 793-8.
27. Benamer H, Steg PG, Benessiano J, et al. Comparison of the prognostic value of C-reactive protein and Troponin I in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 845-50.
28. Ueda S, Ikeda U, Yamamoto K, et al. C-reactive protein as a predictor of cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 857-60.
29. Anzai T, Yoshikawa T, Shiraki H, et al. C-reactive protein as a predictor of infarct expansion and cardiac rupture after a first Q wave acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 96: 778-84.
30. de Beer FC, Hind CRK, Fox, et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein concentration in myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Br Heart J 1982; 47: 239-43.
31. Pietilä K, Harmoinen A, Pöyhönen L, et al. Intravenous streptokinase treatment and serum C-reactive protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1987; 58: 225-9.
32. Pietilä K, Harmoinen A, Teppo AM. Acute phase reaction, infarct size, and in-hospital morbidity in myocardial infarction patients treated with streptokinase or recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator. Ann Intern Med 1991; 23: 529-35.
33. Pietilä KO, Harmoinen AP, Hermens WP, et al. Serum C-reactive protein and infarct size in myocardial infarct patients with a closed versus na open infarctrelated coronary artery after thrombolytic therapy. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 915-19.
34. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Henneckens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 973-9.
35. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation 1998; 97: 425-8.
36. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 1998; 98: 731-3.
37. Koenig W, Sund M, Fröhlich M, et al. C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men- results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 1999; 99: 237-42.
38. Lagrand WK, Visser CA, Hermens WT, et al. C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor- more than an epiphenomenon? Circulation 1999; 100: 96-102.
39. Volonakis JE. Complement activation by C-reactive protein complexes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 389: 235-49.
40. Wolbink GJ, Brower MC, Buysmann S, ten Berge IJM, Hack CE. CRP-mediated activation of complement in vivo. Assesment by measuring circulating complement-C-reactive protein complexes. J Immunol 1996; 157: 473-9.
41. Zouki C, Beauchamp M, Baron C, Filep JG. Prevention of in vitro neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells through shedding of L-selectin by C-reactive protein and peptides derived from C-reactive protein. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 522-9.
42. Heuertz RM, Piquette CA, Webster RO. Rabbits with elevated serum C-reactive protein exhibit diminshed neutrophil infiltration and vascular permeability in C5a-induced alveolitis. Am J Pathol 1993; 142: 319-28.
43. Sinisalo J, Paronen J, Mattila KJ, et al. Relation of inflamation to vascular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2000; 149: 403-11.
44. Lagrand WK, Niessen JWM, Wolbink GJ, et al. C-reactive protein colocalizes with complement in human hearts during acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 95: 97-103.
45. Torzerwski J, Torzewski M, Bowyer DE, et al. C-reactive protein frequently colocalizes with the terminal complement complex in the intima of early atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1386-92.
46. Mendall MA, Patel P, Ballam L, Strachan D, Northfield TC. C-reactive protein and its relation to cardiovascular risk factor: a population based cross sectional study. Br Med J 1996; 312: 1061-5.
47. Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN. Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 537-47.
48. Tracy RP, Lemaitre RN, Psaty BM, et al. Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1121-7.
49. Casl MT, Surina B, Glojnaric-Spastic I, et al. Serum amyloid A protein in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ann Clin Biochem 1995; 32: 196-200.
50. Berk BC, Weintraub WS, Alexander RW. Elevation of C-reactive protein in "active" coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 168-72.
51. Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SDM, Haverkate F, van de Loo JCW. Hemostatic factor and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 635-42.
52. Pietilä KO, Harmoinen AP, Jokiniitty J, Pasternack AI. Serum C-reactive protein concentration in acute myocardial infarction and its relationship to mortality during 24 months of follow-up in patients under thrombolytic treatment. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 1345-9.
53. Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Henneckens CH. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determing risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998; 97: 2007-11.
54. Cook DG, Mendall MA, Whincup PH, et al. C-reactive protein concentration in children: relationship to adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 2000; 149: 139-50.
55. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, et al, for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Circulation 1998; 98: 839-44.
56. Oparil S, Oberman A. Nontradional cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Med Sci 1999; 317: 193-207.
57. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 2000; 148: 209-14.
58. Vigushin DM, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN. Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive protein in health and disease. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1353-7.
59. Hatanaka K, Li XA, Masuda K, Yutani C, Yamamoto A. Immunohistochemical localization of C-reactive protein-binding sites in human atherosclerotic aortic lesions by a modified streptavidin-biotin-staining method. Pathol Int 1995; 45: 635-41.
60. Kushner I, Rakita I, Kaplan MH. Studies of acute phase protein, Il: localization Cx-protein in heart in induced myocardial infarction in rabbits. J Clin Invest 1963; 42: 286-92.
61. Cermak J, Key NS, Bach RR, et al. C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood 1993; 82: 513-20.
62. Ridker PM, Haughie P. Prospective studies of C-reactive protein as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. J Investig Med 1998; 46: 391-5.
63. Meisel SR, Shapiro H, Radney J, et al. Increased expression of neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules LFA-1 and Mac-1and their ligand ICAM-1 and VLA-4 throughout the acute phase of myocardial infarction- possible implications for leukocyte aggregation and microvascular plugging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 120-5.
64. Mazzone A, De Servi S, Ricevuti G, et al. Increased expression of neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation 1993; 88: 358-63.
65. Hasdai D, Scheinowitz M, Leibovitz E, et al. Increased serum concentrations of interleukin 1-B in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 1996; 76: 24-8.
66. Gabay C, Kushner I. Mechanism of disease: acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340.
67. Dinarello CA. The role of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in blocking inflammation mediated by interleukin-1. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 732-4.
68. Lima JCC, Correia LCL, Silva AM, Lima DL. Usando proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade(PCR-AS) como preditor de doença cardiovascular. Newslab 2000; 41: 164-6.
69. Stefanadis C, Diamantopoulos L, Dernellis J, et al. Heat production of atherosclerotic plaques and inflammation assessed by acute phase proteins in acute coronary syndromes. J Moll Cell Cardiol 2000; 32: 43-52.
70. Fantuzzi G, Zheng H, FaggioniR, et al. Effect of endotoxin in Il-1 B deficient mice. J Immunol 1996; 157: 291-6.
71. Marino MW, Dunn A, Grail D, et al. Characterization of tumor necrosis factor alfa deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 8093-8.
72. Bataille R, Klein B. C-reactive protein levels as a direct indicator of Interleukin-6 levels in humans in vivo. Arhritis Rheum 1992; 35: 982-3.
73. Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Tracy RP, et al. Association of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. Am J Med 1999; 106: 506-12.
74. Schalkwijk CG, Poland DC, van Dijk, et al. Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein is increased in type -1 diabetic patients without without clinical macroangiopathy and correlates with markers of endothelial dysfunction: evidence for chronic inflammation. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 351-7.
75. Yudkin JS, Stehower SCA, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction-a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 972-8.
76. Cleland SJ, Sattar N, Petrie JR, et al. Endothelial Dysfunction as a possible lynk between C-reactive protein levels and cardiovascular disease. Clinical Science 2000; 98: 531-5.
77. Heinrich J, Schulte H, Schönfeld R, Köhler E, Assmann G. Association of variables of coagulation, fibrinolysis and acute phase with atherosclerosis in coronary and peripheral arteries and those arteries supplying the brain. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 374-8.
78. Ridker PM, Henneckens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836-43.
79. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. Br Med J 2000; 321(7255): 199-204.
80. Margaglione M, Cappucci G, Colaizzo D, et al. C-reactive protein in offspring is associated with the occurrence of myocarial infarction in first-degree relatives. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 198.
81. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM. PRINCE Investigators. Effects of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE); a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 2001; 286: 64-70.
82. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 2001; 36: 1959-65.
83. Sattar N, Perera M, Small M, Lumsden M. Hormone replacement therapy and sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations in women with type-2 diabetes. Lancet 1999; 354: 487-8.
84. Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, et al. Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1139-47.
85. Mueller C, Buettner HJ, Hodgson JM, et al. Inflammation and long-term mortality after non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome treated with a very early invasive strategy in 1042 consecutive patients. Circulation 2002; 105: 1412-15.
86. Zebrack JS, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, Anderson JL. The Intermountain Heart Collaboration Study Group. C-reactive protein and angiographic coronary artery disease: independent and additive predictors of risk in subjects with angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 632-7.
87. Zebrack JS, Anderson JL, Maycock CA, et al. Usefulness of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in predicting long-term risk of death or acute myocardial infarction in patients with unstable or stable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 145-9.
88. Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Crlquist JF, et al. Statin therapy, lipid levels, C-reactive protein and the survival oof patients with angiographically severe coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1774-80.
89. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135-43.
90. Grundy SM, Pasternak R, Greenland P, Smith Jr S, Fuster V. Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 1999; 100: 1481-92.