Advances in quantitative electroencephalogram analysis methods

Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering

Volumn 6, Issue , 2004, Pages 453-495

  Thakor, Nitish V ^a   Tong, Shanbao ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Complexity measure; EEG analysis; Entropy; Fractal dimension applications; Information processing; Signal processing; Spectra; Time frequency analysis

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSCIOUSNESS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; HUMAN; LINEAR SYSTEM; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONLINEAR SYSTEM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SLEEP; SPECTROSCOPY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MODELS, STATISTICAL; SOFTWARE; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 4444277301     PISSN: 15239829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121601     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Berger H. 1929. Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen (On the EEG in humans). Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 87:527-70
2. Hughes JR, John ER. 1999. Conventional and quantitative electroencephalography in psychiatry. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 11:190-208
3. Pritchard W, Duke D. 1992. Measuring chaos in the brain: a tutorial review of nonlinear dynamical EEG analysis. Int. J. Neurosci. 67:31-80
4. Pritchard W, Krieble K, Duke D. 1995. Measuring chaos in the brain - a tutorial review of EEG dimension estimation. Brain Cogn. 27:353-97
5. Jeong J, Gore JC, Peterson BS. 2001. Mutual information analysis of the EEG in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112:827-35
6. Pezard L, Jech R, Ruzicka E. 2001. Investigation of non-linear properties of multichannel EEG in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112:38-15
7. Kowalski J, Gawel M, Pfeffer A, Barcikowska M. 2001. The diagnostic value of EEG in Alzheimer disease - correlation with the severity of mental impairment. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 18:570-75
8. Jeong J. 2002. Nonlinear dynamics of EEG in Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev. Res. 56:57-66
9. Bennys K, Rondouin G, Vergnes C, Touchon J. 2001. Diagnostic value of quantitative EEG in Alzheimer's disease. Neurophysiol. Clin./Clin. Neurophysiol. 31:153-60
10. Besthorn C, Forstl H, Geigerkabisch C, Sattel H, Gasser T, Schreitergasser U. 1994. EEG coherence in Alzheimer-disease. Electronencephalgr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 90:242-45
11. Nevsimalova S, Marecek Z, Roth B. 1986. An EEG study of Wilson's disease. Findings in patients and heterozygous relatives. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 64:191-98
12. Chu N-S, Chu C-C, Tu S-C, Huang C-C. 1991. EEG spectral analysis and topographic mapping in Wilson's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 106:1-9
13. Giagheddu M, Tamburini G, Piga M, Tacconi P, Giagheddu A, et al. 2001. Comparison of MRI, EEG, EPs and ECD-SPECT in Wilson's disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 103:71-31
14. Lehnertz K, Andrzejak R, Arnhold J, Kreuz T, Mormann F, et al. 2001. Nonlinear EEG analysis in epilepsy: its possible use for interictal focus localization, seizure anticipation, and prevention. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 18:209-22
15. Van Cott A. 2002. Epilepsy and EEG in the elderly. Epilepsia 43:94-102
16. Benar C, Aghakhani Y, Wang Y, Izenberg A, Al-Asmi A, et al. 2003. Quality of EEG in simultaneous EEG-fMRI for epilepsy. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114:569-80
17. Van Leeuwen WS. 1950. EEG in metastatic brain tumour before, during and after radiation treatment. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2:331-32
18. Silipo R, Deco G, Bartsch H. 1999. Brain tumor classification based on EEG hidden dynamics. Intell. Data Anal. 3:287-306
19. De Jongh A, De Munck JC, Baayen JC, Jonkman EJ, Heethaar RM, Van Dijk BW. 2001. The localization of spontaneous brain activity: first results in patients with cerebral tumors. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112:378-85
20. Dolisi C, Suisse G, Delpont E. 1990. Quantitative EEG abnormalities and asymmetries in patients with intracranial tumors. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 76:13-18
21. Decker DA, Knott JR. 1972. The EEG in intrinsic supratentorial brain tumors: a comparative evaluation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 33:303-10
22. Armitage R, Roffwarg HP, Rush AJ, Calhoun JS, Purdy DG, Giles DE. 1992. Digital period analysis of sleep EEG in depression. Biol. Psychiatry 31:52-68
23. Armitage R, Husain M, Hoffmann R, Rush AJ. 2003. The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on sleep EEG in depression: a preliminary report. J. Psychosom. Res. 54:475-82
24. Knott V, Mahoney C, Kennedy S, Evans K. 2001. EEG power, frequency, asymmetry and coherence in male depression. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 106:123-40
25. Knott V, Mahoney C, Kennedy S, Evans K. 2002. EEG correlates of acute and chronic paroxetine treatment in depression. J. Affect. Disord. 69:241-19
26. Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ. 2003. A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114:171-83
27. Barry RJ, Johnstone SJ, Clarke AR. 2003. A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Event-related potentials. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114:184-98
28. Papadimitriou GN, Kerkhofs M, Kempenaers C, Mendlewicz J. 1988. EEG sleep studies in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res. 26:183-90
29. Okogbaa OG, Shell RL, Filipusic D. 1994. On the investigation of the neurophysiological correlates of knowledge worker mental fatigue using the EEG signal. Appl. Ergon. 25:355-65
30. Chen ACN. 2002. Human brain measures of clinical pain - a review (1,2). Topographic mappings. Pain 54:115-44
31. Penzel T, Conradt R. 2000. Computer based sleep recording and analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 4:131-18
32. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. 2001. Impact of activity and arousal upon spectral EEG parameters. Physiol. Behav. 74:291-98
33. Thomsen C, Prior P. 1996. Quantitative EEG in assessment of anaesthetic depth: comparative study of methodology. Br. J. Anaesth. 77:172-78
34. Koskinen M, Seppänen T, Tuukkanen J, Yli-Hankala A, Jäntti V. 2001. Propofol anesthesia induces phase synchronization changes in EEG. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112:386-92
35. Mi W, Sakai T, Kudo T, Kudo M, Matsuki A. 2003. The interaction between fentanyl and propofol during emergence from anesthesia: monitoring with the EEG-Bispectral Index™. J. Clin. Anesth. 15:103-7
36. Bo P, Soragna D, Specchia C, Chimento P, Favalli L. 2003. Quantified EEG analysis monitoring in a novel model of general anaesthesia in rats. Brain Res. Protoc. 11:155-61
37. Cohen BA, Bravo-Fernandez EJ, Anthony Sances J. 1976. Quantification of computer analyzed serial EEGs from stroke patients. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 41:379-86
38. Bassetti CL, Aldrich MS. 2001. Sleep electroencephalogram changes in acute hemispheric stroke. Sleep Med. 2:185-94
39. Murri L, Gori S, Massetani R, Bonanni E, Marcella F, Milani S. 1998. Evaluation of acute ischemic stroke using quantitative EEG: a comparison with conventional EEG and CT scan. Neurophysiol. Clin./Clin. Neurophysiol. 28:249-57
40. Nakajima Y, Homma S, Musha T, Okamoto Y, Ackerman RH, et al. 1990. Dipole-tracing of abnormal slow brain potentials after cerebral stroke - EEG, PET, MRI correlations. Neurosci. Lett. 112:59-64
41. Bezerianos A, Tong S, Thakor N. 2003. Tsallis entropy estimation of EEG rhythm changes following brain ischemia. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 31:221-32
42. Tong S, Bezerianos A, Paul J, Zhu Y, Thakor N. 2002. Nonextensive entropy measure of EEG following brain injury from cardiac arrest. Physica A 305:619-28
43. Tong S, Bezerianos A, Malhotra A, Zhu Y, Thakor N. 2003. Parameterized entropy analysis of EEG following hypoxicischemic brain injury. Phys. Lett. A 314:354-61
44. Thatcher RW, Walker RA, Gerson I, Geisler FH. 1989. EEG discriminant analyses of mild head trauma. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 73:94-106
45. Legros B, Fournier P, Chiaroni P, Mercier C, Degiovanni E, et al. 1998. Emergency EEG and brain trauma. Neurophysiol. Clin./Clin. Neurophysiol. 28:111-20
46. Young G. 2000. The EEG in coma. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 17:473-85
47. Horwitz B, Poeppel D. 2002. How can EEG/MEG and fMRI/PET data be combined? Hum. Brain Mapp. 17:1-3
48. Alper J. 1993. EEG+MRI: a sum greater than the parts. Science 261:559
49. Baudewig J, Bittermann HJ, Paulus W, Frahm J. 2001. Simultaneous EEG and functional MRI of epileptic activity: a case report. Clin. Electroencephalogr. 112:1196-200
50. Misulis KE. 1997. Essentials of Clinical Neurophysiology. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann
51. Spehimann R. 1981. EEG Primer. New York: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomed. Press
52. Webster JG. 1978. Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
53. Yoo SK, Kim NH, Kim SH, Kim JL. 1995. The development of high precision EEG amplifier for the computerized EEG analysis. Proc. IEEE Annu. Conf. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 17th, 2:1651-52, Montreal, Quebec, Can.
54. Goel V, Brambrink AM, Baykal A, Koehler RC, Hanley DF, Thakor NV. 1996. Dominant frequency analysis of EEG reveals brain's response during injury and recovery. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 43:1083-92
55. Palus M. 1996. Nonlinear in normal human EEG: cycles, temporal asymmetry, nonstationarity and randomness, not chaos. Biol. Cybern. 75:389-96
56. Pijn J, Van Neerven J, Noest A, Lopes da Silva FH. 1991. Chaos or noise in EEG signals: dependence on state and brain site. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 79:371-81
57. Tong S, Bezerianos A, Paul J, Zhu Y, Thakor N. 2001. Removal of ECG interference from the EEG recordings in small animals using independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 108:11-17
58. Jung T, Makeig S, Westerfield M, Townsend J, Courchesne E, Sejnowski T. 2000. Removal of eye activity artifacts from visual event-related potentials in normal and clinical subjects. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111:1745-58
59. Jung T, Makeig S, Humphries C, Lee T, McKeown M, et al. 2000. Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation. Psychophysiology 37:163-78
60. Pardey J, Roberts S, Tarassenko L. 1996. A review of parametric modeling techniques for EEG analysis. Med. Eng. Phys. 18:2-11
61. Geocadin RG, Ghodadra R, Kimura T, Lei H, Sherman DL, et al. 2000. A novel quantitative EEG injury measure of global cerebral ischemia. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111:1779-87
62. Al-Nashash H, Al-Assaf Y, Paul JS, Thakor NV. 2004. EEG signal modeling using adaptive Markov process amplitude. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51(5):744-51
63. Kaiser JF. 1990. On a simple algorithm to calculate the 'energy' of a signal. Proc. Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Process., Albuquerque, NM, pp. 381-84
64. Kaspar F, Schuster H. 1987. Easily calculable measure for the complexity of spatiotemporal patterns. Phys. Rev. A 36:842-48
65. Lempel A, Ziv J. 1976. Complexity of finite sequences. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 22:75-81
66. Zhang X, Roy R. 1999. Predicting movement during anaesthesia by complexity analysis of electroencephalograms. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 37:327-34
67. Zhang X, Roy R. 2001. Derived fuzzy knowledge model for estimating the depth of anesthesia. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 48:312-23
68. Xu J, Liu Z, Liu R, Yang QF. 1997. Information transmission in human cerebral cortex. Physica D 106:363-74
69. Crone N, Boatman D, Gordon B, Hao L. 2001. Induced electrocorticographic gamma activity during auditory perception. Brazier Award-winning article, 2001. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112:565-82
70. Crone N, Hao L, Hart JJ, Boatman D, Lesser R, et al. 2001. Electrocorticographic gamma activity during word production in spoken and sign language. Neurology 57:2045-53
71. Duhamel P, Vetterli M. 1990. Fast Fourier transforms: a tutorial review and a state of the art. Signal Process. 19:259-99
72. Muthuswamy J, Thakor NV. 1998. Spectral analysis methods for neurological signals. J. Neurosci. Methods 83:1-14
73. Thomson D. 1982. Spectrum estimation and harmonic-analysis. Proc. IEEE 70:1055-96
74. Ghil M, Allen M, Dettinger M, Ide K, Kondrashov D, et al. 2002. Advanced spectral methods for climatic time series. Rev. Geophys. 40:1003
75. Kong X, Brambrink A, Hanley DF, Thakor NV. 1999. Quantification of injury-related EEG signal changes using distance measures. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 43:189-97
76. Thakor NV, Sherman DL. 1994. Biomedical problems in time-frequency-scale analysis - new challenges. Proc. IEEE-SP Int. Symp. Time-Frequency Time-Scale Anal., Philadelphia, pp. 536-39
77. Blanco S, Figliola A, Quiroga RQ, Rosso OA, Serrano E. 1998. Time-frequency analysis of electroencephalogram series (III): wavelet packets and information cost function. Phys. Rev. E 57:932-40
78. Williams WJ, Zaveri HP, Sackellares JC. 1995. Time-frequency analysis of electrophysiology signals in epilepsy. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 14:133-43
79. Zaveri HP, Williams WJ, Iasemidis LD, Sackellares JC. 1992. Time-frequency representation of electrocorticograms in temporal lobe epilepsy. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 39:502-9
80. Auger F. 1999. Time-frequency distributions. http://crttsn.univ-nantes. fr/~auger/tftbtest.html
81. Durka P, Blinowska K. 1995. Analysis of EEG transients by means of matching pursuit. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 23:608-11
82. Durka P, Blinowska K. 2001. A unified time-frequency parametrization of EEGs. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 20:47-53
83. Blinowska K, Durka P. 2001. Unbiased high resolution method of EEG analysis in time-frequency space. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 61:157-74
84. Zygierewicz J, Blinowska KJ, Durka P, Szelenberger W, Niemcewicz S, Androsiuk W. 1999. High resolution study of sleep spindles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110:2136-47
85. Mallat SG, Zhang Z. 1993. Matching pursuits with time-frequency dictionaries. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 41:3397-415
86. Bacry E. 1997. LastWave. http://www.cmap.polytechnique.fr/~bacy/LastWave/
87. Jouny CC, Franaszczuk PJ, Bergey GK. 2003. Characterization of epileptic seizure dynamics using Gabor atom density. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114:426-37
88. Shannon CE. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-56
89. Renyi A. 1970. Probability Theory. Amsterdam: North-Holland
90. Tsallis C. 1988. Possible generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. J. Stat. Phys. 52:479-87
91. Tsallis C. 1999. Nonextensive statistics: theoretical, experimental and computational evidences and connections. Braz. J. Phys. 29:1-35
92. Siekman WH. 2003. The entropic index of the planets of the solar-system. Chaos Solitons Fractals 16:119-24
93. Tatsuaki W, Takeshi S. 2001. When non-extensive entropy becomes extensive. Physica A 301:284-90
94. Tatsuaki W, Takeshi S. 2002. The additivity of the pseudo-additive conditional entropy for a proper Tsallis' entropic index. Physica A 305:186-89
95. Latora V, Baranger M, Rapisarda A, Tsallis C. 2000. The rate of entopy increase at the edge of chaos. Phys. Lett. A 273:97-103
96. De Moura FABF, Tirnakli U, Lyra ML. 2000. Convergence to the critical attractor of dissipative maps: log-periodic oscillations, fractality, and nonextensive. Phys. Rev. E 62:6361-65
97. Capurro A, Diambra L, Lorenzo D, Macadar O, Martin MT, et al. 1999. Human brain dynamics: the analysis of EEG signals with Tsallis information measure. Physica A 265:235-54
98. Yordanova J, Kolev V, Rosso OA, Schürmann M, Sakowitz OW, et al. 2002. Wavelet entropy analysis of event-related potentials indicates modality-independent theta dominance. J. Neurosci. Methods 117:99-109
99. Rosso OA, Blanco S, Yordanova J, Kolev V, Figliola A, et al. 2001. Wavelet entropy: a new tool for analysis of short duration brain electrical signals. J. Neurosci. Methods 105:65-75
100. Al-Nashash H, Paul J, Ziai W, Hanley D, Thakor N. 2003. Wavelet entropy for subband segmentation of EEG during injury and recovery. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 31:653-58
101. Andino SLG, Menendez RGD, Thut G, Spinelli L, Blanke O, et al. 2000. Measuring the complexity of time series: an application to neurophysiological signals. Hum. Brain Mapp. 11:46-57
102. Tong S, Thakor NV. 2003. Time-frequency complexity of EEG following hypoxic-ishemic brain injury. Presented at 25th IEEE-EMBS Conf., Cancun, Mex.
103. Cover TM, Thomas JA. 1991. Elements of Information Theory. New York: Wiley
104. Darbellay GA, Vajda I. 1999. Estimation of the information by an adaptive partitioning of the observation space. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 45:1315-21
105. Darbellay GA. 1999. An estimator of the mutual information based on a criterion for independence. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 32:1-17
106. Beirlant J, Dudewicz EJ, Gyorfi L, Meulen EC. 1997. Nonparametric entropy estimation: an overview. Int. J. Math. Stat. Sci. 6:17-39
107. Paninski L. 2003. Estimation of entropy and mutual information. Neural Comput. 15:1191-253
108. Na SH, Jin S-H, Kim SY, Ham B-J. 2002. EEG in schizophrenic patients: mutual information analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113:1954-60
109. Muthuswamy J, Sherman DL, Thakor NV. 1999. Higher-order spectral analysis of burst patterns in EEG. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 46:92-99
110. th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., Chicago, 3:1188-90
111. Nikias CL, Mendel JM. 1993. Signal processing with higher-order spectra. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 10:10-37
112. Akkarakaran S, Vaidyanathan PP. 2000. Bifrequency and bispectrum maps: a new look at multirate systems with stochastic inputs. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 48:723-36
113. Kowalik ZJ, Elbert T. 1994. Changes of chaoticness in spontaneous EEG/MEG. Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci. 29:270-82
114. Sarbadhikari S, Chakrabarty K. 2001. Chaos in the brain: a short review alluding to epilepsy, depression, exercise and lateralization. Med. Eng. Phys. 23:445-55
115. Lee YJ, Zhu YS, Xu YH, Shen MF, Zhang HX, Thakor NV. 2001. Detection of nonlinearity in the EEG of schizophrenic patients. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112:1288-94
116. Krystal A, Zaidman C, Greenside H, Weiner R, Coffey C. 1997. The largest Lyapunov exponent of the EEG during ECT seizures as a measure of ECT seizure adequacy. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 103:599-606
117. Pincus S. 1995. Approximate entropy (ApEn) as a complexity measure. Chaos 5:110-17
118. Lee YJ, Zhu YS, Xu YH, Shen MF, Tong SB, Thakor NV. 2001. The nonlinear dynamical analysis of the EEG in schizophrenia with temporal and spatial embedding dimension. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 25:79-83
119. Stam C, Jelles B, Achtereekte H, Rombouts S, Staets J, Keunen R. 1995. Investigation of EEG non-linearity in dementia and Parkinson's disease. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 95:309-20
120. Tokens F. 1981. Detecting strange attractors in turbulenc. In Dynamical Systems and Turbulence; Lecture Notes in Mathematics, ed. D Rand, LS Young, 898:366-81. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
121. Grassberger P, Procaccia I. 1983. Measuring the strangeness of strange attractors. Physica D 9:189-208
122. Bruhn J, Ropcke H, Hoeft A. 2000. Approximate entropy as an electroencephalographic measure of anesthetic drug effect during desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 92:715-26
123. Bhattacharya J. 2000. Complexity analysis of spontaneous EEG. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 60:495-501
124. Gu FJ, Meng X, Shen EH, Cai ZJ. 2003. Can we measure consciousness with EEG complexities? Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 13:733-42
125. Grassberger P, Procaccia I. 1983. Characterization of strange attractors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 50:346-49
126. Judd K. 1994. Estimating dimension from small samples. Physica D 71:421-29
127. Theiler J, Euband S, Longtin A, Galdrikian B, Farmer J. 1992. Testing for nonlinearity in time series: the method of surrogate data. Physica D 58:77-94
128. Rapp P, Albano A, Schmah T, Farwell L. 1993. Filtered noise can mimic low-dimensional chaotic attractors. Phys. Rev. E 47:2289-97
129. Le Van Quyen M, Martinerie J, Adam C, Varela F. 1999. Nonlinear analyses of interictal EEG map the brain interdependencies in human focal epilepsy. Physica D 127:250-66
130. Martinerie J, Adam C, Le Van Quyen M, Baulac M, Clemenceau S, et al. 1998. Epileptic seizures can be anticipated by non-linear analysis. Nat. Med. 4:1173-76
131. Ogo K. 1995. Chaos and fractal properties in EEG data. Electron. Commun. Jpn. Pt. III 78:27-36
132. Chen ACN. 2001. New perspectives in EEG/MEG brain mapping and PET/fMRI neuroimaging of human pain. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 42:147-59
133. Lachaux J-P, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J, Varela FJ. 1999. Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals. Hum. Brain Mapp. 8:194-208
134. Baillet S, Mosher JC, Leahy RM. 2001. Electromagnetic brain mapping. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 18:14-30
135. Passynkova NR, Volf NV. 2001. Seasonal affective disorder: spatial organization of EEG power and coherence in the depressive state and in light-induced and summer remission. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 108:169-85
136. Volf NV, Passynkova NR. 2002. EEG mapping in seasonal affective disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 72:61-69
137. Schellenberg R, Schwarz A, Knorr W, Haufe C. 1992. EEG-brain mapping. A method to optimize therapy in schizophrenics using absolute power and center frequency values. Schizophr. Res. 8:21-29
138. Galderisi S, Mucci A, Di Gregorio M, Bucci P, Maj M, Kemali D. 1990. C-EEG brain mapping in DSM-III schizophrenics after acute and chronic haloperidol treatment. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1:51-54
139. Galderisi S, Mucci A, Mignone M, Maj M, Kemali D. 1991. CEEG mapping in drug-free schizophrenics. Differences from healthy subjects and changes induced by haloperidol treatment. Schizophr. Res. 6:15-23
140. Kemali D, Galderisi S, Maj M, Mucci A, Di Gregorio M, Bucci P. 1992. Computerized EEG topography findings in schizophrenic patients before and after haloperidol treatment. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 13:283-90
141. Saletu B, Kufferle B, Anderer P, Grunberger J, Steinberger K. 1990. EEG-brain mapping in schizophrenics with predominantly positive and negative symptoms. Comparative studies with remoxipride/haloperidol. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1:27-36
142. Angrilli A, Dobel C, Rockstroh B, Stegagno L, Elbert T. 2000. EEG brain mapping of phonological and semantic tasks in Italian and German languages. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111:706-16
143. Itil T, Ferracuti S, Freedman A, Sherer C, Mehta P, Itil K. 1990. Computer-analyzed EEG (CEEG) and dynamic brain mapping in AIDS and HIV related syndrome: a pilot study. Clin. Electroencephalogr. 21:140-44
144. Saletu B, Grunberger J, Linzmayer L, Anderer P. 1990. Brain protection of nicergoline against hypoxia: EEG brain map-ping and psychometry. J. Neural Transm. Parkinsons. Dis. Dement. Sect. 2:305-25
145. Lu X-CM, Williams AJ, Tortella FC. 2001. Quantitative electroencephalography spectral analysis and topographic mapping in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 27:481-95
146. Nunez PL. 1981. Electric Fields of the Brain. New York/Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
147. Cuffin BN. 1998. EEG dipole source localization. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 17:118-22
148. Mosher JC, Leahy RM, Lewis PS. 1999. EEG and MEG: forward solutions for inverse methods. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 46:245-59
149. Fernandez DC, Menendez RGD, Andino SLG, Farras EO. 1995. Some limitations of spatio-temporal source models. Brain Topogr. 7:233-43
150. Gordon E. 1999. Brain imaging technologies: how, what, when and why? Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 33:187-96
151. Thatcher RW, Biver C, McAlaster R, Salazar A. 1998. Biophysical linkage between MRI and EEG coherence in closed head inury. Neuroimage 8:307-26
152. Thatcher RW, Biver C, Gomez JF, North D, Curtin R, et al. 2001. Estimation of the EEG power spectrum using MRI T(2) relaxation time in traumatic brain injury. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112:1729-45
153. Dimitrov L. 1998. Texturing 3D-reconstructions of the human brain with EEG-activity maps. Hum. Brain Mapp. 6:189-202
154. Bonmassar G, Schwartz D, Liu A, Kwong K, Dale A, Belliveau J. 2001. Spatiotemporal brain imaging of visual-evoked activity using interleaved EEG and fMRI recordings. Neuroimage 13:1035-43
155. Korzeniewska A, Manczak M, Kaminski M, Blinowska K, Kasicki S. 2003. Determination of information flow direction among brain structures by a modified directed transfer function (dDTF) method. J. Neurosci. Methods 125:195-207
156. Liang H, Ding M, Bressler S. 2001. Temporal dynamics of information flow in the cerebral cortex. Neurocomputing 38:1429-35
157. Sameshima K, Baccala L. 1999. Using partial directed coherence to describe neuronal ensemble interactions. J. Neurosci. Methods 94:93-103
158. Baccala L, Sameshima K. 2001. Partial directed coherence: a new concept in neural structure determination. Biol. Cybern. 84:463-74