Hydrogen as a temporary alloying element in titanium alloys: Thermohydrogen processing

International Materials Reviews

Volumn 49, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 227-245

  Froes, F H ^a   Senkov, O N ^b   Qazi, J I ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

^b UES INC   (United States)

^c AMRL   (United States)

Author keywords

Hydrogen induced microstructural modification; Hydrogenated titanium alloys; Thermohydrogen processing; Transformation induced plasticity

Indexed keywords

PHASE COMPOSITIONS; THERMOHYDROGEN PROCESSING; VACUUM ANNEALING;

ALLOYING; DEGRADATION; FORGING; HYDROGEN; HYDROGENATION; PHASE TRANSITIONS; PLASTICITY; SUPERPLASTICITY;

TITANIUM ALLOYS;

EID: 4444270784     PISSN: 09506608     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/095066004225010550     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. A. San-Martin and F. D. Manchester: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1987, 8, (1), 30-42.
2. G. A. Lenning, C. M. Craighead and R. I. Jaffee: Trans. AIMS, 1954, 200, 367-376.
3. H. Wipf: in 'Hydrogen in metals III: properties and applications', 51-91; 1997, Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
4. A. D. McQuillan: R. Soc. (London), Series A, 1951, 204, 309-322.
5. R. M. German: 'Powder metallurgy science', 86; 1994, Princeton, NJ, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF).
6. F. H. Froes, D. Eylon and C. Suryanarayana: JOM, 1990, 42, (3), 26-29.
7. O. N. Senkov, J. J. Jonas and F. H. Froes: JOM, 1996, 48, (7), 42-47.
8. O. N. Senkov and F. H. Froes: Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1999, 24, 565-576.
9. F. H. Froes, O. N. Senkov and J. J. Jonas: in 'Non-aerospace applications of titanium', (ed. F. H. Froes et al.), 111-125; 1998, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
10. F. H. Froes and D. Eylon: in 'Hydrogen effects on materials behavior', (ed. N. R. Moody and A. W. Thompson), 261-264; 1989, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
11. F. H. Froes, D. Eliezer and H. G. Nelson: in 'Hydrogen effects on materials behavior', (ed. N. R. Moody and A. W. Thompson), 719-732; 1989, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
12. F. H. Froes, O. N. Senkov and J. I. Qazi: 'Hydrogen effects on materials behavior and corrosion deformation interactions', (ed. N. R. Moody et al.), 301-313; 2003, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
13. D. Eliezer, N. Eliaz, O. N. Senkov and F. H. Froes: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 280A, (1), 220-224.
14. L. Levin, R. G. Vogt, D. Eylon and F. H. Froes: US Patent 4 612 066, Sept. 1986.
15. L. Levin, R. G. Vogt, D. Eylon and F. H. Froes: US Patent 4 655 855, Apr. 1987.
16. R. G. Vogt, D. Eylon and F. H. Froes: US Patent 4 680 063, July 1987.
17. D. Eylon, F. H. Froes and C. F. Yolton: US Patent 4 820 360, Apr. 1989.
18. D. Eylon and F. H. Froes: US Patent 4 832 760, May, 1989.
19. D. Eylon, F. H. Froes and C. F. Yolton: US Patent 4 872 927, Oct. 1989.
20. F. H. Froes and S. D. Shong: US Patent 5 015 305, May 1991.
21. F. H. Froes, S. D. Shong, Y.-W. Kim and F. C. Yolton: US Patent 5 067 988, Nov. 1991.
22. D. Eylon, F. H. Froes and L. S. Steele: US Patent 5 098 484, 24 Mar. 1992.
23. F. H. Froes and O. N. Senkov: 'Grain size refinement in titanium alloys through thermohydrogen processing'. Disclosure of Invention, University of Idaho, Feb. 1999.
24. U. Zwicker and V. Schleicher: US Patent 2892742, June 1959.
25. V. K. Nosov and B. A. Kolachev: 'Hydrogen-induced plasticization of titanium alloys at hot deformation'; 1986, Moscow, Metallurgia.
26. W. R. Kerr, R. R. Smith, M. E. Rosenblum, F. J. Gurney, Y. R. Mahajan and L. R. Bidwell: in 'Titanium 80: science and technology', (ed. H. Kimura and O. Izumi), Vol. 4, 2477-2486; 1980, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
27. W. R. Kerr: Metall. Trans. A, 1981, 16A, 1077-1087.
28. N. E. Paton, B. S. Hickman and D. H. Leslie: Metall. Trans., 1971, 2, 2791-2796.
29. O. N. Senkov, M. Dubois and J. J. Jonas: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1996, 27A, 3963-3970.
30. O. N. Senkov, B. C. Chakoumakos, J. J. Jonas and F. H. Froes: Mater. Res. Bull., 2001, 36, 14320-1440.
31. A. A. Ilyn: Izv. VUZ Tsvetn. Metall., 1987, 1, 96-101.
32. A. A. Ilyn: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Met., 1994, 5, 65-70.
33. J. W. Christian: 'The theory of transformations in metals and alloys', 2nd edn, 460-462; 1975, Oxford, Pergamom.
34. A. A. Ilyn and A. M. Mamonov: J. Aeronaut. Mater., 1992, 1, 24-27.
35. A. A. Ilyn and A. M. Mamonov: Russ. Metall., 1994, 5, 52-57.
36. B. Liao, T. S. Wang, K. Yang, F. R. Xiao and Y. Y. Li: Mater. Lett., 1995, 22, (5-6), 227-231.
37. R. R. Boyer, G. Welsch and E. W. Collings (eds.): 'Materials properties handbook: titanium alloys'; 1994, Materials Park, OH, ASM International.
38. A. A. Ilyn, B. A. Kolachev and A. M. Mamonov: in Titanium '92: science and technology', (ed. F. H. Froes and I. Caplan), Vol. 1, 941-947; 1993, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
39. J. I. Qazi, O. N. Senkov, J. Rahim, A. Genc and F. H. Froes: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 32A, 2453-2463.
40. J. I. Qazi: PhD dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, Sept. 2002.
41. V. E. Arkhipov, S. F. Dubinin, V. E. Naish, T. V. Novoselova, S. B. Pupyshev, N. H. Ratslav, I. V. Sagradze and S. G. Teploukhov: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1994, 78, (5), 573-578
42. A. A. Ilyn, A. M. Mamonov and V. K. Nosov: Mater. Sci., 1994, 30, (4), 494-496.
43. I. J. Polmear: 'Light alloys: metallurgy of the light metals', 3rd edn, 248-286; 1995, New York, John Wiley.
44. J. I. Qazi, O. N. Senkov, J. Rahim and F. H. Froes: Mater. Sci Eng. A, 2003, A359, 137-149.
45. B. Gong, Z. Lai and C. Zhang: Chin. J. Met. Sci. Technol., 1991, 7, 425-429.
46. C. Zhang, W. Bian, Z. Lai and B. Gong: Acta Metall. Sin. (English Edn) A, 1992, 5, (5), 362-368.
47. A. A. Ilyn, A. M. Mamonov, Y. N. Kusakina and V. K. Nosov: in 'EuroMat 97', 5th European Conf. on 'Advanced materials processes and applications', Vol. 1, 'Metals and composites', 307-310; 1997, Kwijndrecht, Netherlands Society for Materials Science.
48. O. N. Senkov, E. V. Konopleva and E. G. Ponyatovsky: in 'Microstructure/properties relationships of titanium alloys', (ed. S. Ankem and J. A. Hall), 207-214; 1994, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
49. B. A. Kolachev: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., 1993, 10, 28-32.
50. H. Yoshimura, K. Kimura, M. Hayashi, M. Ishii, T. Hanamura and J. Takamura: Mater. Trans. JIM, 1994, 35, (4), 266-272.
51. O. N. Senkov and I. O. Bashkin: in 'Metallurgical processes for the year 2000 and beyond', (ed. H. Y. Sohn), Vol. 1, 271-280; 1994, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
52. S. B. Belova, V. K. Nosov and A. A. Ilyn: Izv. VUZ Tsvetn. Metall., 1987, 5, 83-86.
53. B. A. Kolachev, Yu. V. Poloskin, V. I. Sedov, Yu. B. Egorova and A. N. Kravchenko: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., 1992, 1, 32-33.
54. O. N. Senkov, I. O. Bashkin and E. G. Ponyatovsky: in 'Microstructure/properties relationships of titanium alloys', (ed. S. Ankem and J. A. Hall), 191-198; 1994, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
55. O. N. Senkov and J. J. Jonas: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1996, 27A, 1877-1887.
56. H. K. Birnbaum and P. Sofronis: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1994, A176, 191-202.
57. D. F. Teter, I. M. Robertson and H. K. Birnbaum: Acta Mater., 2001, 39, 4313-4323.
58. A. A. Ilyn, I. S. Polkin, A. M. Mamonov and V. K. Nosov: in Titanium '95: science and technology', (ed. P. A. Blenkinsop et al.), Vol. 4, 2462-2469; 1995, London, The Institute of Materials.
59. R. J. Smickley and L. E. Dardi: US Patent 4505764, Mar. 1985.
60. L. Levin, R. G. Vogt, D. Eylon and F. H. Froes: Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Titanium', (ed. G. Lütjering et al.), 2107-2114; 1984, Munich, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde.
61. C. F. Yolton, D. Eylon and F. H. Froes: Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Titanium', (ed. P. Lacombe et al.), 1641-1646; 1988, Cannes, Editions de Physique.
62. M. Frary, C. Schuh and D. C. Dunand: Philos. Mag. A, 2001, 81, (1), 197-212.
63. C. Schuh and D. C. Dunand: Acta Mater, 2001, 49, 3387-3400.
64. P. Zwigl and D. C. Dunand: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2001, 117, 409-417.
65. A. A. Ilyn, M. Yu. Kollerov, A. M. Mamonov, A. A. Krastilevsky and D. Yu. Makarenkov: J. Phys. IV, 1995, C8-5, 1145-1150.
66. J. H. Li, P. S. Grant, M. L. Jenkins and B. Cantor: J. Microsc., 1997, 185, (2), 132-145.
67. J. H. Li, P. S. Grant, M. L. Jenkins and B. Cantor: in 'Control of interfaces in metal and ceramics composites', (ed. R. Y. Lin and S. G. Flashman), 357-370; 1993, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
68. N. Machida, K. Funami and M. Kobayashi: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2001, 357-359, 539-544.
69. L. I. Anisimova, Y. A. Aksenov, M. G. Badaeva, N. V. Vas'ko, V. L. Kolmogorov and V. S. Mozhaiskii: Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1992, 34, (1-2), 143-147.
70. A. V. Malkov, B. A. Kolachev and I. D. Nizkin: Izv. VUZ Tsvetn. Metall., 1990, 6, 96-100.
71. B. A. Kolachev, A. V. Malkov, I. D. Nizkin, A. V. Mitin and A. F. Korostylev: Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Met., 1991, 3, 67-69.
72. O. N. Senkov and J. J. Jonas: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1996, 27A, 1869-1876.
73. O. N. Senkov and J. J. Jonas: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1996, 27A, 1303-1312.
74. Yu. A. Aksyonov, I. O. Bashkin and V. L. Kolmogorov: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1989, 67, (5), 157-163.
75. I. O. Bashkin, V. Yu. Malyshev and V. Yu. Aksenov: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1990, 69, (5), 158-164.
76. E. G. Ponyatovsky, I. O. Bashkin and O. N. Senkov: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1989, 68, (6), 122-128.
77. A. A. Ilyn, B. A. Kolachev and A. M. Mamonov: in 'Titanium '92: science and technology', (ed. F. H. Froes and I. L. Caplan), Vol. 1, 861-868; 1993, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
78. O. N. Senkov and J. J. Jonas: in Titanium '95: science and technology', (ed. P. A. Blenkinsop et al.), Vol. 2, 1026-1033; 1995, London, The Institute of Materials.
79. A. A. Ilyn, A. M. Mamonov, V. K. Nosov and V. M. Majstrov: Russ. Metall., 1994, 5, 74-77.
80. I. O. Bashkin, E. I Rabkin and B. B. Straumal: Fiz. Met. Metalloved., 1992, 3, 73-80.
81. O. N. Senkov, J. J. Jonas and F. H. Froes: Philos. Mag. A, 2000, 80, 2813-2825.
82. P. A. Flinn: Acta Metall., 1958, 6, 631-635.
83. O. N. Senkov, E. V. Konopleva and E. G. Ponyatovsky: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1994, 77, (3), 318-327.
84. O. N. Senkov and E. G. Ponyatovsky: in 'Strength of materials (ICSMA 10)' (ed. H. Oikawa et al.), 639-642; 1994, Sendai, The Japan Institute of Metals.
85. I. O. Bashkin, E. G. Ponyatovsky, O. N. Senkov and V. Yu. Malyshev: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1990, 69, (2), 167-174.
86. O. N. Senkov, E. G. Ponyatovsky and I. O. Bashkin: in 'Mechanical behavior of materials VI', (ed. M. Jono and T Inoue), Vol. 2, 725-730; 1991, Oxford, Pergamon.
87. O. N. Senkov, I. O. Bashkin, V. Yu. Malyshev and E. G. Ponyatovsky: Phys. Met. Metallogr., 1990, 70, (1), 111-119.
88. E. G. Ponyatovsky, O. N. Senkov and I. O. Bashkin: Metallofizika, 1990, 12, (5), 20-25.
89. R. J. Lederich, S. M. Sastry, J. E. O'Neal and W. R. Kerr: in 'Advanced methods for titanium', (ed. D. F. Hasson and C. H. Hamilton), 115-128; 1982, New York, AIME.
90. Z. Shaoqing and Z. Linruo: J. Alloy. Compd., 1995, 218, (2), 233-236.
91. T. Y. Fang and W. H. Wang: Proc. Nat. Sci. Council, ROC (A), 1998, 22, 1, 116-125.
92. B. Gong, C. B. Zhang and Z. H. Lai: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1994, 13, (21), 1561-1563.
93. Z. Xu, B. Gong, C. Zhang and Z. Lai: Acta Metall. Sin., 1991, 27, (4), A270-A273.
94. T. L. Mackay, S. M. L. Sastry and C. F. Yolton: US Technical Report AFWAL-TR-80-4038, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 1980.
95. D. Zhongquan, W. Gaochao, C. Yuxin, W. Chunlie and Z. Zhifang: in 'Titanium '92: science and technology', (ed. F. H. Froes and I. Caplan), Vol. I, 871-877; 1993, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
96. H. Ding, Y. H. Du, G. M. Lu, L. Dong, C. B. Zhang and J. Z. Cui: in 'THERMEC'97', Int. Conf. on 'Thermomechanical processing of steels and other materials', (ed. T. Chandra and T. Sakai), 1505-1510; 1997, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
97. B. A. Kolachev, Y. B. Egorova and V. D. Talalaev: in 'Titanium '95: science and technology', (ed. P. A. Blenkinsop et al.), Vol. I, 782-789; 1995, London, The Institute of Materials.
98. B. A. Kolachev, Y. B. Egorova and V. D. Talalaev: in 'Advances in the science and technology of titanium alloy processing', (ed. I. Weiss et al.), 339-346; 1997, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
99. D. H. Kohn and P. Ducheyne: J. Mater. Sci., 1991, 26, 328-334.
100. B. A. Kolachev, V. K. Nosov and I. A. Lebedev: Izv. VUZ Tsvetn. Metall., 1985, 3, 104-107.
101. B. A. Kolachev and A. A. Ilyn: in 'Metallovedenie i Obrabotka Titanovih i Zharoprochnih Splavov', 132-142; 1991, Moscow, All-Russian Institute of Light Alloys.
102. Z. Lai, C. Chang, B. Gong, F. Zhou, R. Ji and Z. Xu: in 'Advanced materials and processes: second Sino-Russia symposium', (ed. L. Zhou et al.), 227-232;1993, China, Shaanxi Science and Technology Press.
103. M. Niinomi, B. Gong, T. Kobayashi, T. Ohyabu and O. Toriyama: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1995, 1141-1151.
104. H. Yoshimura, M. Hayashi and K. Kimura: Nippon Steel Tech. Rep., 1994, 62, 80-84.
105. W. H. Kao and L. M. Orsborn: in 'Powder metallurgy of titanium alloys', (ed. F. H. Froes and J. E. Smugeresky), 163; 1980, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
106. C. F. Yolton and F. H. Froes: US Patent 4 219 357, Aug. 1980.
107. J. I. Qazi, O. N. Senkov and F. H. Froes: in 'Cost effective manufacturing', (ed. F. H. Froes et al.), 93-100; 2002, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
108. B. Gong, Z. H. Lai and M. Kobayashi: Acta Metall. Sin. A, 1992, 28, (10), A431-A434.
109. D. H. Kohn and P. Ducheyne: J. Mater. Sci., 1991, 26, 534-544.
110. H. Yoshimura and Jun Nakahigashi: J. Alloy. Compd., 1999, 293-295, 858-861.
111. O. N. Senkov: in 'Strength of materials (ICSMA 10)', (ed. H. Oikawa et al.), 635-638; 1994, Sendai, The Japan Institute of Metals.
112. H. Ding, Y. H. Du, G. M. Lu, L. Dong, C. B. Zhang and J. Z. Cui: in 'THERMEC'97', Int. Conf. on 'Thermomechanical processing of steels and other materials', (ed. T. Chandra and T. Sakai), 1505-1510; 1997, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
113. W. Y. Chu and A. W. Thompson: in 'Hydrogen effects on materials behavior', (ed. N. R. Moody and A. W. Thompson), 285-296; 1990, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
114. L. S. Steele, D. Eylon and F. H. Froes: in '1990 advances in powder metallurgy', 509-523; 1990, Princeton, NJ, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF).
115. L. S. Apgar and D. Eylon: in '1990 advances in powder metallurgy', 173-186; 1990, Princeton, NJ, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF).
116. L. S. Apgar and D. Eylon: ISIJ Int., 1991, 31, 915-921.
117. M. Saqib, L. S. Apgar, D. Eylon and I. Weiss: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1995, A201, (1-2), 169-181.
118. M. Saqib, L. S. Apgar, D. Eylon and I. Weiss: in 'Titanium '92: science and technology', (ed. F. H. Froes and I. Caplan), Vol. I, 837-844; 1993, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
119. M. Saqib, L. S. Apgar, D. Eylon and I. Weiss: in 'Titanium '92: science and technology', (ed. F. H. Froes and I. Caplan), Vol. I, 845-852; 1993, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
120. B. Liao, K. Yang, Y. Y. Li, T. S. Wang and H. Yuan: Scr. Metall. Mater., 1995, 32, (2), 277-281.
121. K. Yang and D. V. Edmonds: J. Mater. Sci., 1994, 29, (8), 2126-2132.
122. K. Yang and D. V. Edmonds: Scr. Metall. Mater., 1993, 28, (1), 71-76.
123. K. Yang, B. Liao, T. S. Wang and Y. Y. Li: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1996, 15, 759-762.
124. L. S. Apgar, C. F. Yolton, M. Saqib, I. Weiss and D. Eylon: in 'Titanium '92: science and technology', (ed. F. H. Froes and I. Caplan), Vol. I, 1331-1338; 1993, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
125. S. Abkowitz and D. Rowell: Progr. Powder Metall., 1986, 42, 611-624.
126. S. Abkowitz and D. Rowell: J. Met., 1986, 38, (42), 36-39.
127. S. Abkowitz, G. J. Kardys, S. Fujishiro, F. H. Froes and D. Eylon: in 'Titanium net shape technologies', 107-120; 1984, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
128. K. Ameyama, Y. Kaneko, H. Iwasaki and M. Tokizane: in '1989 advances in powder metallurgy', Vol. 3, 121-126; 1989, Princeton, NJ, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF).
129. F. H. Froes: in '1991 P/M in aerospace and defence technology', 5-33; 1991, Princeton, NJ, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF).
130. W. H. Kao, D. Eylon, C. F. Yolton and F. H. Froes: Progr. Powder Metall., 1982, 37, 289-301.
131. J. I. Qazi, V. S. Moxson, O. N. Senkov and F. H. Froes: in 'Light metals 2000', (ed. R. D. Peterson), 885-889; 2000, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
132. M. Mitkov and D. Bozic: Mater. Charact., 1996, 37, 53-60.
133. E. Dudrova, E. Bobrova, L. Parilak and B. Stefan: Int. J. Sci. Sint., 1992, 24, (2), 105-115.
134. J. I. Qazi, J. Rahim, O. N. Senkov, F. H. Froes, M. L. Ovecoglu and A. Genc: in 'Powder metallurgy alloys and particulate materials for industrial applications', (ed. D. E. Alman and J. W. Newkirk), 95-104; 2000, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
135. J. I. Qazi, V. S. Moxson, O. N. Senkov and F. H. Froes: Proc. Int. Conf. on 'Powder metallurgy and particulate materials', (ed. C. Rose and M. H. Thibodeau), Vol. 4, 13-20; 1999, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
136. O. M. Ivasishin, D. G. Savvakin, V. S. Moxson, K. A. Bondereva and F. H. Froes: in 'Cost effective manufacturing', (ed. F. H. Froes et al.), 117-128; 2002, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
137. D. K. Mukhopadhyay, N. Srisukhumbowornchai, O. N. Senkov and F. H. Froes: in 'Advanced particulate materials and processes 1997', (ed. F. H. Froes and J. Hebeisen), 145-152; 1997, Princeton, NJ, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF)
138. O. N. Senkov, F. H. Froes and E. G. Baburaj: Scr. Mater., 1997, 37, (5), 575-579.
139. Memezawa, K. Aoki and T. Matsumoto: Scr. Metall. Mater., 1993, 28, (3), 361-365.
140. K. Aoki, A. Memezawa and T. Masumoto: J. Mater. Res., 1994, 9, (1), 39-46.
141. S. Amarchang, T. R. Ramamohan and P. Ramakrishnan: in 'Ultra fine grained materials', (ed. R. S. Mishra et al.), 33-40; 2000, Warrendale, PA, TMS.
142. D. A. Small, G. R. MacKay and R. A. Dunlap: J. Alloy. Compd., 1999, 284, 312-315.
143. O. M. Ivasishin, A. N. Demidik and D. G. Sawakin: in 'Titanium '95: science and technology', (ed. P. A. Blenkinsop et al.), 440-447; 1995, London, The Institute of Materials.
144. M. Bououdina, Z. Luklinska and Z. X. Guo: J. Metastable Nanocryst. Mater., 2001, 10, 421-426.
145. Y. Itoh, K. Aoki and T. Masumoto: Mater. Sci. Forum. 1996, 225-227, 889-894.
146. F. H. Froes and J. Hebeisen: in 'Advanced particulate materials and processes 1997', (ed. F. H. Froes and J. Hebeisen), 1-26; 1997, Princeton, NJ, Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF).
147. K. Yang, Z. X. Guo and D. V. Edmonds: Scr. Metall. Mater., 1992, 27, (12), 1695-1700.
148. K. Yang, Z. X. Guo and D. V. Edmonds: Scr. Metall. Mater., 1992, 27, (8), 1021-1026.
149. Z. X. Guo, J. H. Li, K. Yang and B. Derby: Composites, 1994, 25, (9), 881-886.