Geographia's pen: Writing, geography and the arts of commerce, 1660-1760

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 294-315

  Ogborn, Miles ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE; HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY; TEACHING;

EID: 4444255110     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2003.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Cocker E. Magnum in Parvo, or The Pen's Perfection 1675 London, [fol. 15]
2. G. Bickham, The British Monarchy, London, 1743, titlepage. There were further editions in 1748 and 1749.
3. The figure of Geographia appears in eighteenth-century English editions of Ripa's Iconologia, see Iconologia: Or, Moral Emblems, By Cesare Ripa, London, 1709 and is discussed in S. Daniels, The globe, the lyre and the portfolio: fashioning female accomplishment in the eighteenth century, paper presented at the Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, New York, March 2001.
4. For example Barnes T.J. Duncan J.S. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape 1992 London
5. Duncan J.S. Gregory D. Writes of Passage: Reading Travel Writing 1999 London
6. Driver F. Geography Militant: Cultures of Exploration and Empire 2001 Oxford
7. Livingstone D.N. The Geographical Tradition 1992 Oxford
8. Withers C.W.J. Geography, Science and National Identity: Scotland Since 1520 2001 Cambridge
9. One parallel is with the history of cartography where a concentration on technique and technology has turned from questions of accuracy to those of meaning and power Edney M.H. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India 1997 Chicago, 1765-1843
10. Clayton D.W. Islands of Truth: The Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island 2000 Vancouver
11. Burnett D.G. Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography and a British El Dorado 2000 Chicago
12. Another parallel is with histories of the relationship between printing technologies and science, see Johns A. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making 1998 Chicago
13. Secord J.A. Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 2000 Chicago
14. Mayhew R.J. Enlightenment Geography: The Political Languages of British Geography 2000 Basingstoke, 1650-1850
15. Mayhew R.J. The character of English geography c.1660-1800: a textual approach Journal of Historical Geography 24 1998 385-412
16. Withers C.W.J. Towards a history of geography in the public sphere History of Science 36 1998 45-78
17. Withers C.W.J. Towards a historical geography of Enlightenment in Scotland Wood P. The Scottish Enlightenment: Essays in Reinterpretation 2000 63-97 Rochester, NY
18. Walters A.N. Conversation pieces: science and politeness in eighteenth-century England History of Science 35 1997 122-154
19. Withers C.W.J. How Scotland came to know itself: geography, national identity and the making of a nation, 1680-1790 Journal of Historical Geography 21 1995 371-397
20. Brückner M. Lessons in geography: maps, spellers, and other grammars of nationalism in the early Republic American Quarterly 51 1999 311-343
21. Withers C.W.J. Geography, natural history and the eighteenth-century Enlightenment: putting the world in place History Workshop Journal 39 1995 137-163
22. Miller D.P. Reill P.H. Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany and Representations of Nature 1996 Cambridge
23. Edney M.H. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India 1997 Chicago, 1765-1843
24. Clayton D.W. Islands of Truth: The Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island 2000 Vancouver
25. Withers C.W.J. Mayhew R.J. Rethinking disciplinary history: geography in British universities, c.1580-1887 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 27 2002 25 and 26
26. Mayhew R.J. Geography in eighteenth-century British education Paedagogica Historica 34 1998 731-769
27. G. Bickham, The British Monarchy, London, 1743-4.
28. This rustic antiquarianism also provided curiousities that a cultivated urban readership may, according to its tastes, have found funny, shocking or a confirmation of their superior refinement. For example, the customary fart of the lord of Hemingstone manor in Suffolk and a cave in Derbyshire called 'The Devil's A-se', G. Bickham, The British Monarchy, London, 1743, 96 and 121.
29. Wagner P. Reading Iconotexts: From Swift to the French Revolution 1995 London, 25, calls such images 'Iconotexts' because they are 'constructs that rely upon the interpenetration of words and images'
30. Woodward D. The manuscript, engraved, and typographic traditions of map lettering Woodward D. Art and Cartography 1987 211 Chicago
31. The map can be dated to 1743. While the British Library's copy of the 1743 edition of The British Monarchy contains a copy of the map dated 1749, the 1748 edition contains one dated 1743.
32. Bickham G. The English Monarchical Writing-Master 1754 London
33. The ESTC gives four copies: one each in the British Library and the Newberry Library, Chicago, and two in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
34. The English Monarchical Writing-Master simply adopted the title page copy of The British Monarchy, and promised 'a particular Survey of the County, in a perspective Map quite New' despite its coverage of all the king's dominions.
35. Crane N. Mercator: The Man Who Mapped the Planet 2002 London
36. Edney M.H. Reconsidering enlightenment geography and map making: reconnaissance, mapping, archive, Livingstone D.N. Withers C.W.J. Geography and Enlightenment 1999 Chicago, 165-198
37. Woodward D. The manuscript, engraved, and typographic traditions of map lettering Woodward D. Art and Cartography 1987 Chicago, 174-212
38. G. Bickham, The British Monarchy, London, 1748 edition. The map precedes the discussion of it on plate 8.
39. Douglas A. Making their mark: eighteenth-century writing masters and their copy-books British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 24 2001 152, 148 and 157
40. See also L. Peltz, Commerce, Identity and Calligraphy: The Universal Penman and the Production of a Society of Writing-Masters, unpublished MA thesis, Courtauld Institute, University of London, 1994.
41. Ullman B.L. The Origin and Development of Humanist Script 1960 Rome
42. Goldberg J. Writing Matter: From the Hands of the English Renaissance 1990 Stanford
43. Schutz H.C. The teaching of handwriting in Tudor and Stuart times Huntington Library Quarterly 4 1943 381-425
44. Leekey W. A Discourse on the Use of the Pen 1760 London, 4
45. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 47, 67 and 131
46. For example, John Oldfield, who 'has always been a teacher abroad, in private families, and in boarding schools, and that with much reputation, for many years Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 112 and 38
47. Ayres J. A Tutor to Penmanship 1698 London, 20
48. Webster W. An Attempt Towards Rendering the Education of Youth More Easy and Effectual, Especially with Regard to their Studies at the Writing-School third ed. 1726 London, 77 and 78
49. Christen R.S. Boundaries between liberal and technical learning: images of seventeenth-century writing masters History of Education Quarterly 39 1999 31-50
50. E. Cocker, Magnum in Parvo, or the Pen's perfection, London, 1679 [fol. 15].
51. W. Massey, The Origin and Progress of Letters, Part II: Treating of Calligraphy, London, 1763.
52. Ayres J. A Tutor to Penmanship 1698 London, [fol. 50]
53. Stewart L. The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain 1992 Cambridge, 1660-1750
54. Writing masters also published mathematics books for tradesmen, see Ayres J. Arithmetick: A Treatise Designed for the Use and Benefit of Trades-Men fifth ed. 1701 London
55. Saxton J. The Merchant's Companion and Tradesman's Vade Mecum 1737 Manchester
56. Watts T. An Essay on the Proper Method for Forming the Man of Business fourth ed. 1722 London, (originally published in 1716) titlepage, iv and 16
57. Single-line copies appear in Cocker E. The Young Lawyer's Writing Master 1685 London
58. Hill J. The Young Secretary's Guide 1689 London
59. Hatton E. The Merchant's Magazine: or, Trades-Man's Treasury 1699 London
60. Burton [Nathaniel Crouch] R. The Apprentices Companion 1699 London
61. Fisher G. The Instructor: or Young Man's Best Companion 1742 London, For letters and business forms to learn from see The Compleat Clerk and Scrivener's Guide, London, 1655 and The Young Clerk's Companion, London, 1672
62. Webster W. An Attempt Towards Rendering the Education of Youth More Easy and Effectual, Especially with Regard to their Studies at the Writing-School third ed. 1726 London, 81
63. Gent G.F. The Secretary's Guide 1735 London, 63
64. Clark J. Writing Improv'd 1714 London, [fol. 2]
65. For example Gething R. Chiro-Graphia 1645 London
66. Cocker E. The Guide to Penmanship 1664 London, 1
67. Cocker E. The Guide to Penmanship 1664 London, 8
68. b
69. Douglas A. Making their mark: eighteenth-century writing masters and their copy-books British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 24 2001 145-160
70. r
71. see also Clark J. Writing Improv'd 1714 London, sig. ai
72. v]; see also note 35
73. r
74. Watts T. An Essay on the Proper Method for Forming the Man of Business fourth ed. 1722 London, (originally published in 1716), 17
75. Carter P. Men and the Emergence of Polite Society, Britain 1660-1800 2001 Harlow
76. E. Cocker, The Guide to Penmanship, London, 1664, 5 and 10.
77. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 155
78. See also L. Peltz, Commerce, Identity and Calligraphy: The Universal Penman and the Production of a Society of Writing-Masters, unpublished MA thesis, Courtauld Institute, University of London, 1994
79. and, for parallels in the history of accounting, see Poovey M. Accommodating merchants: accounting, civility, and the natural laws of gender Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 8 1996 1-20
80. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 168
81. A Gentleman of Cambridge, The Lady's Preceptor, London, 1745, 63.
82. The Young Clerks Assistant, London, 1733?, 7 and 8
83. see also Plakins Thornton T. Handwriting in America: A Cultural History 1996 New Haven
84. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 170-1
85. ca, 1600 Howard J.E. Women, foreigners, and the regulation of urban space in Westward Ho Cowen Orlin L. Material London 2000 Philadelphia, 150-67
86. Marshall D. Writing masters and masculine exercises in The Female Quixote Eighteenth-Century Fiction 5 1993 105-135
87. D'Israeli I. Curiousities of Literature 1867 London, 439-41
88. Cocker E. The Tutor to Writing and Arithmetick 1664 London, 1
89. Gething R. Chiro-Graphia 1645 London, [fol. 3]
90. b
91. Webster W. An Attempt Towards Rendering the Education of Youth More Easy and Effectual, Especially with Regard to their Studies at the Writing-School third ed. 1726 London, 82
92. Campbell A. Marquis of Argyll Instructions to a Son 1661 London, 99 and 101
93. see also Panton E. Speculum Juventutis 1671 London, 98
94. Costeker J. The Fine Gentleman: or, the Compleat Education of a Young Nobleman 1732 London, 33
95. The Way to Promotion, London, 1685, 86
96. Bellamy L. Commerce, Morality and the Eighteenth-Century Novel 1998 Cambridge
97. Hoxby B. The government of trade: commerce, politics and the courtly art of the restoration ELH 66 1999 591-627
98. The Merchant's Dayly Companion, London, 1684, 364.
99. Hill J. The Young Secretary's Guide 1689 London, 1-2
100. Pocock J.G.A. Virtue, Commerce and History 1985 Cambridge, 50
101. Pocock J.G.A. The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition 1975 Princeton
102. Brewer J. The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century 1997 London, 111
103. Copley S. Commerce, conversation and politeness in the early eighteenth-century periodical British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 18 1995 63-77
104. Ellis M. The Politics of Sensibility: Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel 1996 Cambridge
105. Klein L.E. Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England 1994 Cambridge
106. Campbell R. The London Tradesman 1757 London, 284-5
107. Defoe D. The Complete English Tradesman 1726 London, 434
108. Defoe D. The Complete English Tradesman 1726 London, 408 and 418
109. See also Schaffer S. Defoe's natural philosophy and the worlds of credit Christie J. Shuttleworth S. Nature Transfigured: Science and Literature, 1700-1900 1989 Manchester, 13-44
110. Sherman S. Finance and Fictionality in the Early Eighteenth Century: Accounting for Defoe 1996 Cambridge
111. r
112. For the theory see Shapin S. A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England 1994 Chicago
113. Poovey M. A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society 1998 Chicago
114. In practice, merchants relied more on trust between kin and co-religionists, see Hancock D. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 1995 Cambridge
115. Zahedieh N. Credit, risk and reputation in late seventeenth-century colonial trade Research in Maritime History 15 1998 53-75
116. North R. The Gentleman Accomptant 1714 London, 4, 5, 36 and 45
117. Defoe D. The Complete English Tradesman 1726 London, 344
118. Hill J. The Young Secretary's Guide 1689 London, 5
119. Shapin S. A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England 1994 Chicago
120. Goldgar A. Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750 1995 New Haven
121. Rusnock A. Correspondence networks and the Royal Society, 1700-1750 British Journal for the History of Science 32 1999 155-169
122. Defoe D. The Complete English Tradesman 1726 London, 22-4 and 32
123. Watts T. An Essay on the Proper Method for Forming the Man of Business fourth ed. 1722 London, (originally published in 1716), 41
124. Ayres J. Goldberg J. Writing Matter: From the Hands of the English Renaissance 1990 Stanford
125. See the two unnumbered plates of writing hands at the end of [Crouch], The Apprentices Companion, London, 1699
126. Errington P. New Copies in Verse, for the Use of Writing-Schools 1734 Newcastle upon Tyne,, viii-ix
127. Fisher G. The Instructor: or Young Man's Best Companion 1742 London, 35-6
128. [Crouch], The Apprentices Companion, London, 1699
129. North R. The Gentleman Accomptant 1714 London, 56
130. Shelley G. The Second Part of Natural Writing 1714 London, 12
131. Hunt M.R. The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680-1780 1996 Berkeley
132. v];.
133. Leekey W. A Discourse on the Use of the Pen 1760 London, 20
134. Watts T. An Essay on the Proper Method for Forming the Man of Business fourth ed. 1722 London, (originally published in 1716) 17
135. Leekey W. A Discourse on the Use of the Pen 1760 London, 4
136. Watts T. An Essay on the Proper Method for Forming the Man of Business fourth ed. 1722 London, (originally published in 1716) 18-9 and 41-3
137. Bickham G. The Universal Penman 1733-1741 London
138. The constituent parts were published separately so there are great differences in completeness and organisation among surviving copies A facsimile edition 1941 New York, reproduces all 212 plates
139. b
140. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 90-1 includes a laudatory poem celebrating Bickham's taste and technique
141. Including Snell C. The Art of Writing 1712 London
142. Shelley G. The Second Part of Natural Writing 1714 London, 12
143. Clark J. Writing Improv'd 1714 London
144. George Bickham quoted in Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 66
145. L. Peltz. Commerce, Identity and Calligraphy: The Universal Penman and the Production of a Society of Writing-Masters, unpublished MA thesis, Courtauld Institute, University of London, 1994 and.
146. Douglas A. Making their mark: eighteenth-century writing masters and their copy-books British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 24 2001 145-160 demonstrate that the relationship between the engravers and the writing masters was a problematic one since it was never clear whether a skilful performance in print was the product of the quill or the burin
147. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 108-9
148. P. Hofer, The importance of The Universal Penman in relation to modern calligraphy, in G. Bickham, The Universal Penman (facsimile edition), New York, 1941.
149. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 89 notes that the reference is to his father John Bickham (John's son) and calls it 'A pious fraud'
150. Massey W. The Origin and Progress of Letters. Part II: Treating of Calligraphy 1763 London, 172
151. Hallett M. The Spectacle of Difference: Graphic Satire in the Age of Hogarth 1999 New Haven
152. Solkin D.H. Painting for Money: The Visual Arts and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England 1993 New Haven
153. Hallett M. The Spectacle of Difference: Graphic Satire in the Age of Hogarth 1999 New Haven, 151
154. For mothers teaching their children writing, accounts and geography see Vickery A. The Gentleman's Daughter: Women's Lives in Georgian England 1998 New Haven, 114
155. Marshall P.J. The Oxford History of the British Empire. Volume II: The Eighteenth Century 1998 Oxford
156. Hallett M. The Spectacle of Difference: Graphic Satire in the Age of Hogarth 1999 New Haven
157. Wilson K. Empire, trade and popular politics in mid-Hanoverian Britain: the case of Admiral Vernon Past and Present 121 1988 94