Population dynamics and life history trade-offs of moose (Alces alces) in south-central Alaska

Ecology

Volumn 85, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 1439-1452

  Testa, J Ward ^a,b  

^a ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME   (United States)

^b NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alces alces; Brown bears; Browse; Cervidae; Cost of reproduction; Models; Moose; Nelchina; Population dynamics; Predator prey; Ungulates; Wolves

Indexed keywords

HERBIVORE; LIFE HISTORY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; TRADE-OFF; UNGULATE;

ALASKA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

ALCES ALCES; CANIDAE; CANIS; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS; CERVIDAE; UNGULATA; URSUS ARCTOS;

EID: 4444237851     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/02-0671     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Agresti, A. 1990. Categorical data analysis. Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
2. Albon, S. D., B. Mitchell, B. J. Huby, and D. Brown. 1986. Fertility in female red deer (Cervus elaphus): the effects of body composition, age and reproductive status. Journal of Zoology, London 209:447-460.
3. Ballard, W. B., and S. D. Miller. 1990. Effects of reducing brown bear density on moose calf survival in southcentral Alaska. Alces 26:9-13.
4. Ballard, W. B., S. D. Miller, and J. S. Whitman. 1990. Brown and black bear predation on moose in southcentral Alaska. Alces 26:1-8.
5. Ballard, W. B., T. H. Spraker, and K. P. Taylor. 1981. Causes of neonatal moose calf mortality in southcentral Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:335-342.
6. Ballard, W. B., and V. Van Ballenberghe. 1998. Predator/prey relationships. Pages 247-273 in A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, editors. Ecology and management of the North American moose. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
7. Ballard, W. B., J. S. Whitman, and C. L. Gardner. 1987. Ecology of an exploited wolf population in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 98:1-51.
8. Ballard, W. B., J. S. Whitman, and D. J. Reed. 1991. Population dynamics of moose in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 114:1-49.
9. Bartmann, R. M., G. C. White, and L. H. Carpenter. 1992. Compensatory mortality in a Colorado mule deer population. Wildlife Monographs 121:1-39.
10. Becker, E. F., M. A. Spindler, and T. O. Osborne. 1998. A population estimator based on network sampling of tracks in the snow. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:968-977.
11. Berger, J. 1991. Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour 41:61-77.
12. Berger, J. 1999. Anthropogenic extinction of top carnivores and interspecific animal behaviour: implications of the rapid decoupling of a web involving wolves, bears, moose and ravens. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B 266:2261-2267.
13. Bleich, V. C., R. T. Bowyer, and J. D. Wehausen. 1997. Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: resources or predation? Wildlife Monographs 134:1-50.
14. Boer, A. H. 1992. Fecundity of North American moose (Alces alces): a review. Alces Supplement 1:1-10.
15. Boertje, R. D., W. C. Gasaway, D. V. Grangaard, and D. G. Kelleyhouse. 1988. Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:2492-2499.
16. Bowyer, R. T., J. G. Kie, and V. Van Ballenberghe. 1998. Habitat selection by neonatal black-tailed deer: climate, forage, or risk of predation. Journal of Mammalogy 79:415-425.
17. Bowyer, R. T., M. C. Nicholson, E. M. Molvar, and J. B. Faro. 1999. Moose on Kalgin Island: are density dependent processes related to harvest? Alces 35:73-90.
18. Clutton-Brock, T. H., S. D. Albon, and F. E. Guinness. 1989. Fitness costs of gestation and lactation in wild mammals. Nature 337:260-262.
19. Clutton-Brock, T. H., F. E. Guinness, and S. D. Albon. 1982. Red deer: behavior and ecology of two sexes. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
20. Clutton-Brock, T. H., F. E. Guinness, and S. D. Albon. 1983. The costs of reproduction to red deer hinds. Journal of Animal Ecology 52:367-383.
21. Clutton-Brock, T. H., G. R. Iason, and F. E. Guinness. 1987a. Sexual segregation and density-related changes in habitat use in male and female Red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Zoology, London 211:275-289.
22. Clutton-Brock, T. H., M. Major, S. D. Albon, and F. E. Guinness. 1987b. Early development and population dynamics in red deer. I. Density dependent effects on juvenile survival. Journal of Animal Ecology 56:53-68.
23. Coady, J. W. 1974. Influence of snow on behavior of moose. Le Naturaliste Canadien 101:417-436.
24. Cushing, B. S. 1985. Estrous mice and vulnerability to weasel predation. Ecology 66:1976-1978.
25. Dehn, M. M. 1994. Optimal reproduction under predation risk: consequences for life history and population dynamics in microtine rodents. Dissertation. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
26. Eberhardt, L. L. 1985. Assessing the dynamics of wild populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:997-1012.
27. Eberhardt, L. L., B. M. Blanchard, and R. R. Knight. 1994. Population trend of the Yellowstone grizzly bear as estimated from reproductive and survival rates. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:360-363.
28. Eberhardt, L. L., and R. O. Peterson. 1999. Predicting the wolf-prey equilibrium point. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:494-498.
29. Eberhardt, L. L., and D. B. Siniff. 1977. Population dynamics and marine mammal management policies. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:183-190.
30. Edwards, J. 1983. Diet shifts in moose due to predator avoidance. Oecologia (Berl.) 60:185-189.
31. Efron, B. 1982. The jackknife, the bootstrap and other re-sampling plans. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
32. Estes, R. D. 1966. Behaviour and life history of the wilde-beest (Connochaetes taurinus Burchell). Nature 212:999-1000.
33. Festa-Bianchet, M. 1989. Individual differences, parasites, and the costs of reproduction for bighorn ewes (Ovis canadensis). Journal of Animal Ecology 58:785-795.
34. Festa-Bianchet, M. 1998. Condition-dependent reproductive success in bighorn ewes. Ecology Letters 1:91-94.
35. Franzmann, A. W., and C. C. Schwartz. 1985. Moose twinning rates: a possible condition assessment. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:394-396.
36. Fuller, T. K. 1989. Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 105:1-41.
37. Gasaway, W. C., R. D. Boertje, D. V. Grangaard, D. G. Kelleyhouse, R. O. Stephenson, and D. G. Larsen. 1992. The role of predation in limiting moose at low densities in Alaska and Yukon and implications for conservation. Wildlife Monographs 120:1-59.
38. Gasaway, W. C., S. D. Dubois, D. J. Reed, and S. J. Harbo. 1986. Estimating moose population parameters from aerial surveys. Biological Paper 22, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
39. Gunn, R. G., and J. M. Doney. 1975. The interaction of nutrition and body condition at mating on ovulation rate and early embryo mortality in Scottish blackface ewes. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 85:465-470.
40. Hayes, R. D., A. M. Baer, U. Wotschikowsky, and A. S. Harestad. 2000. Kill rate by wolves on moose in the Yukon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:48-59.
41. Hayes, R. D., R. Farnell, R. M. P. Ward, J. Carey, M. Dehn, G. W. Kuzyk, A. M. Baer, C. L. Gardner, and M. O'Donoghue. 2003. Experimental reduction of wolves in the Yukon: ungulate responses and management implications. Wildlife Monographs 152:1-35.
42. Hayes, R. D., and A. S. Harestad. 2000. Wolf functional response and regulation of moose in the Yukon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:60-66.
43. Heard, D., S. Barry, G. Watts, and K. Child. 1997. Fertility of female moose (Alces alces) in relation to age and body composition. Alces 33:165-176.
44. Hundertmark, K. J. 1998. Home range, dispersal and migration. Pages 303-335 in A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, editors. Ecology and management of the North American moose. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
45. Keech, M. A., R. T. Bowyer, J. M. Ver Hoef, R. D. Boertje, B. W. Dale, and T. R. Stephenson. 2000. Life-history consequences of maternal condition in Alaskan moose. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:450-462.
46. Keith, L. B. 1983. Population dynamics of wolves. Pages 66-77 in L. N. Carbyn, editor. Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status, biology and management. Alta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
47. Kie, J. G. 1999. Optimal foraging and risk of predation: effects on behavior and social structure in ungulates. Journal of Mammalogy 80:1114-1129.
48. Klemola, T., M. Koivula, E. Korpimaki, and K. Norrdahl. 1997. Small mustelid predation slows population growth of Microtus voles: a predator reduction experiment. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:607-614.
49. Kokko, H., and G. D. Ruxton. 2000. Breeding suppression and predator-prey dynamics. Ecology 81:252-260.
50. Larsen, D. G., D. A. Gauthier, and R. L. Markel. 1989. Causes and rates of moose mortality in the southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:548-557.
51. Laundré, J. W., L. Hernández, and K. B. Antendorf. 2001. Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the "landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:1401-1409.
52. Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640.
53. Magnhagen, C. 1991. Predation risk as a cost of reproduction. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:183-186.
54. Messier, F. 1991. The significance of limiting and regulating factors on the demography of moose and white-tailed deer. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:377-393.
55. Miller, S. D. 1997. Impacts of heavy hunting pressure on the density and demographics of brown bear populations in southcentral Alaska. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Research Final Report W-24-4, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska, USA.
56. Miller, S. D., G. C. White, R. A. Sellers, H. V. Reynolds, J. W Schoen, K. Titus, V. G. Barnes, R. B. Smith, R. R. Nelson, W. B. Ballard, and C. C. Schwartz. 1997. Brown and black bear density estimation in Alaska using radio-telemetry and replicated mark-resight techniques. Wildlife Monographs 133:1-55.
57. Miquelle, D. G., J. M. Peek, and V. Van Ballenberghe. 1992. Sexual segregation in Alaskan moose. Wildlife Monographs 122:1-57.
58. Molvar, E. M., and R. T. Bowyer. 1994. Costs and benefits of group living in a recently social ungulate: the Alaskan moose. Journal of Mammalogy 75:621-630.
59. Peterson, R. O. 1977. Wolf ecology and prey relationships on Isle Royale. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA.
60. Peterson, R. O., J. D. Woolington, and T. N. Bailey. 1984. Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 88:1-52.
61. Pollock, K. H., S. R. Winterstein, C. M. Bunck, and P. D. Curtis. 1989. Survival analysis in telemetry studies: the staggered entry design. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:7-15.
62. Ruxton, G. D., and S. L. Lima. 1997. Predator-induced breeding suppression and its consequences for predator-prey population dynamics. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 264:409-415.
63. Sæther, B.-E., and H. Haagenrud. 1983. Life history of the moose (Alces alces): fecundity rates in relation to age and carcass weight. Journal of Mammalogy 64:226-232.
64. Sand, H. 1998. Costs of reproduction in female moose (Alces alces) as measured by means of phenotypic correlations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:187-193.
65. Sarndal, C., B. Swennson, and J. Wretman. 1992. Model assisted survey sampling. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
66. Schmitt, S. M., and W. J. Dalton. 1987. Immobilization of moose by carfentanil and xylazine and reversal with naltrexone, a long acting antagonist. Alces 23:195-219.
67. Schwartz, C. C. 1998. Reproduction, natality and growth. Pages 141-171 in A. W. Franzmann and C. C. Schwartz, editors. Ecology and management of the North American moose. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
68. Skoog, R. O. 1968. Ecology of caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Alaska. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
69. Stearns, S. C. 1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
70. Stephens, P. W., and R. O. Peterson. 1984. Wolf avoidance strategies of moose. Holarctic Ecology 7:239-244.
71. Testa, J. W. 1998. Compensatory response to changes in calf survivorship: management consequences of a reproductive cost in moose. Alces 34:107-115.
72. Testa, J. W. 2002. Does predation on neonates inherently select for earlier births? Journal of Mammalogy 83:699-706.
73. Testa, J. W. 2004. Interaction of top-down and bottom-up life history trade-offs in moose (Alces alces). Ecology 85:1453-1459.
74. Testa, J. W., and G. P. Adams. 1998. Body condition and adjustments to reproductive effort in female moose (Alces alces). Journal of Mammalogy 79:1345-1354.
75. Testa, J. W., E. F. Becker, and G. R. Lee. 2000a. Temporal patterns in the survival of twin and single moose calves (Alces alces) in southcentral Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 81:162-168.
76. Testa, J. W., E. F. Becker, and G. R. Lee. 2000b. Movements of female moose in relation to birth and death of calves. Alces 26:155-162.
77. Testa, J. W., W. P. Taylor, and S. D. Miller. 2000c. Impacts of heavy hunting pressure on the density and demographics of brown bear populations in southcentral Alaska. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Research Progress Report W-24-5, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska, USA.
78. Theberghe, J. B. 1990. Potentials for misinterpreting impacts of wolf predation through prey:predator ratios. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:188-192.
79. Thomas, V. G. 1990. Control of reproduction in animal species with high and low body fat reserves. Pages 27-41 in R. Frisch, editor. Adipose tissue and reproduction. S. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland.
80. Van Ballenberghe, V. 1979. Productivity estimates of moose populations: a review and re-evaluation. Proceedings of the North American Moose Conference and Workshop 15:1-18.
81. Van Ballenberghe, V. 1992. Behavioral adaptations of moose to treeline habitats in subarctic Alaska. Alces Supplement 1:193-206.
82. Van Ballenberghe, V., and W. Ballard. 1994. Limitation and regulation of moose populations: the role of predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:2071-2077.
83. Ver Hoef, J. M. 2001. Predicting finite populations from spatially correlated data. 2000 Proceedings of the section on statistics and the environment of the American Statistical Association, 93-98.
84. White, G. C. 1996. NOREMARK: population estimation from mark-resighting surveys. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:50-52.
85. White, K. S., and J. Berger. 2001. Antipredator strategies of Alaskan moose: are maternal trade offs influenced by offspring activity? Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:2055-2062.
86. White, K. S., J. W. Testa, and J. Berger. 2001. Behavioral and ecological effects of differential predation pressure on moose in Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 82:422-429.
87. Whittaker, D. G., and F. G. Lindzey. 1999. Effect of coyote predation on early fawn survival in sympatric deer species. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:256-262.