The course and psychosocial correlates of personality disorder symptoms in adolescence: Erikson's developmental theory revisited

Journal of Youth and Adolescence

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 373-387

  Crawford, Thomas N ^a   Cohen, Patricia ^b   Johnson, Jeffrey G ^b   Sneed, Joel R ^c   Brook, Judith S ^c  

^a Assistant Clin Prof Columbia U   (United States)

^b Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Axis II symptoms; psychosocial development

Indexed keywords

EID: 4444220182     PISSN: 00472891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:JOYO.0000037631.87018.9d     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Archer, S. L. (1989). Gender differences in identity development: Issues of process, domain, and timing. J. Adolesc. 12: 117-138.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn.). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
3. Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. BMDP Statistical Software, Los Angeles, CA.
4. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol. Bull. 107: 238-246.
5. Bernstein, D. P., Cohen, P., Velez, C. N., Schwab-Stone, M., Siever, L. J., and Shinsato, L. (1993). Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. Am. J. Psychol. 150: 1237-1243.
6. Bezirganian, S., Cohen, P., and Brook, J. S. (1993). The impact of mother-child interaction on the development of borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychol. 150: 1836-1842.
7. Bird, H. R., Gould, M., and Staghezza, B. (1992). Aggregating data from multiple informants in child psychiatry epidemiological research. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 31: 78-85.
8. Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Soc. Methods Res. 17: 303-316.
9. Bollen, K. A., and Long, J. S. (eds.) (1993). Testing Structural Equation Models. Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
10. Brent, D. A., Johnson, B., Bartle, S., Bridge, J., Rather, C., Matta, J., Connolly, J., and Constantine, D. (1993). Personality disorder, tendency to impulsive violence, and suicidal behavior in adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 32: 69-81.
11. Brent, D. A., Johnson, B., Perper, J., Connolly, J., Bridge, J., Bartle, S., and Rather, C. (1994). Personality disorder, personality traits, impulsive violence and completed suicide in adolescents. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 33: 1080-1086.
12. Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Gordon, A. S., and Cohen, P. (1986). Dynamics of childhood and adolescent personality traits and adolescent drug use. Dev. Psychol. 22: 403-414.
13. Brown, J., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Chen, O., and Johnson, J. G. (2001). Sexual trajectories of abused and neglected teenagers. Unpublished manuscript.
14. Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., and Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50: 975-990.
15. Cohen, P., and Cohen, J. (1996). Life Values and Adolescent Mental Health. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
16. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L. S., and West, S. G. (1999). The problem of units and the circumstance for POMP. Multivar. Behav. Res. 34: 315-346.
17. Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. (1994). Stability and change in personality from adolescence through adulthood. In Halverson, C. F., Kohnstamm, G. A., and Martin, R. P. (eds.), The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 139-150
18. Costello, A. J., Edelbrock, C. S., Dulcan, M. K., Kalas, R., and Klaric, S. H. (1984). Testing of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) in a clinical population. Final report to the Center for Epidemiological Studies, National Institute for Mental Health. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
19. Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., and Brook, J. S. (2001). Dramatic erratic personality disorder symptoms: I. Continuity from early adolescence into adulthood. J. Pers. Disord. 15: 319-335.
20. Cross, S. E., and Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychol. Bull. 122: 5-37.
21. Diehl, M., Coyle, N., and Labouvie-Vief, G. (1996). Age and sex differences in strategies of coping and defense across the life span. Psychol. Aging 11: 127-139.
22. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., and Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychol. Bull. 125: 276-302.
23. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. Norton, New York.
24. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. Norton, New York.
25. Feiring, C. (1999). Other-sex friendship networks and the development of romantic relationships in adolescence. J. Youth Adolesc. 28: 495-512.
26. Franz, C. E., and White, K. M. (1985). Individuation and attachment in personality development: Extending Erikson's theory. J. Pers. 53: 224-256.
27. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
28. Goldman, S. J., D'Angelo, E. J., DeMaso, D. R., and Mezzacappa, E. (1992). Physical and sexual abuse histories among children with borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychol. 149: 1723-1726.
29. Graham, J. W., and Tatterson, J. W. (2000). Creating Parcels for Multi-Dimensional Constructs in Structural Equation Modeling. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, Saratoga Springs, NY.
30. Grilo, C. M., Becker, D. F., Fehon, D. C., Walker, M. L., Edell, W. S., and McGlashon, T. H. (1996). Gender differences in personality disorders in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Am. J. Psychol. 153: 1089-1091.
31. Grotevant, H. D. (1987). Toward a process model of identity formation. J. Adolesc. Res. 2: 203-222.
32. Guzder, J., Paris, J., Zelkowitz, P., and Marchessault, K. (1996). Risk factors for borderline pathology in children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 35: 26-33.
33. Hyler, S. E., Reider, R. O., Williams, J. B. W., Spitzer, R. L., Hendler, J., and Lyons, M. (1988). The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Development and preliminary results. J. Pers. Disord. 2: 229-237.
34. Hu, L.-T., and Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In Hoyle, R. H. (ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 76-99.
35. Johnson, J. G. (1993). Relationships between psychosocial development and personality disorder symptomatology in late adolescents. J. Youth Adolesc. 22: 33-42.
36. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Skodol, A. E., Hamagami, F., and Brook, J. S. (2000a). Age-related change in personality disorder trait levels between early adolescence and adulthood. A community-based longitudinal investigation. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 102: 265-275.
37. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Kasen, S., and Brook, J. S. (1999). Personality disorders in adolescence and risk of major mental disorders and suicidality during adulthood. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56: 805-811.
38. Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Kasen, S., Oldham, J. M., Skodol, A. E., and Brook, J. S. (2000b). Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. Am. J. Psychol 157: 1406-1412.
39. Johnson, J. G., Hyler, S. E., Skodol, A. E., Bornstein, R. F., and Sherman, M. (1995). Personality disorder symptomatology associated with adolescent depression and substance abuse. J. Pers. Disord. 9: 318-329.
40. Jöreskog, K. G. (1972). A general method for estimating linear structural equation systems. In Goldberg, A. S., and Duncan, O. D. (eds.), Structural Equation Models in the Social Sciences Seminar Press, New York, pp. 85-112.
41. Kasen, S., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., Johnson, J. G., and Brook, J. S. (1999). Influence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders on young adult personality disorder. Am. J. Psychol. 156: 1529-1535.
42. Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherpeutic Strategies. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
43. Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., and Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. J. Personality Soc. Psychol. 82: 1007-1022.
44. Kishton, J. M., and Widaman, K. F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 54: 757-765.
45. Kogan, L. S., Smith, J., and Jenkins, S. (1977). Ecological validity of indicator data as predictors of survey findings. J. Soc. Sci. Res. 1: 117-132.
46. Kohut, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. International Universities Press, New York.
47. Kreft, I. G. G., De Leeuw, J., and Aiken, L. S. (1995). The effects of different forms of centering in hierarchical linear models. Multivar. Behav. Res. 30: 1-22.
48. Links, P. S., Steiner, B., and Huxley, G. (1988). The occurrence of borderline personality disorder in the families of borderline patients. J. Pers. Disord. 2: 14-20.
49. Marcia, J. E. (1994). Ego identity and object relations. In Masling, J. M., and Bornstein, R. F. (eds.), Empirical Perspectives on Object Relations Theory (Vol. 5). American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
50. Marshall, W. A., and Tanner, J. M. (1986). Puberty. In Falkner, F., and Tanner, J. M. (eds.), Human Growth, Vol. 2: Postnatal Growth Neurobiology. Plenum, New York, pp. 171-209.
51. Masterson, J. F. (1988). Search for the Real Self. Free Press, New York.
52. McArdle, J. J., and Hamagami, F. (2001). Latent difference score structural models for linear dynamic analyses with incomplete longitudinal data. In Sayer, A., and Collins, L. (eds.), New Methods for the Analysis of Change. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 137-176.
53. Piacentini, J. C., Cohen, P., and Cohen, J. (1992). Combining discrepant diagnostic information from multiple sources: Are complex algorithms better than simple ones? J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 20: 51-63.
54. Powers, J., and Eckenrode, J. (1988). The maltreatment of adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 12: 189-199.
55. Rey, J. M., Morris-Yates, A., Singh, M., Andrews, G., and Stewart, G. W. (1995). Continuities between psychiatric disorders in adolescents and personality disorders in adults. Am. J. Psychol. 152: 895-900.
56. Rey, J. M., Singh, M., Morris-Yates, A., and Andrews, G. (1997). Referred adolescents as young adults: The relationship between psychosocial functioning and personality disorder. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychol. 31: 219-226.
57. Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 52: 141-166.
58. Ryff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57: 1069-1081.
59. Schaie, K. W. (1986). Beyond calendar definitions of age, time, and cohort: The general developmental model revisited. Dev. Rev. 6: 252-277.
60. Spitzer, R. L., and Williams, J. B. W. (1986). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, New York.
61. Taylor, S., and Goritsas, E. (1994). Dimensions of identity diffusion. J. Pers. Disord. 8: 229-239.
62. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., and Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In Hoyle, R. H. (ed.), Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 56-75.
63. Widiger, T. A. (1992). Categorical versus dimensional classification: Implications from and for research. J. Pers. Disord. 6: 287-300.
64. Winnicott, D. W. (1960). Ego distortion in terms of true and false self. In The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment. International Universities Press, Madison, CT.