Anger: Causes and Components

Anger, Aggression, and Interventionsfor Interpersonal Violence

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 99-117

  Harmon Jones, Eddie ^a   Harmon Jones, Cindy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 44349172354     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781003417989-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. Baron, R. A. (1977). Effects of victim’s pain cues, victim’s race, and level of prior instigation upon physical aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 103-114.
2. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73.
3. Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4. Berkowitz, L. (1999). Anger. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 411-428). Chichester, England: Wiley.
5. Berkowitz, L. (2000). Causes and consequences offeelings. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6. Berkowitz, L., Cochran, S., & Embree, M. (1981). Physical pain and the goal of aver-sively stimulated aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 687-700.
7. Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004a). More thoughts about anger determinants. Emotion, 4, 151-155.
8. Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004b). Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion, 4, 107-130.
9. Brehm, J. W., & Self, E. (1989). The intensity of motivation. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter, Annual review of psychology (Vol. 40, pp. 109-131). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
10. Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
11. Carver, C. S. (2004). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion, 4, 3-22.
12. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
13. Cassidy, F., Forest, K., Murry, E., & Carroll, B. J. (1998). A factor analysis of the signs and symptoms of mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 27-32.
14. d’Alfonso, A. A. L., van Honk, J., Hermans, E., Postma, A., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2000). Laterality effects in selective attention to threat after repetitive transcra-nial magnetic stimulation at the prefrontal cortex in female subjects. Neuroscience Letters, 280, 195-198.
15. Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872)
16. Depue, R. A. & Iacono, W. G. (1989). Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 457-492.
17. Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N., Mowrer, O., & Sears, R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
18. Dougherty, D. D., Shin, L. M., Alpert, N. M., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Lasko, M., Macklin, M. L., et al. (1999). Anger in healthy men: A PET study using script-driven imagery. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 466-472.
19. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
20. Ellsworth, P. C., & Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, H. Goldsmith, & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), Handbook of the affective sciences (pp. 572-595). New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Fowles, D. C. (1993). Behavioral variables in psychopathology: A psychobiological perspective. In P. B. Sutker & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psy-chopathology (2nd ed., pp. 57-82). New York: Plenum.
22. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
23. Frijda, N. H. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 357-387.
24. Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212-228.
25. Frijda, N. H., & Zeelenberg, M. (2001). Appraisal: What is the dependent? In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 141-155). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
26. Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. London: Cambridge University Press.
27. Harmon-Jones, E. (2003). Anger and the behavioural approach system. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 995-1005.
28. Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). On the relationship of anterior brain activity and anger: Examining the role of attitude toward anger. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 337-361.
29. Harmon-Jones, E. (in press). Trait anger predicts relative left frontal cortical activation to anger-inducing stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology.
30. Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Abramson, L., Nelson, B. W., Rupsis, M. M., Burck, A. L., Fearn, M., et al. (2005). Behavioral approach sensitivity, hypomania, anger, and a construct once called positive affect. Manuscript in preparation.
31. Harmon-Jones, E., & Allen, J. J. B. (1997). Behavioral activation sensitivity and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: Covariation of putative indicators related to risk for mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 159-163.
32. Harmon-Jones, E., & Allen, J. J. B. (1998). Anger and prefrontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1310-1316.
33. Harmon-Jones, E., Lueck, L., Fearn, M., & Harmon-Jones, C., (2006). The effect of personal relevance and approach-related action expectation on relative left frontal cortical activity. Psychological Science, 17, 434-440.
34. Harmon-Jones, E., & Sigelman, J. (2001). State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 797-803.
35. Harmon-Jones, E., Sigelman, J. D., Bohlig, A., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2003). Anger, coping, and frontal cortical activity: The effect of coping potential on anger-induced left frontal activity. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 1-24.
36. Harmon-Jones, E., Vaughn-Scott, K., Mohr, S., Sigelman, J., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2004). The effect of manipulated sympathy and anger on left and right frontal cortical activity. Emotion, 4, 95-101.
37. Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum.
38. Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum.
39. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 146-159.
41. Lewis, M. (1993). The development of anger and rage. In R. A. Glick & S. P. Roose (Eds.), Rage, power, and aggression (pp. 148-168). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
42. Lewis, M., Alessandri, S. M., & Sullivan, M. W. (1990). Violation of expectancy, loss of control, and anger expressions in young infants. Developmental Psychology, 26, 745-751.
43. Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., Ramsey, D. S., & Alessandri, S. M. (1992). Individual differences in anger and sad expressions during extinction: Antecedents and consequences. Infant Behavior and Development, 15, 443-452.
44. Malone, R. P., Delaney, M. A., Luebbert, J. F., Cater, J., & Campbell, M. (2000). A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lithium in hospitalized aggressive children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 649-654.
45. Mega, M. S., Cummings, J. L., Salloway, S., & Malloy, P. (1997). The limbic system: An anatomic, phylogenetic, and clinical perspective. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 315-330.
46. Mikulincer, M. (1988). Reactance and helplessness following exposure to unsolv-able problems: The effects of attributional style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 679-686.
47. Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
48. Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley.
49. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University. Press.
50. Panksepp, J. (1994). The basics of basic emotions. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 20-24). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Parkinson, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1992). Appraisal as a cause of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 122-149). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
53. Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
54. Robinson, R. G., & Downhill, J. E. (1995). Lateralization of psychopathology in response to focal brain injury. In R. J. Davidson & K. Hugdahl (Eds.), Brain asymmetry (pp. 693-711). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
55. Rolls, E. T. (1999). The brain and emotion. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
56. Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 161-200.
57. Roseman, I. J., Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. (1990). Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 899-915.
58. Russell, J. A., & Fernandez-Dols, J. M. (1997). The psychology of facial expression. Paris: Cambridge University Press.
59. Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.) Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 92-120). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
60. Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O’Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061-1086.
61. Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G. A., Russell, S. F., & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The State-Trait Anger scale. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 159-187). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
62. Spielberger, C. D., Reheiser, E. C., & Sydeman, S. J. (1995). Measuring the experience, expression, and control of anger. In H. Kassinove (Ed.), Anger disorders: Definition, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 49-67). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
63. Stein, N. L., & Levine, L. J. (1989). The causal organization of emotional knowledge: A developmental study. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 343-378.
64. Sutton, S. K., & Davidson, R. J. (1997). Prefrontal brain asymmetry: A biological substrate of the behavioral approach and inhibition systems. Psychological Science, 8, 204-210.
65. Tyrer, S., & Shopsin, B. (1982). Symptoms and assessment of mania. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders (pp. 12-23). New York: Guilford.
66. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., de Haan, E., van den Hout, M., & Stam, H. (2001). Attentional biases for angry faces: Relationships to trait anger and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 279-297.
67. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., van den Hout, M., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., de Haan, E., et al. (1998). Baseline salivary cortisol levels and preconscious selective attention for threat: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 741-747.
68. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., Verbaten, R., van den Hout, M., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., et al. (1999). Correlations among salivary testosterone, mood, and selective attention to threat in humans. Hormones and Behavior, 36, 17-24.
69. Watson, D. (2000). Mood and temperament. New York: Guilford.
70. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991). The PANAS-X: Preliminary manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Unpublished manuscript.
71. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
72. Wortman, C. B., & Brehm, J. W. (1975). Responses to uncontrollable outcomes: An integration of reactance theory and the learned helplessness model. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 278-336). New York: Academic Press.
73. Young, P. T. (1943). Emotion in man and animal: Its nature and relation to attitude and motive. New York: Wiley.