Endoscopic ultrasonography and pancreatic cancer

Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 161-176

  Gardner, T B ^a   Chari, S T ^a,b  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b Department of Medicine ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Endosonography; Pain; Pancreatic neoplasms

Indexed keywords

GEMCITABINE; ONYX 015;

ASPIRATION BIOPSY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER INVASION; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CANCER THERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ENDOSONOGRAPHY; HUMANS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 44349150007     PISSN: 00264776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Cress RD, Yin D, Clarke L, Bold R, Holly EA. Survival among patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2006;17:403-9.
2. Ahmad NA, Lewis JD, Ginsberg GG, Haller DG, Morris JB, Williams NN et al. Long term survival after pancreatic resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2609-15.
3. Keleg S, Büchler P, Ludwig R, Büchler MW, Friess H. Invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2003;2:14.
4. Long EE, Van Dam J, Weinstein S, Jeffrey B, Desser T, Norton JA. Computed tomography, endoscopic, laparoscopic, and intra-operative sonography for assessing resectability of pancreatic cancer. Surg Oncol 2005;14:105-13.
5. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007;57:43-66.
6. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Ko CY, Ritchey J, Stewart AK, Winchester DP et al. Validation of the 6th edition AJCC Pancreatic Cancer Staging System: report from the National Cancer Database. Cancer 2007;110:738-44.
7. Farnell MB, Nagorney DM, Sarr MG. The Mayo clinic approach to the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am 2001;81:611-23.
8. Wiersema MJ, Norton ID, Clain JE. Role of EUS in the evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:578-82.
9. DiMagno EP, Buxton JL, Regan PT, Hattery RR, Wilson DA, Suarez JR et al. Ultrasonic endoscope. Lancet 1980;1:629-31.
10. DiMagno EP, Buxton JL, Regan PT, Hattery RR, Wilson DA, Suarez JR et al. Human endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastroenterology 1982;83:824-9.
11. Go VL, Taylor WF, DiMagno EP. Efforts at early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: the Mayo Clinic Experience. Cancer 1981;47(6 Suppl):1698-705.
12. De Angelis C, Martini M, Repici A, Pellicano R, Goss M, Carucci P et al. Instruments and accessories for diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound (radial scanning and miniprobes). Minerva Med 2007;98:253-60.
13. De Angelis C, Pellicano R, Rizzetto M. Endoscopic ultrasound in gastroenterology and beyond. New challenges in the XXI century. Minerva Med 2007;98:235-7.
14. Eloubeidi MA. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the staging and diagnosis of patients with lung cancer. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;19:206-11.
15. Barbour AP, Rizk NP, Gerdes H, Bains MS, Rusch VW, Brennan MF et al. Endoscopic ultrasound predicts outcomes for patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. J Am Coll Surg 2007;205:593-601.
16. Savides TJ, Donohue M, Hunt G, Al-Haddad M, Aslanian H, Ben-Menachem T et al. EUS-guided FNA diagnostic yield of malignancy in solid pancreatic masses: a benchmark for quality performance measurement. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;66:277-82.
17. Garrow D, Miller S, Sinha D, Conway J, Hoffman BJ, Hawes RH et al. Endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary obstruction. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:616-23.
18. Buchner AM, Wallace MB. New frontiers in therapeutic EUS: dreams, style exercises or actual possibilities. Minerva Med 2007;98:287-98.
19. Kloppel GSE, Longnecker DS, Capella C, Sobin LH. Histological typing of tumors of the exocrine pancreas. In: Kloppel GSE, Longnecker DS, Capella C, Sobin LH, editors. International Histological Classification of Tumors. Berlin: Springer Verlag: 1996.
20. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Merkow RP, Tomlinson JS, Stewart AK, Ko CY et al. Application of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma staging system to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Am Coll Surg 2007;205:558-63.
21. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. Chicago, IL: Springer Verlag; 2002.
22. Varadarajulu S, Wallace MB. Applications of endoscopic ultrasonography in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Control 2004;11:15-22.
23. Ebata T, Nagino M, Nishio H, Igami T, Yokoyama Y, Nimura Y. Pancreatic and ductal invasion in distal bile duct cancer: paradox in the tumor classification of the AJCC. World J Surg 2007;31:2008-15.
24. Papachristou GI, Topazian MD, Gleeson FC, Levy MJ. EUS features of annular pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:340-4.
25. Gress FG, Hawes RH, Savides TJ, Ikenberry SO, Cummings O, Kopecky K et al. Role of EUS in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer: a large single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:786-91.
26. Kala Z, Válek V, Hlavsa J, Hana K, Vánová A. The role of CT and endoscopic ultrasound in preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer. Eur J Radiol 2007;62:166-9.
27. Fronda GR, Maglione V, Campra D, Cucinelli M, Marracino M, Farina EC. Role of EUS in a diagnostic and staging algorithm of pancreatic carcinoma: the surgeon point of view. Minerva Med 2007;98:351-6.
28. Ardengh JC, de Paulo GA, Ferrari AP. EUS-guided FNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors before surgery. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:378-84.
29. Kann PH, Kann B, Fassbender WJ, Forst T, Bartsch DK, Langer P. Small neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): least significant change of tumor diameter as determined by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) imaging. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006;114:361-5.
30. Sugiyama M, Abe N, Izumisato Y, Yamaguchi Y, Yamato T, Tokuhara M et al. Differential diagnosis of benign versus malignant nonfunctioning islet cell tumors of the pancreas: the roles of EUS and ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:115-9.
31. Habr F, Akerman P. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Front Biosci 2000;5:E30-35.
32. Varadarajulu S, Tamhane A, Eloubeidi MA. Yield of EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic masses in the presence or the absence of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:728-36.
33. Mallery JS, Centeno BA, Hahn PF, Chang Y, Warshaw AL, Brugge WR. Pancreatic tissue sampling guided by EUS, CT/US, and surgery: a comparison of sensitivity and specificity. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:218-24.
34. Hunt GC, Faigel DO. Assessment of EUS for diagnosing, staging, and determining resectability of pancreatic cancer: a review. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:232-7.
35. Chang KJ, Nguyen P, Erickson RA, Durbin TE, Katz KD. The clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:387-93.
36. Chang KJ, Albers CG, Erickson RA, Butler JA, Wuerker RB, Lin F. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:263-6.
37. Bhutani MS. Endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic diseases. Indications, limitations, and the future. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1999;28:747-70.
38. Volmar KE, Vollmer RT, Jowell PS, Nelson RC, Xie HB. Pancreatic FNA in 1000 cases: a comparison of imaging modalities. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:854-61.
39. Yasuda K, Mukai H, Nakajima M, Kawai K. Staging of pancreatic carcinoma by endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy 1993;25:151-5.
40. Palazzo L, Roseau G, Gayet B, Vilgrain V, Belghiti J, Fékéte F et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Results of a prospective study with comparison to ultrasonography and CT scan. Endoscopy 1993;25:143-50.
41. Rösch T, Dittler HJ, Lorenz R, Braig C, Gain T, Feuerbach S et al. The endosonographic staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1992;117:563-9.
42. Nakaizumi A, Uehara H, Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Kitamura T, Kuroda C et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:696-700.
43. Soriano A, Castells A, Ayuso C, Ayuso JR, de Caralt MT, Ginès MA et al. Preoperative staging and tumor resectability assessment of pancreatic cancer: prospective study comparing endoscopic ultrasonography, helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:492-501.
44. Raut CP, Grau AM, Staerkel GA, Kaw M, Tamm EP, Wolff RA et al. Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in patients with presumed pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2003;7:118-26.
45. McNulty NJ, Francis IR, Platt JF, Cohan RH, Korobkin M, Gebremariam A. Multi-detector row helical CT of the pancreas: effect of contrast-enhanced multiphasic imaging on enhancement of the pancreas, peripancreatic vasculature, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Radiology 2001;220:97-102.
46. Legmann P, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Baraza AJ, Palazzo L, Dumontier I et al. Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1998;170:1315-22.
47. Midwinter MJ, Beveridge CJ, Wilsdon JB, Bennett MK, Baudouin CJ, Charnley RM. Correlation between spiral computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography and findings at operation in pancreatic and ampullary tumours. Br J Surg 1999;86:189-93.
48. Maluf-Filho F, Sakai P, Cunha JE, Garrido T, Rocha M, Machado MC et al. Radial endoscopic ultrasound and spiral computed tomography in the diagnosis and staging of periampullary tumors. Pancreatology 2004;4:122-8.
49. Dewitt J, Devereaux BM, Lehman GA, Sherman S, Imperiale TF. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography for the preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:717-25.
50. Ariyama J, Suyama M, Satoh K, Wakabayashi K. Endoscopic ultrasound and intraductal ultrasound in the diagnosis of small pancreatic tumors. Abdom Imaging 1998;23:380-6.
51. Ahmad NA, Lewis JD, Ginsberg GG, Rosato EF, Morris JB, Kochman ML. EUS in preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:463-8.
52. Rösch T, Lorenz R, Braig C, Dancygier H, Classen M. Endoscopic ultrasound in small pancreatic tumors. Z Gastroenterol 1991;29:110-5.
53. Bronstein YL, Loyer EM, Kaur H, Choi H, David C, DuBrow RA et al. Detection of small pancreatic tumors with multiphasic helical CT. Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:619-23.
54. tenBerge J, Hoffman BJ, Hawes RH, Van Enckevort C, Giovannini M, Erickson RA et al. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of the liver: indications, yield, and safety based on an international survey of 167 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:859-62.
55. Barthet M, Portal I, Boujaoude J, Bernard JP, Sahel J. Endoscopic ultrasonographic diagnosis of pancreatic cancer complicating chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy 1996;28:487-91.
56. Ahmad NA, Lewis JD, Siegelman ES, Rosato EF, Ginsberg GG, Kochman ML. Role of endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1926-31.
57. Cannon ME, Carpenter SL, Elta GH, Nostrant TT, Kochman ML, Ginsberg GG et al. EUS compared with CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography and the influence of biliary stenting on staging accuracy of ampullary neoplasms. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:27-33.
58. Borbath I, Van Beers BE, Lonneux M, Schoonbroodt D, Geubel A, Gigot JF et al. Preoperative assessment of pancreatic tumors using magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography, positron emission tomography and laparoscopy. Pancreatology 2005;5:553-61.
59. Mertz HR, Sechopoulos P, Delbeke D, Leach SD. EUS, PET, and CT scanning for evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:367-71.
60. Goh BK, Tan YM, Chung YF. Utility of fusion CT-PET in the diagnosis of small pancreatic carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:3800-2.
61. Williams DB, Sahai AV, Aabakken L, Penman ID, van Velse A, Webb J et al. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: a large single centre experience. Gut May 1999;44:720-6.
62. Alsibai KD, Denis B, Bottlaender J, Kleinclaus I, Straub P, Fabre M. Impact of cytopathologist expert on diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic lesions in current clinical practice. A series of 106 endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations. Cytopathology 2006;17:18-26.
63. Eloubeidi MA, Gress FG, Savides TJ, Wiersema MJ, Kochman ML, Ahmad NA et al. Acute pancreatitis after EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a pooled analysis from EUS centers in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:385-9.
64. Eloubeidi MA, Tamhane A, Varadarajulu S, Wilcox CM. Frequency of major complications after EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a prospective evaluation. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:622-9.
65. Michl P, Pauls S, Gress TM. Evidence-based diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006;20:227-51.
66. O'Toole D, Palazzo L, Arotçarena R, Dancour A, Aubert A, Hammel P et al. Assessment of complications of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:470-4.
67. Micames C, Jowell PS, White R, Paulson E, Nelson R, Morse M et al. Lower frequency of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with pancreatic cancer diagnosed by EUS-guided FNA vs. percutaneous FNA. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:690-5.
68. Yadav D, Notahara K, Smyrk TC, Clain JE, Pearson RK, Farnell MB et al. Idiopathic tumefactive chronic pancreatitis: clinical profile, histology, and natural history after resection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1:129-35.
69. Ayuso C, Sánchez M, Ayuso JR, de Caralt TM, de Juan C. Diagnosis and staging of carcinoma of the pancreas. Radiologia 2006;48:273-82.
70. DeWitt J, Devereaux B, Chriswell M, McGreevy K, Howard T, Imperiale TF et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasonography and multidetector computed tomography for detecting and staging pancreatic cancer. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:753-63.
71. Müller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology 1994;190:745-51.
72. Ramsay D, Marshall M, Song S, Zimmerman M, Edmunds S, Yusoff I et al. Identification and staging of pancreatic tumours using computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound and mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Australas Radiol 2004;48:154-61.
73. Rösch T, Dittler HJ, Strobel K, Meining A, Schusdziarra V, Lorenz R et al. Endoscopic ultrasound criteria for vascular invasion in the staging of cancer of the head of the pancreas: a blind reevaluation of videotapes. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:469-77.
74. Bao PQ, Johnson JC, Lindsey EH, Schwartz DA, Arildsen RC, Grzeszczak E et al. Endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography predictors of pancreatic cancer resectability. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:10-6.
75. Menzel J, Domschke W. Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) of the pancreato-biliary duct system. Personal experience and review of literature. Eur J Ultrasound 1999;10:105-15.
76. Furukawa T, Oohashi K, Yamao K, Naitoh Y, Hirooka Y, Taki T et al. Intraductal ultrasonography of the pancreas: development and clinical potential. Endoscopy 1997;29:561-9.
77. Furukawa T, Tsukamoto Y, Naitoh Y, Hirooka Y, Hayakawa T. Differential diagnosis between benign and malignant localized stenosis of the main pancreatic duct by intraductal ultrasound of the pancreas. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:2038-41.
78. Spinelli KS, Fromwiller TE, Daniel RA, Kiely JM, Nakeeb A, Komorowski RA et al. Cystic pancreatic neoplasms: observe or operate. Ann Surg 2004;239:651-7.
79. Nemeş, Curcǎ, Paraliov T, Munteanu M, Paflalega , Dincǎ et al. Cystic tumors of the pancreas. Considerations upon 34 operated cases. Rom J Gastroenterol 2002;11:303-8.
80. Balcom JH 4th, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL, Chang Y, Fernandez-del Castillo C. Ten-year experience with 733 pancreatic resections: changing indications, older patients, and decreasing length of hospitalization. Arch Surg 2001;136:391-8.
81. Goh BK, Tan YM, Thng CH, Cheow PC, Chung YF, Chow PK et al. How useful are clinical, biochemical, and cross-sectional imaging features in predicting potentially malignant or malignant cystic lesions of the pancreas? Results from a single institution experience with 220 surgically treated patients. J Am Coll Surg 2008;206:17-27.
82. Scheiman JM. Management of cystic lesions of the pancreas. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:405-7.
83. Scheiman JM. Cystic lesion of the pancreas. Gastroenterology 2005;128:463-9.
84. Pelaez-Luna M, Chart ST, Smyrk TC, Takahashi N, Clain JE, Levy MJ et al. Do consensus indications for resection in branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm predict malignancy? A study of 147 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1759-64.
85. Reddy RP, Smyrk TC, Zapiach M, Levy MJ, Pearson RK, Clain JE et al. Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm defined by ovarian stroma: demographics, clinical features, and prevalence of cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:1026-31.
86. Bassi C, Sarr MG, Lillemoe KD, Reber HA. Natural history of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN): current evidence and implications for management. J Gastrointest Surg 2007 [Epub ahead of print].
87. Zapiach M, Yadav D, Smyrk TC, Fletcher JG, Pearson RK, Clain JE et al. Calcifying obstructive pancreatitis: a study of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm associated with pancreatic calcification. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:57-63.
88. Baron TH, Morgan DE, Vickers SM, Lazenby AJ. Organized pancreatic necrosis: endoscopic, radiologic, and pathologic features of a distinct clinical entity. Pancreas 1999;19:105-8.
89. Salvia R, Fernández-del Castillo C, Bassi C, Thayer SP, Falconi M, Mantovani W et al. Main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: clinical predictors of malignancy and long-term survival following resection. Ann Surg 2004;239:678-85.
90. Lee CJ, Scheiman J, Anderson MA, Hines OJ, Reber HA, Farrell J et al. Risk of malignancy in resected cystic tumors of the pancreas
91. Lee LS, Saltzman JR, Bounds BC, Poneros JM, Brugge WR, Thompson CC. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of pancreatic cysts: a retrospective analysis of complications and their predictors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:231-6.
92. Levy MJ, Reddy RP, Wiersema MJ, Smyrk TC, Clain JE, Harewood GC et al. EUS-guided trucut biopsy in establishing autoimmune pancreatitis as the cause of obstructive jaundice. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:467-72.
93. Levy MJ, Smyrk TC, Reddy RP, Clain JE, Harewood GC, Kendrick ML et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided trucut biopsy of the cyst wall for diagnosing cystic pancreatic tumors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:974-9.
94. Attasaranya S, Pais S, LeBlanc J, McHenry L, Sherman S, DeWitt JM. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and cyst fluid analysis for pancreatic-cysts. JOP 2007;8:553-63.
95. Aljebreen AM, Romagnuolo J, Perini R, Sutherland F. Utility of endoscopic ultrasound, cytology and fluid carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 19-9 levels in pancreatic cystic lesions. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13: 3962-6.
96. Khalid A, Brugge W. ACG practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of neoplastic pancreatic cysts. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2339-49.
97. Brugge WR, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Centeno BA, Szydlo T, Regan S et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1330-6.
98. Shami VM, Sundaram V, Stelow EB, Conaway M, Moskaluk CA, White GE et al. The level of carcinoembryonic antigen and the presence of mucin as predictors of cystic pancreatic mucinous neoplasia. Pancreas 2007;34:466-9.
99. van der Waaij LA, van Dullemen HM, Porte RJ. Cyst fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions: a pooled analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:383-9.
100. Schoedel KE, Finkelstein SD, Ohori NP. K-Ras and microsatellite marker analysis of fine-needle aspirates from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Diagn Cytopathol 2006;34:605-8.
101. Tada M, Tateishi K, Kawabe T, Sasahira N, Isayama H, Komatsu Y et al. Quantity of mutant K-ras gene in pancreatic secretions for diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma with different assays: analysis of 100 patients. Clin Chim Acta 2002;324:105-11.
102. Khalid A, McGrath KM, Zahid M, Wilson M, Brody D, Swalsky P et al. The role of pancreatic cyst fluid molecular analysis in predicting cyst pathology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:967-73.
103. Khalid A, Finkelstein S, McGrath K. Molecular diagnosis of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas. Clin Lab Med 2005;25:101-16.
104. Mukai H, Yasuda K, Nakajima M. Differential diagnosis of mucin-producing tumors of the pancreas by intraductal ultrasonography and peroral pancreatoscopy. Endoscopy 1998;30(S1):A99-102.
105. Canto MI, Goggins M, Hruban RH, Petersen GM, Giardiello FM, Yeo C et al. Screening for early pancreatic neoplasia in high-risk individuals: a prospective controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:766-81; quiz 665.
106. Canto MI, Goggins M, Yeo CJ, Griffin C, Axilbund JE, Brune K et al. Screening for pancreatic neoplasia in high-risk individuals: an EUS-based approach. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:606-21.
107. Kimmey MB, Bronner MP, Byrd DR, Brentnall TA. Screening and surveillance for hereditary pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:S82-6.
108. Levy MJ. The case against screening for pancreatic cancer. APA Meeting, Chicago, 2007.
109. Boujaoude J. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:3662-6.
110. Levy MJ, Topazian MD, Wiersema MJ, Clain JE, Rajan E, Wang KK et al. Initial evaluation of the efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided direct Ganglia neurolysis and block. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:98-103.
111. Tran QN, Urayama S, Meyers FJ. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis for pancreatic cancer pain: a single-institution experience and review of the literature. J Support Oncol 2006;4:460-4; discussion 463-4.
112. Schmulewitz N, Hawes R. EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis-technique and indication. Endoscopy 2003;35:S49-53.
113. Eisenberg E, Carr DB, Chalmers TC. Neurolytic celiac plexus block for treatment of cancer pain: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 1995;80:290-5.
114. Gan SI, Thompson CC, Lauwers GY, Bounds BC, Brugge WR. Ethanol lavage of pancreatic cystic lesions: initial pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:746-52.
115. Micames CG, Gress FG. Local EUS-guided injection of chemotherapeutic agents as adjuvant to systemic treatment: the first steps are made. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:454-6.
116. Hecht JR, Bedford R, Abbruzzese JL, Lahoti S, Reid TR, Soetikno RM et al. A phase I/II trial of intratumoral endoscopic ultrasound injection of ONYX-015 with intravenous gemcitabine in unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:555-61.
117. Farrell JJ, Macko J, Hecht JR. Endoscopic ultrasound fine needle injection (EUS-FNI) of a novel gene transfer therapy against pancreatic cancer: a single institution experience. Gut 2005;54(S):A69.
118. Farrell JJ, Senzer N, Hecht JR, Hanna N, Chung T, Nemunaitis J et al. Long term data of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and percutaneous (PTA) guided intra-tumoral TNFerade gene delivery combined with chemoradiation in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Gastrintest Endosc 2006;63:AB93.
119. Matthes K, Mino-Kenudson M, Sahani DV, Holalkere N, Fowers KD, Rathi R et al. EUS-guided injection of paclitaxel (OncoGel) provides therapeutic drug concentrations in the porcine pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:448-53.