In situ and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry

Radioactivity in the Environment

Volumn 11, Issue , 2008, Pages 407-448

  Tyler, Andrew N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 44349125682     PISSN: 15694860     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-4860(07)11013-5     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Aage H.K., Korsbech U., Bargholtz K., and Hovgaard J. A new technique for processing airborne gamma ray spectrometry data for mapping low level contaminations. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 51 (1999) 651-662
2. Airo M.L., and Loukola-Ruskeeniemi K. Characterization of sulfide deposits by airborne magnetic and gamma-ray responses in eastern Finland. Ore Geol. Rev. 24 1-2 (2004) 67-84
3. Alexander, P., Kosanke, K. (1978). The quality of airborne radiometric data. In: Aerial Techniques for Environ. Monitoring, Topical Symp. Proc. Am. Nucl. Soc., Nevada Section
4. Allyson, J.D. (1994). Environmental gamma ray spectrometry: Simulations of absolute calibration of in-situ and airborne spectrometry for natural and anthropogenic sources. Ph.D. Thesis, Glasgow University
5. Allyson J.D., and Sanderson D.C.W. Monte Carlo simulation of environmental airborne gamma spectrometry. J. Environ. Radioact. 38 3 (1998) 259-282
6. Allyson J.D., and Sanderson D.C.W. Response modeling of airborne survey detectors. In: Sanderson D.C.W., and McLeod J.J. (Eds). Recent Applications and Developments in Mobile and Airborne Gamma Spectrometry: Proceedings of the RADMAGS Symposium, University of Stirling, 15-18 June (2000), SURRC, University of Glasgow
7. Allyson J.D., and Sanderson D.C.W. Spectral deconvolution and operational use of stripping ratios in airborne radiometrics. J. Environ. Radioact. 53 3 (2001) 351-363
8. Anastasis B.P., Vogiannis E., Nikolopoulos D., and Halvadakis C.P. Preliminary survey of outdoor gamma dose rates in Lesvos Island (Greece). Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 113 3 (2005) 336-341
9. Anspaugh, L.R., Phelps, P.L., Huckabay, G.W. (1972). IV Methods for the in situ Measurement of Radionuclides in Soil. Pico-Medical Division, Lawrence Livermore Lab. University of California, Livermore, CA
10. Barnes, M.G. (1978). Statistical Design and Analysis in the Cleanup of Environmental Radionuclide Contamination. Water Resources Centre, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada System, Reno, NV. DRI Publication No. 45012, NVO 1253-12, 53 pp
11. Barnes, M.G., Giacomini, J.J., Belman, R.T., Elliot, B. (1980). NTS Radiological Assessment Project: Results from the Frenchman Lake Region of Area 5. Water Resources Center, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada System, Reno, NV. DOE/DP/01253-17, 105 pp
12. Beck, H.L. (1978). The physical properties of environmental properties of environmental radiation fields and their utility for interpretation aerial measurements. In: Aerial Techniques for Environ. Monitoring, Topical Symp. Proc. Am. Nucl. Soc., Nevada Section
13. Beck, H.L., Decampo, J., Gogolak, C. (1972). In situ Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry. HASL-258, United States Atomic Energy Commission-Health and Safety (TID-4500), 75 pp
14. Benke R.R., and Kearfoot K.J. Demonstration of a collimated in situ method for determining depth distributions using gamma ray spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 483 (2002) 814-831
15. Bristow G. The application of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry in the search for radioactive debris from the Russian satellite Cosmos 954. Curr. Res. Geol. Survey Can. Part B 1 (1978) 151-162
16. 241Am from global fallout in soils from forest, grassland and arable land in Bavaria (FRG). J. Environ. Radioact. 8 (1988) 1-14
17. Chamberlain A.C., Garner R.J., and Williams D. Environmental monitoring after accidental deposition of radioactivity. Reactor Sci. Technol. 14 (1961) 155-167
18. Chen M.Q.F., and Chan L.S. In situ gamma ray spectrometry study of weathered volcanic rocks in Hong Kong. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 27 (2002) 613-625
19. Cutshall N.H., and Larsen I.I. Calibration of a portable instrinsic Ge gamma-ray detector using point sources and testing for field applications. Health Phys. 51 1 (1986) 53-59
20. Creswell A.J., Sanderson D.C.W., and Allyson J.D. Experimental measurements and computer simulation of fission product gamma-ray spectra. In: Sanderson D.C.W., and McLeod J.J. (Eds). Recent Applications and Development in Mobile and Airborne Gamma Spectrometry. Proceedings of the RADMAGS Symposium, University of Stirling, 1-18 June (2000), SURRC, University of Glasgow
21. Darnley A.G. Natural Background Radiation in Canada. Geol. Survey Can. Bull. 360 (1984) 39 pp
22. Dickson H.W., Kerr G.D., Perdue P.T., and Abdullah S.A. Environmental γ-ray measurements using in-situ and core sampling techniques. Health Phys. Feb. (1976) 1221-1227
23. Duval J.S., Cook B., and Adams J.A.S. Circles of investigation of an airborne gamma ray spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 76 (1971) 35
24. EML. EML Procedures Manual, vol. 1. 27th ed (1992), Environmental Measurements Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, New York Reference quoted from Thompson et al. (1999)
25. Fernandez-Alonso M., and Theunissen K. Airborne geophysics and geochemistry provide new insights in the intercontinental evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran belt (Central Africa). Geol. Mag. 135 2 (1998) 203-216
26. Fowler E.B., Gilbert R.O., and Essington E.H. Sampling of soils for radioactivity: Philosophy, experience and results. Atmosphere-Surface Exchange of Particles and Gaseous Pollutants. ERDA Symposium Series vol. 38 (1974) 706-727
27. 137Cs in soil by unfolding method. Health Phys. 72 6 (1997) 923-930
28. 137Cs. J. Environ. Radioact. 61 1 (2002) 75-89
29. Gilbert R.O., and Simpson J.C. Kriging for estimating spatial pattern of contaminants: Potential and problems. Environ. Monit. Assess. 5 (1985) 113-135
30. Gilbert R.O., Eberhardt L.L., Fowler E.B., and Essington E.H. Statistical design aspects of sampling soil for plutonium. Atmosphere-Surface Exchange of Particles and Gaseous Pollutants. ERDA Symposium Series vol. 38 (1974) 689-705
31. Govindara K. Analytical Standards of Minerals, Ores and Rocks. Geostandards News Letter (Special Issue) (1989) ISSN: 0150-5505
32. Grasty, R.L. (1979). One flight snow-water equivalent measurement by airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. In: Proc. Int. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Snow and Soil Moisture by Nuclear Means. World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva. INIS-Mf-5776, pp. 105-112
33. Grasty R.L. The search for COSMOS-954. Proceedings of the NATO Conference on Search Theory and Applications, Portugal, 1979 (1980), Plenum Press, New York/London 211-220
34. Grasty R.L. Skyshine and the calibration of ground gamma-ray spectrometry. Geol. Soc. Can. Curr. Res. Part A (1981) 80-1-A
35. Grasty R.L., Walters B.R.B., Hovgaard J., and LaMarre J.R. Calibration of a 7.6 cm × 7.6 cm (3 inch × 3 inch) sodium iodide gamma ray spectrometer for air kerma rate. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 94 4 (2001) 309-316
36. Guillot L. Extraction of full absorption peaks in airborne gamma-spectrometry by filtering techniques couped with a study of the derivatives. Comparison with the window method. J. Environ. Radioact. 53 (2001) 381-398
37. Gutierrez S., Guillot L., and Bourgeois C. Contributions of a germanium detector in mobile gamma-ray spectrometry. Spectral analysis and performance. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 482 (2002) 425-433
38. Hadley M.J., Ruffell A., and Leslie A.G. Gamma-ray spectrometry in structural correlations: an example from the Neoproterozoic Dalradian succession of Donegal (NW Ireland). Geol. Mag. 137 3 (2000) 319-333
39. Helfer I.K., and Miller K.M. Calibration factors for the Ge detectors used for field spectrometry. Health Phys. 55 1 (1988) 15-29
40. Hendricks P.H.G.M., Limburg R.J., and de Meijer R.J. Full spectrum analysis of natural gamma ray spectra. J. Environ. Radioact. 53 (2001) 365-380
41. Hewson R.D., and Taylor G.R. An investigation of the geological and geomorphological features of fowlers gap using thermal infrared, radar and airborne geophysical remote sensing techniques. Rangeland J. 22 1 (2000) 105-123
42. Hillman U., Schimmak W., Jacob P., and Bunzl K. In situ gamma spectrometry several years after deposition of radiocesium. 1. Approximation of depth distributions by the Lorentz function. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 35 4 (1996) 297-303
43. Hovgaard J. NASCD-A new method for processing airborne spectra gamma ray. In: Sanderson D.C.W., and McLeod J.J. (Eds). Recent Applications and Developments in Mobile and Airborne Gamma Spectrometry: Proceedings of the RADMAGS Symposium (2000), SURRC, University of Glasgow
44. Hubbell J.H. Photon mass attenuation and energy absorption coefficients from 1 keV and 20 keV. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 33 (1982) 1269-1290
45. IAEA. Radiometric Reporting Methods and Calibration in Uranium Exploration. Tech. Report Series vol. 174 (1976), IAEA, Vienna
46. IAEA. Gamma-Ray Surveys in Uranium Exploration. Tech. Report Series vol. 186 (1979), IAEA, Vienna
47. IAEA. The Use of Gamma Ray Data to Define the Natural Radiation Environment. Tech. Report Series vol. 566 (1990), IAEA, Vienna
48. IAEA. Airborne Gamma Ray Spectrometer Surveying. Tech. Report Series vol. 323 (1991), IAEA, Vienna. 92-0-125 291-9
49. ICRU (1994). In-Situ Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in the Environment. International Committee for Radiological Units, Report No. 53
50. Jacob P., Herwig P., and Herwig G. Gamma-ray exposure from contaminated soil. Nucl. Sci. Eng. 93 (1986) 248-261
51. Jacob P., Meckbach, Paretzke H.G., Likhtarev I., Los I., Kovgan L., and Komarikov I. Attenuation effects on the kerma rates in air after cesium depositions on grasslands. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 33 3 (1994) 251-267
52. Jones D.G., Miller J.M., and Roberts P.D. The distribution of Cs-137 in surface intertidal sediments from the Solway Firth. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 15 (1984) 187-194
53. Jones D.G., Roberts P.D., and Miller J.M. The distribution of gamma-emitting radionuclides in surface subtidal sediments near the Sellafield plant. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 27 (1988) 143-161
54. Jones D.G., Roberts P.D., Strutt M.H., Higgo J.J.W., and Davis J.R. Distribution of Cs-137 and inventories of Pu-238, Pu-239/240, Am-241 and Cs-137 in Irish Sea intertidal sediments. J. Environ. Radioact. 44 (1999) 159-189
55. Kachanoski R.G. Estimating soil loss from the changes in soil caesium-137. Can. J. Soil Sci. 73 (1993) 629-632
56. Karlberg, O. (1990). In-situ gamma spectrometry of the Chernobyl fallout on urban and rural surfaces. STUDSVIK Nuclear Report 89/108, Sweden
57. Kastlander J., and Bargholtz C. Efficient in situ method to determine radionuclide concentration in soil. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 547 (2005) 400-410
58. Knoll G.F. Radiation Detection and Measurement. second ed. (1989), John Wiley and Sons, Canada 754 pp
59. Kogan R.M., Nazarov I.M., and Fridman Sh.D. Gamma Spectrometry of the Natural Environment and Formations. Theory and Method Applications to Geology and Geophysics (1971), Keter Press, Jerusalem Available from the U.S. Department of Commerce-translated from Russian. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
60. Korun M., Likar A., Lipoglavsek M., Martincic R., and Pucelj B. In situ measurement of Cs distribution in soil. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 93 4 (1994) 485-491
61. Laedermann J.P., Byrde F., and Murith C. In-situ gamma-ray spectrometry: the influence of topography on the accuracy of activity determination. J. Environ. Radioact. 38 1 (1998) 1-16
62. Lindahl I., and Habrekke H. Mapping the radioactive fallout after the Chernobyl accident. Geoexploration 24 3 (1987) 267
63. Lindsay R., de Meijer R.J., Joseph A.D., Motlhabane T.G.K., Newman R.T., Tsela S.A., and Speelma W.J. Measurement of radon exhalation from a gold-mine tailings dam by gamma-ray mapping. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 71 3-4 (2004) 797-798
64. Livens F.R., and Baxter M.S. Particle size and radionuclide levels in some west Cumbrian soils. Sci. Total Environ. 70 (1988) 1-17
65. Løvborg, L. (1982). Error analysis of calibration and field trials with spectrometers and counters. In: Symp. on Uranium Exploration Methods. OECD Nuclear Energy Agency in collaboration with IAEA, Vienna
66. Løvborg, L. (1983). Total Count Calibration Blocks for the Use in Uranium Exploration. Risø R-490, Risø Natl. Lab., Roskilde, Denmark
67. Løvborg L., Wollenberg H., Søernsen P., and Hansen J. Field determination of uranium and thorium by gamma ray spectrometer, exemplified by measurement in the Ilimaussag, Alkali Intrusion, S Greenland. Econ. Geol. 88 (1971) 3
68. Løvborg L., Grasty R.L., and Kirkegaard P. A guide to the calibration constants for aerial gamma ray surveys in geoexploration. Aerial Techniques for Environmental Monitoring (1978), Am. Nucl. Soc., New York
69. Malczewski D., Teper L., and Dorda J. Assessment of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity levels in rocks and soils in the environs of Swieradow Zdroj in Sudetes, Poland, by in situ gamma-ray spectrometry. J. Environ. Radioact. 73 (2004) 233-245
70. Mellander, H. (1989). Airborne gamma spectrometric measurements of the fallout over Sweden after the nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl, USSR. IAEA/NENF/NM-89-1
71. 137Cs fallout depth distributions in forest soils versus field sites. Implication for external gamma dose rates. J. Environ. Radioact. 12 (1990) 23-47
72. Miller K.M., Shebell P., and Klemic G.A. In situ gamma ray spectrometry for the measurement of uranium in surface soils. Health Phys. 67 2 (1994) 140-150
73. Parkinson J.A., and Horrill D.A. Assessment of variation due to latitude and field conditions in the measurement of radionuclides. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 223 (1984) 598-601
74. Pavlik B., and Engelsmann J. Experience with airborne detection of radioactive pollution (ENMOS, IRIS). J. Environ. Radioact. 72 (2004) 203-211
75. Pickup G., and Marks A. Regional scale sedimentation process models from airborne gamma ray remote sensing and digital elevation data. Earth Surf. Process. Landform 26 (2001) 273-293
76. Potts M.J. Accuracy and precision in airborne radiometric measurement. Aerial Techniques for Environmental Monitoring (1978), Am. Nucl. Soc., New York 79/4327
77. Ruffel A., McKinley J.M., Lloyd C.D., and Graham C. Tgh/K and Th/U ratios from spectral gamma-ray surveys improve the mapped definition of subsurface structures. JEEG 11 1 (2006) 53-61
78. Rybacek K., Jacob P., and Macklach R. In situ determination of deposition radionuclide activities: Improvement of the method by deriving depth distributions from the measured photon spectra. Health Phys. 62 (1991) 519-528
79. Rybach L., Bucher B., and Schwarz G. Airborne surveys of Swiss nuclear facility sites. J. Environ. Radioact. 53 3 (2001) 291-300
80. Sanderson D.C.W., and Ferguson J.M. The European capability for environmental airborne gamma ray spectrometry. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 73 1-4 (1997) 213-218
81. Sanderson, D.C.W., McLeod, J.J. (1999). European Coordination of Environmental Airborne Gamma Ray Spectrometry. Final Report of EC Concerted Action, Contact No. F14P-CT95-0017
82. In: Sanderson D.C.W., and McLeod J.J. (Eds). Recent Applications and Developments in Mobile and Airborne Gamma Spectrometry: Proceedings of the RADMAGS Symposium, University of Stirling, 15-18 June (2000), SURRC, University of Glasgow
83. Sanderson, D.C.W., Baxter, M.S., Scott, E.M. (1989). The use and potential of radiometrics for monitoring environmental radioactivity. In: COGER Conferences at the University of Lancaster, UK
84. Sanderson D.C.W., Allyson J.D., Tyler A.N., and Scott E.M. Environmental applications of airborne gamma spectrometry. Application of Uranium Exploration Data and Techniques in Environmental Studies. Proceedings of a Technical Committee Meeting, Vienna, 9-12 November 1993 (1995), IAEA, Vienna 71-91 IAEA-TECDOC-827
85. Sanderson D.C.W., Allyson J.D., and Cresswell A.J. The use of combined Ge and NaI systems for airborne and vehicular surveys. In: Sanderson D.C.W., and McLeod J.J. (Eds). Recent Applications and Developments in Mobile and Airborne Gamma Spectrometry: Proceedings of the RADMAGS Symposium, University of Stirling, 15-18 June (2000), SURRC, University of Glasgow
86. Sanderson D.C.W., McLeod J.J., and Ferguson J.M. A European bibliography on airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. J. Environ. Radioact. 53 (2001) 411-422
87. Sanderson, D.C.W., Cresswell, A.J., McLeod, J.J., Giannitrapani, M., Scott, E.M. (2002). Resumé 2002-International Intercomparison Exercise. Report of Phase 1 Pre-characterization Conducted November 2001. Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre Report, Glasgow, 49 pp
88. Sanderson D.C.W., Cresswell A.J., McLeod J.J., Giannitrapani M., and Scott E.M. Report on phase 1 pre-characterization conducted November 2001. Proceedings of an International Comparison of Airborne and Ground Based Gamma Ray Spectrometry (2003) Results of the ECCOMAGS 2002 Exercise held 24 May to June 2002. University of Glasgow, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, ISBN: 0-85261-783-6, pp. 319-370
89. Sanderson D.C.W., Cresswell A.J., Hardeman F., and Debauche A. An airborne gamma-ray spectrometry survey of nuclear sites in Belgium. J. Environ. Radioact. 72 (2004) 213-224
90. Sanderson D.C.W., Cresswell A.J., Scott E.M., and Lang J.J. Demonstrating the European capability for airborne gamma spectrometry: results from the ECCOMAGS Exercise. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 109 (2004) 119-125
91. Schwarz G.F., Klingele E.E., and Rybach L. How to handle rugged topography in airborne gamma-ray spectrometry surveys. First Break 10 1 (1992) 11-17
92. Shebell P., Faller S., Monetti M., Bronson F., Hagenauer R., Jarrell C.L., Keefer D., Moos J.R., Panzarino N., Reimanm R.T., Sparks B.J., and Thisell M. An in situ gamma-ray spectrometry intercomparison. Health Phys. 85 6 (2003) 662-677
93. Sowa W., Martini E., Gehrike K., Marsher P., and Naziry M.J. Uncertainty of in-situ gamma spectrometry for environmental monitoring. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 27 2 (1989) 93-101
94. Storm E., and Israel H.I. Photon cross sections from 1 keV to 100 MeV for elements Z = 1 to Z = 100. Nucl. Data Tables A 7 (1970) 565-681
95. Sutherland R.A., and de Jong E. Statistical analysis of γ-emitting radionuclide concentrations for three fields in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Health Phys. 59 4 (1990) 417-428
96. Thummerer S., and Jacob P. Determination of depth distributions of natural radionuclides with in situ gamma ray spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 416 (1998) 161-178
97. Toivonen H. Airborne gamma spectrometry-towards integration of European operational capability. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 109 (2004) 137-140
98. Tompson I.M.G., Bøtter-Jensen L., Deme S., Pernicka F., and Sáez-Vergara J.C. Technical recommendations on measurements of external environmental gamma radiation doses. A report of EURADOS Working Group 12 "Environmental radiation monitoring". Radiat. Protect. 12 (1999) 191 pp
99. Tyler, A.N. (1994). Environmental influences on gamma ray spectrometry. Ph.D. Thesis, Glasgow University
100. Tyler A.N. Monitoring anthropogenic radioactivity in salt marsh environments through in situ gamma ray spectrometry. J. Environ. Radioact. 45 3 (1999) 235-252
101. Tyler A.N. High accuracy in situ radiometric mapping. J. Environ. Radioact. 72 (2004) 195-202
102. Tyler A.N., and Heal K.V. Predicting areas of Cs-137 loss and accumulation in upland catchments. Water Air Soil Pollut. 121 (2000) 273-291
103. Tyler, A.N., Copplestone, D. (2007). Preliminary results from the first national in-situ gamma spectrometry survey of the United Kingdom. J. Environ. Radioact., submitted for publication
104. Tyler A.N., Sanderson D.C.W., Scott E.M., and Allyson J.D. Investigations of spatial variability and fields of view in environmental gamma ray spectrometry. J. Environ. Radioact. 33 3 (1996) 213-235
105. 137Cs source burial through in situ gamma spectrometry in salt marsh environments. J. Environ. Radioact. 33 3 (1996) 195-212
106. Tyler A.N., Davidson D.A., and Grieve I.C. In situ radiometric mapping of soil erosion and field-moist bulk density on cultivated fields. Soil Use Manage. 17 (2001) 88-96
107. Veen A.W.L., and Mejer R.J. Radionuclide levels at two sites in a water extraction area in the Netherlands after Chernobyl. Water Air Soil Pollut. 44 (1989) 83-92
108. Wilford J.R., Bierwirth P.N., and Craig M.A. Application of airborne gamma-ray spectrometry in soil-regolith mapping and applied geomorphology. AGISO J. Austral. Geol. Geophys. 17 2 (1997) 201-216
109. Williams, D., Cambray, R.S., Maskell, S.C. (1957). An airborne radiometric survey of the Windscale area, October 19-22nd. AERE Report R-2890
110. Winkelmann I., Thomas M., and Vogl K. Aerial measurements on uranium ore mining, milling and processing areas in Germany. J. Environ. Radioact. 53 (2001) 301-311
111. Winkelmann I., Stoble C., and Thomas M. Aerial measurements of artificial radionuclides in Germany in case of a nuclear accident. J. Environ. Radioact. 72 1-2 (2004) 225-231
112. Wissman, F., Sáez Vergara, J.C. (2007). Dosimetry of environmental radiation-A report on the achievements of Eurados WG 3. Radiat. Protect. Dosim., in press
113. Zhang X.B., Higgitt D.L., and Walling D.E. A preliminary assessment of the potential for using cesium-137 to estimate rates of soil-erosion in the Loess Plateau of China. Hydrol. Sci. J. 35 (1990) 243-252
114. Zombori P., Andrrasi A., and Nemeth I. In situ gamma spectrometric measurements of the contamination in some selected settlements of Byelorussia (BSSR), Ukraine (UkrSSR) and the Russian Federation (RSFSR). J. Environ. Radioact. 17 (1992) 97-106