Resisting earth's forces: Typologies of timber buildings in history

Structural Engineering International: Journal of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE)

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 137-140

  Langenbach, Randolph ^a  

^a Conservationtech Consulting ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Armature Crosswalls; Balloon frame; Braced frame; Earthquake; Half timber; Herculaneum; Infill frame; Insulae; Kashmir; Opus craticium; Srinagar; Stud frame; Timber laced; Turkey

Indexed keywords

BUILDING MATERIALS; EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE; MASONRY CONSTRUCTION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TIMBER;

ARMATURE CROSSWALLS; BALLOON FRAME; BRACED FRAMES; HERCULANEUM; OPUS CRATICIUM;

TALL BUILDINGS;

EID: 44049106776     PISSN: 10168664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2749/101686608784218806     Document Type: Article

References (12)

1. www.conservationtech.com/1889johnstownflood.jpg. (An excellent public domain historical photo can be seen here).
2. Langenbach R. Survivors amongst the Rubble. Proceedings of the International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 2003, available at www.conservationtech.com.
3. Gülhan D, Güney IO. The behaviour of traditional building systems against earthquake and its comparison to reinforced concrete frame systems; experiences of marmara earthquake damage assessment studies in Kocaeli and Sakarya. Proceedings for Earthquake-Safe: Lessons to Be Learned from Traditional Construction, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000, available at www.icomos.org/iiwc/istanbul2000.htm.
4. Langenbach R. From "Opus Craticium" to the "Chicago Frame," earthquake resistant traditional construction, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Taylor & Francis, Vol. I: 29-59, 2007 (link available at: www.conservationtech.com).
5. Gülhan and Güney, Op Cit. Vasile Marza, "On the Death Toll of the 1999 Izmit Major Earthquake," Proceedings, ESC General Assembly, European Seismological Commission, Potsdam, 2004 (available at http://www.esc-web.org/papers/potsdam_2004/ss_1_marza.pdf). There is a large discrepancy between the official (approximately 20,000) and unofficial (approximately 45,000) death toll after the Kocaeli Earthquake. (The Düzce earthquake resulted in approximately only 1,000 deaths.) Data on the comparative failure rates of reinforced concrete structures and traditional timber and masonry structures is from Giilhan, and Güney, Op Cit).
6. Gülhan and Güney, Op Cit.
7. www.conservationtech.com/ArmatureCrosswalls.html
8. Langenbach R. "Building Tall with Timber, A Paean to Wood Construction", Struct. Eng. Int. 2008; 18(2): 22-25.
9. Donley J. Email to R. Langenbach (Author), 22 October, 2007.
10. Ewigleben J. Phone interview, R. Langenbach (Author), October, 2007.
11. Yamada Takashi, Publisher. Timber Tower - Tallest Timber Residential Building in the World," Yanko Design. www.yankodesign.com, June 18, 2007.
12. Betz J. Thick Cross-laminated Solid Wood Panels in Europe, Faculty of Forestry Report. University of British Columbia, April 15, 2006, (http://www.bcfii.ca/industry_resources/mpb/pdf/MPB_2006- 06A_Development_of_Thick_MPB_Laminate_Wood_Plate_Products-Market_Research-Yr1. pdf).