Equity or equality? a conceptual examination of the influence of individualism/collectivism on the crosscultural application of equity theory

Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 17-35

  Fadil, Paul A ^a   Williams, Robert J ^b   Limpaphayom, Wanthanee ^c   Smatt, Cindi ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b VALDOSTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c EASTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Collectivism; Equity theory; Individualism

Indexed keywords

EID: 43949117653     PISSN: 13527606     EISSN: 17586089     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13527600510798114     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Adams, J.S. (1963) “Toward an understanding of inequity.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, pp.422-436.
2. Adams, J.S. (1965) “Inequity in social exchange.” In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2. New York: Academic Press.
3. Adler, N.J. (1997) International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. Massachusetts, Kent Publishing.
4. Ahmad, K. (2004) “Choice of Allocation Norms and Perceived Fairness of Malaysian Corporate Management.” International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp.15-31.
5. Asma, A. (1996) Going Global: Cultural Dimensions in Malaysian Management. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Management.
6. Berman, J.J., Murphy-Berman, V., & Singh, P. (1985) “Cross-cultural similarities and differences in perceptions of fairness.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, pp.55-67.
7. Bond, M.H. (1986) “Mutual stereotypes and the facilitation of interaction across cultural lines.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, pp.259-276.
8. Bond, M.H., Leung, K., & Wan, K.C. (1982) “How does cultural collectivism operate? The impact of task and maintenance contributions on reward distribution.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13, pp.186-200.
9. Campbell, J. & Pritchard, R. (1976) “Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology.” In M. Dunnette (Ed.) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, pp.63-130. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
10. Chen, C. (1995) “New Trends in Reward Allocation Preferences: A Sino-US Comparison.” Academy of Management Journal, 28, pp.408-428.
11. Christopher, R.C. (1983) The Japanese Mind. London: Pan Books.
12. Cohen, R.L. (1982) “Perceiving justice: An attributional perspective.” In J. Greenberg and R.L. Cohen (Eds.) Equity and Justice in Social Behavior, pp.119-160. New York: Academic Press.
13. Dato-on, M.C. (2000) “Cultural assimilation and consumption behaviours: A methodological investigation.” Journal of Managerial Issues, 12, pp.427-445.
14. Delong, D.W. and Fahey, I. (2000) “Diagnosing Cultural Barriers to Knowledge Management.” Academy of Management Executive, 14, pp.113-127.
15. Deresky, H. (1997) International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures. Second Edition. Reading, MA, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
16. Deutsch, M. (1975) “Equity, equality and need: What determines which value will be used and the basis of distributive justice?” Journal of Social Issues, 31, pp.137-149.
17. Deutsch, M. (1985) Distributive Justice: A Social-Psychological Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
18. Dittrich, J. & Carrell, M. (1979) “Organizational equity perceptions, employee job satisfaction and departmental absence and turnover rates.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 24, pp.29-40.
19. Dubin, R. (1982) “Management: Meanings, Methods and Moxie.” Academy of Management Review, 7, pp.372-379.
20. Earley, P.C. (1989) “Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, pp.565-581.
21. Earley, P.C. (1993) “East meets West meets Mideast: Further exploration of collectivists and individualistic work groups.” Academy of Management Journal, 36, pp.319-348.
22. Ferraro, Gary P. (1994) The Cultural Dimension of International Business. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
23. Festinger, L. (1954) “A theory of social comparison processes.” Human Relations, 7, pp.117-140.
24. Fischer, R. and P.B. Smith (2003) “Reward Allocation and Culture: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, pp.251-268.
25. Gamson, W. (1964) “Experimental studies in coalition formation.” In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1. New York: Academic Press.
26. Goodman, P. (1974) “An examination of referents used in the evaluation of pay.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 12, pp.170-195.
27. Greenberg, J. (1990) “Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.” Journal of Management, 16, pp.399-432.
28. Gruber, H., (1998) “The diffusion of innovations in protected industries: The textile industry.” Applied Economics, 30(1), p.77.
29. Hochwarter, W.A. & Stepina, L. (1993) The Impact of Negative Affectivity on Perceptions of Equity. Unpublished dissertation manuscript. Florida State University.
30. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
31. Hofstede, G. & Bond, M. (1984) “Hofstede's Culture Dimensions: An Independent Validation Using Rokeach's Value Survey.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15, pp.417-433.
32. Homans, G.C. (1961) Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
33. Hui, C.H. & Triandis, H.C. (1984) What does individualism-collectivism mean: A study of social scientists. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois, Department of Psychology.
34. Hui, C.H., Triandis, H.C. & Yee, C. (1991) “Cultural differences in reward allocation: Is collectivism the explanation? British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, pp.145.157.
35. Kabanoff, B. (1991) “Equity, Equality, Power and Conflict.” Academy of Management Review, 16, pp.416-441.
36. Kulik, C. & Ambrose, M. (1992) “Personal and situational determinants of referent choice.” Academy of Management Review, 2, pp.212-237.
37. Lenartowicz, T. and J.P. Johnson (2003) “A cross-national assessment of the values of Latin America managers: Contrasting hues or shades of gray?” Journal of International Business Studies, 34(3), p.266.
38. Lerner, M.J. (1974) “The justice motive: Equity and fairness among children.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, p.539.
39. Lerner, M.J. (1980) The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Ple num.
40. Leung, K. (1997) “Negotiation and reward allocation across cultures.” In P.C. Earley and M. Erez (Eds.) New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp.640-675). San Francisco, CA: New Lexington.
41. Leung, K. & Bond, M. (1982) “How Chinese and Americans Reward Task-related Contributions: A Preliminary Study.” Psychologia, 25, pp.32-39.
42. Leung, K. & Bond, M. (1984) “The Impact of Cultural Collectivism on Reward Allocation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, pp.793-804.
43. Leung, K. & Park, H. (1986) “Effects of Interactional Goals on Choice of Allocation Rules: A Cross-National Study.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37, pp.111-120.
44. Leventhal, G.S. (1976) “The distribution of rewards and resources in groups and organizations.” In L. Berkowitz & E. Walster (Eds.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 9, pp.91-131. NewYork: Academic Press.
45. Leventhal, G.S., Michaels, J.W. & Sanford, C. (1972) “Inequity and interpersonal conflict: Reward allocation and secrecy about reward as methods of preventing conflict.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, pp.88-102.
46. Levine, J. & Moreland, R. (1987) “Social comparisons and outcome evaluation in group contexts.” In J. Masters and W. Smith (Eds.) Social comparison, social justice and relative deprivation, pp.105-130. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum and Associates.
47. Mahler, I., Greenberg, L. & Hayeshi, H. (1981) “A comparative study of the rules of justice, Japanese vs. American.” Psychologia, 24, pp.1-8.
48. Major, B. & Deaux, K. (1982) “Individual differences in justice behavior.” In J. Greenberg & R.I. Cohen (Eds.) Equity and Justice in Social Behavior, pp.217-255. New York: Academic Press.
49. Marin, G. (1981) “Perceiving justice across cultures: Equity vs. equality in Colombia and in the United States.” International Journal of Psychology, 16, pp.153-159.
50. Marsella, A., DeVos, G. & Hsu, F.L.K. (1985) Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives. NewYork: Tavistock.
51. Mead, R. (1994) International Management: Cross-Cultural Dimensions. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Mass.
52. Metge, J. (1976) The Maoris of New Zealand. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
53. Mikula, G. (1980) “On the role of justice in allocation decisions.” In G. Miluka (Ed.) Justice in Social Interaction. New York: Springer-Verlag.
54. Negandhi, A. (1979) “Convergence in Organizational Practices: An Empirical Study of Industrial Enterprise in Developing Countries.” Organizations Alike and Unlike, pp.323-345.
55. Ng, S.H. (1984) “Equity and social categorization effects on intergroup allocation of rewards.” British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, pp.165-172.
56. Organ, D. (1990) “The Motivational Basis of Organizational Citizenship Behavior.” Research in Organization Behavior, 12, pp.43-72.
57. Porter, L.W. & Steers, R.M. (1973) “Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism.” Psychological Bulletin, 80, pp.151-176.
58. Sampson, E.E. (1980) “Justice and social character.” In G. Mikula (Ed.) Justice and Social Interaction. Bern: Hans Huber.
59. Sampson, E.E. (1983) Justice and the critique of pure psychology. New York: Plenum.
60. Shapiro, E.G. (1975) “Effect of expectations of future interaction on reward allocations in dyads: Equity or equality.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, pp.873-880.
61. Summers, T. & Hendrix, W. (1991) “Modelling the role of pay equity perceptions: A field study.” Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, pp.145-157.
62. Triandis, H.C. (1995) Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc.
63. Triandis, H.C. (1985) “Collectivism vs. individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural psychology.” In C. Bagley and G.K. Verma (Eds.) Personality, Cognition and Value: Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Childhood and Ado-les cence. London: MacMillan & Co.
64. Triandis, H.C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M.J., Asai, M. & Lucca, N. (1988) “Individualism and Collectivism: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Self In-group Relationships.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, pp.323-338.
65. Triandis, H.C., Leung, K., Villareal, M., & Clack, F.L. (1985) “Allocentric vs. idiocentric tendencies: Convergent and discriminant validation.” Journal of Research in Personality, 13, pp.395-415.
66. Trompenaars, F. (1993) Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: The Economist Books.
67. Walster, E., Berscheid, E. & Walster, G.W. (1973) “New directions in equity research.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, pp.151-176.
68. Walster, E., Walster, G.W. & Berscheid, E. (1978) Equity, Theory and Research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
69. Wooten, K.C. and Cobb, A.T. (1999) “Career Development and Organizational Justice: Practical and Research Implications.” Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 10(2), pp.173-179.