Impact of spatial and temporal variation in calf survival on the growth of elk populations

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 71, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 795-803

  Raithel, Jarod D ^a,c   Kauffman, Matthew J ^b   Pletscher, Daniel H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervus elaphus; Elasticity; Elk; Life Stage Simulation Analysis; Matrix population models; Population growth; Sensitivity; Survival; Variance; Vital rates

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; DEER; JUVENILE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION GROWTH; REPRODUCTION; SPATIAL VARIATION; SURVIVAL; TEMPORAL VARIATION;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

CERVUS ELAPHUS;

EID: 43949084667     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2193/2005-608     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Albon, S. D., B. Mitchell, and B. W. Staines. 1983. Fertility and body weight in female red deer: a density-dependent relationship. Journal of Animal Ecology 52:969-980.
2. Ballard, W. B., H. A. Whitlaw, B. F. Wakeling, R. L. Brown, J. C. Devos, Jr., and M. C. Wallace. 2000. Survival of female elk in northern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:500-504.
3. Blouch, R. I., and R. J. Moran. 1965.1964 elk hunt. Michigan Department of Conservation Research and Development report number 30, Lansing, USA.
4. Bonenfant, C., J.-M. Gaillard, F. Klein, and J.-L. Hamann. 2005. Can we use the young: female ratio to infer ungulate population dynamics? An empirical test using red deer Cervus elaphus as a model. Journal of Animal Ecology 42:361-370.
5. Buechner, H. K., and C. V. Swanson. 1955. Increased natality resulting from lowered population density among elk in southeastern Washington. Transactions North American Wildlife Conference 20:560-567.
6. Buenau, K. E., and L. R. Gerber. 2004. Developing recovery and monitoring strategies for the endemic Mount Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) in Arizona. Animal Conservation 7:17-22.
7. Burcham, M., D. W. Edge, and C. L. Marcum. 1999. Elk use of private land refuges. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:833-839.
8. Bureau, M. J. 1992. Mortality and seasonal distribution of elk in an area recently recolonized by wolves. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
9. Caswell, H. 2000. Matrix population models. Construction, analysis and interpretation. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
10. Cheatum, E. L., and J. E. Gaab. 1952. Productivity of north Yellowstone elk as indicated by ovary analysis. Proceedings Western Association State Game and Fish Commission 32:174-177.
11. Cole, E. K., M. D. Pope, and R. G. Anthony. 1997. Effects of road management on movement and survival of Roosevelt elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1115-1126.
12. Cole, G. F. 1969. The elk of Grand Teton and Southern Yellowstone National Parks. U.S. National Park Service Research Report GRTE-N-1, Washington, D.C., USA.
13. Cook, J. G., B. K. Johnson, R. C. Cook, R. A. Riggs, T. Delcurto, L. D. Bryant, and L. L. Irwin. 2004. Effects of summer-autumn nutrition and parturition date on reproduction and survival of elk. Wildlife Monographs 155.
14. Coulson, T., J.-M. Gaillard, and M. Festa-Bianchet. 2005. Decomposing the variation in population growth into contributions from multiple demographic rates. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:789-801.
15. Crouse, D. T., L. B. Crowder, and H. Caswell. 1987. A stage-based population model for loggerhead sea turtles and implications for conservation. Ecology 68:1412-1423.
16. de Kroon, H., A. Plaisier, J. Van Groenendael, and H. Caswell. 1986. Elasticity: the relative contribution of demographic parameters to population growth rate. Ecology 67:1427-1431.
17. de Kroon, H., J. Van Groenendael, and J. Ehrlen. 2000. Elasticities: a review of methods and model limitations. Ecology 81:607-618.
18. Eberhardt, L. L. 2002. A paradigm for population analysis of long-lived vertebrates. Ecology 83:2841-2854.
19. Escos, J., C. L. Alados, and J. M. Emlen. 1994. Application of the stage-projection model with density-dependent fecundity to the population dynamics of Spanish Ibex. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:731-737.
20. Flook, D. R. 1970. A study of sex differential in the survival of wapiti. Canada Wildlife Service Report Serial Number 11. Queens Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
21. Follis, T. B., and J. J. Spillet. 1974. Winter pregnancy rates and subsequent cow: calf ratios in elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:789-791.
22. Freddy, D. J. 1987. Effect of elk harvest systems on elk breeding biology. Colorado Division of Wildlife Restoration Report 01-03-047, Fort Collins, USA.
23. Gaillard, J.-M., M. Festa-Bianchet, and N. G. Yoccoz. 1998. Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:58-63.
24. Gaillard, J.-M., M. Festa-Biancher, N. G. Yoccoz, A. Loison, and C. Toigo. 2000. Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:367-393.
25. Gaillard, J.-M., and N. G. Yoccoz. 2003. Temporal variation in survival of mammals: a case of environmental canalization. Ecology 84:3294-3306.
26. Garrott, R. A., L. L. Eberhardt, P. J. White, and J. Rotella. 2003. Climate-induced variation in vital rates of an unharvested large-herbivore population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:33-45.
27. Gould, W. R., and J. D. Nichols. 1998. Estimation of temporal variability of survival in animal populations. Ecology 79:2531-2538.
28. Greer, K. R. 1965. Collections from the Gallatin elk post season, 1964-1965. Montana Department of Fish and Game Job Completion Report, Project Number W-83-R-8, Helena, USA.
29. Greer, K. R. 1966. Fertility rates of the northern Yellowstone elk populations. Proceedings Western Association State Game and Fish Commission 46:123-128.
30. Greer, K. R. 1968. Yellowstone elk study, 1967-1968. Montana Department of Fish and Game Job Completion Report, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project W-83-R-11, Helena, USA.
31. Hamlin, K. L., and M. S. Ross. 2002. Elk population dynamics and breeding biology: effects of hunting season changes, Gravelly-Snowcrest Mountains, Montana. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks Final Project Report, Helena, USA.
32. Hancock, N. V. 1957. A preliminary report of elk reproduction in Utah with special reference to precociousness in yearling females. Proceedings Western Association State Game and Fish Commission 37:195-197.
33. Heppell, S. S., J. R. Walters, and L. R. Crowder. 1994. Evaluating management alternatives for red-cockaded woodpeckers: a modeling approach. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:479-487.
34. Houston, D. B. 1982. The Northern Yellowstone elk: ecology and management. Macmillan, New York, New York, USA.
35. Johnson, D. E. 1951. Biology of the elk calf, Cervus canadensis nelsoni. Journal of Wildlife Management 15:396-410.
36. Kittams, W. H. 1953. Reproduction of Yellowstone elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 17:177-184.
37. Knight, R. R. 1970. The Sun River elk herd. Wildlife Monographs 23.
38. Kunkel, K. E., and D. H. Pletscher. 1999. Species-specific population dynamics of cervids in a multipredator system. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1082-1093.
39. Leptich, D. J., and P. Zager. 1991. Road access management effects on elk mortality and population dynamics. Pages 126-131 in A. G. Christensen, L. J. Lyon, and T. N. Lonner, compilers. Proceedings Elk Vulnerability Symposium, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
40. Link, W. A., and J. D. Nichols. 1994. On the importance of sampling variance to investigations of temporal variation in animal population size. Oikos 69:539-544.
41. Lubow, B. C., F. J. Singer, T. L. Johnson, and D. C. Bowden. 2002. Dynamics of interacting elk populations within and adjacent to Rocky Mountain National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:757-775.
42. Mills, L. S., D. F. Doak, and M. J. Wisdom. 1999. Reliability of conservation actions based on elasticity analysis of matrix models. Conservation Biology 13:815-829.
43. Mills, L. S., D. F. Doak, and M. J. Wisdom. 2001. Elasticity analysis for conservation decision making: reply to Ehrlen et al. Conservation Biology 15:283.
44. Mills, L. S., and M. Lindberg. 2002. Sensitivity analysis to evaluate the consequences of conservation actions. Pages 338-366 in S. R. Beissinger and D. R. McCullough, editors. Population viability analysis. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
45. Moran, R. J. 1973. The Rocky Mountain elk in Michigan. Michigan Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Division and Development report 267, Lansing, USA.
46. Morris, W. F., and D. F. Doak. 2002. Quantitative conservation biology: theory and practice of population viability analysis. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
47. Murie, O. L. 1951. The elk of North America. Stackpole, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
48. Myers, W. L., B. Lyndaker, P. E. Fowler, and W. Moore. 1996. Investigations of calf elk mortalities in southeast Washington. Progress report, 1992-1996. Washington Department of Wildlife, Olympia, USA.
49. Nelson, L. J., and J. M. Peek. 1982. Effect of survival and fecundity on rate of increase of elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:535-540.
50. Nichols, J. D., and J. E. Hines. 2002. Approaches for the direct estimation of λ, and demographic contributions to λ, using capture-recapture data. Journal of Applied Statistics 29:539-568.
51. Noon, B. R., and C. M. Biles. 1990. Mathematical demography of spotted owls in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:18-27.
52. Noyes, J. H., B. K. Johnson, L. D. Bryant, S. L. Findholt, and J. W. Thomas. 1996. Effects of bull age on pregnancy rates and conception dates of cow elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:508-517.
53. Noyes, J. H., B. K. Johnson, B. L. Dick, and J. G. Kie. 2002. Effects of male age and female nutritional condition on elk reproduction. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:1301-1307.
54. Owen-Smith, N., and D. R. Mason. 2005. Comparative changes in adult vs. juvenile survival affecting population trends of African ungulates. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:762-773.
55. Peek, J. M., M. S. Boyce, E. O. Garton, J. J. Hard, and L. S. Mills. 2002. Risks involved in current management of elk in Washington. Technical report submitted to Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, USA.
56. Pfister, C. A. 1998. Patterns of variance in stage-structured populations: evolutionary predictions and ecological implications. Proceedings National Academy of Science 95:213-218.
57. Portier, C., M. Festa-Bianchet, J.-M. Gaillard, J. T. Jorgenson, and N. G. Yoccoz. 1998. Effects of density and weather on survival of bighorn sheep lambs (Ovis canadensis). Journal of Zoology 245:271-278.
58. Raithel, J. D. 2005. Impact of calf survival on elk population dynamics in west-central Montana. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
59. Schlegel, M. 1976. Factors affecting calf elk survival in north central Idaho. Progress report. Proceedings Western Association State Fish and Game Commission 56:342-355.
60. Singer, F. J., A. Harting, K. K. Symonds, and M. B. Coughenour. 1997. Density dependence, compensation, and environmental effects of elk calf mortality in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:12-25.
61. Smith, B. L., and S. H. Anderson. 1998. Juvenile survival and population regulation of the Jackson elk herd. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1036-1045.
62. Smith, B. L., R. L. Robbins, and S. H. Anderson. 1997. Early development of supplementally fed, free-ranging elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:26-38.
63. Stussy, R. J., D. E. Edge, and T. A. O'Neil. 1994. Survival of resident and translocated female elk in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:242-247.
64. Taper, M. L., and P. J. P. Gogan. 2002. The Northern Yellowstone elk: density dependence and climatic conditions. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:106-122.
65. Thorne, E. T., R. E. Dean, and W. G. Hepworth. 1976. Nutrition during gestation in relation to successful reproduction in elk. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:330-335.
66. Trainer, C. E. 1971. The relationship of physical condition and fertility of female Roosevelt elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti) in Oregon. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
67. Unsworth, J. W., L. Kuck, M. D. Scott, and E. O. Garton. 1993. Elk mortality in the Clearwater drainage of north-central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:495-502.
68. Unsworth, J. W., D. F. PaC., G. C. White, and R. M. Bartmann. 1999. Mule deer survival in Colorado, Idaho, and Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:315-326.
69. Walsh, N. E., B. Griffith, and T. R. McCabe. 1995. Evaluating growth of the Porcupine Caribou Herd using a stochastic model. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:262-272.
70. White, G. C. 2000. Population viability analysis: data requirements and essential analyses. Pages 288-331 in L. Boitani and T. K. Fuller, editors. Research techniques in animal ecology: controversies and consequences. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
71. Wisdom, M. J., and L. S. Mills. 1997. Using sensitivity analysis to guide population recovery: prairie-chickens as an example. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:302-312.
72. Wisdom, M. J., L. S. Mills, and D. F. Doak. 2000. Life stage simulation analysis: estimating vital rate effects on population growth for conservation. Ecology 81:628-641.
73. Zager, P., C. White, and M. W. Gratson. 2002. Elk ecology. Study IV. Factors influencing elk calf recruitment. Job numbers 1-3. Pregnancy rates and condition of cow elk. Calf mortality causes and rates. Predation effects on elk calf recruitment. Idaho Department of Fish and Game Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Job Progress Report W-160-R-29, Boise, USA.