The Middle Llandovery brachiopod fauna of the Newlands Formation, Girvan, Scotland

Journal of Systematic Palaeontology

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 61-100

  Robin, L ^a   Cocks, M ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aeronian; Brachiopods; Laurentia; Llandovery; Scotland; Silurian

Indexed keywords

BIOZONATION; BRACHIOPOD; ENDEMIC SPECIES; GRAPTOLITE; LAURENTIA; LLANDOVERIAN; NEW GENUS; NEW RECORD; NEW SPECIES; ORDOVICIAN; SILURIAN;

EURASIA; EUROPE; GIRVAN; SCOTLAND; SOUTH AYRSHIRE; UNITED KINGDOM; WALES; WESTERN EUROPE;

BRACHIOPODA; CHONETOIDEA; EOSTROPHEODONTA; PENTAMERIDAE; RESSERELLA; TERRANOVA; TRIPLESIA;

EID: 43549116801     PISSN: 14772019     EISSN: 14780941     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S147720190700226X     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Amsden, T. W. 1974. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian articulate brachiopods from Oklahoma, southwestern Illinois and eastern Missouri. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 119: 1-154, pls 1-28.
2. Baarli, B. G. 1995. Orthacean and strophomenid brachiopods from the Lower Silurian of the central Oslo Region. Fossils and Strata 39: 1-93, pls 1-19.
3. Bancroft, B. B. 1928. On the notational representation of the rib-system in Orthacea. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs and Proceedings 72: 53-90, pls 1-3.
4. _ 1949. Welsh Valentian brachiopods and the Strophomena antiquata Group of fossil brachiopods. Privately printed, Mexborough, 16 pp, 3 pls.
5. Barrande, J. 1879. Systême Silurien du Centre de la Boheme. Iere Partie, Recherches Paléontologiques, vol. 6. Classe des Mollusques: Ordre des Brachiopodes. Published by the author, Paris, 226 pp, 153 pls.
6. Bassett, M. G. 1970. The articulate brachiopods from the Wenlock Series of the Welsh Borderland and South Wales. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph]: 1-26, pls 1-3.
7. _ 1971. Wenlock Stropheodontidae (Silurian Brachiopoda) from the Welsh Borderland and south Wales. Palaeontology 14: 303-337, pls 54-60.
8. Billings, E. 1859. On some new genera and species of brachiopods from the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Canada. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist 4: 131-135.
9. _ 1862. New species of fossils from different parts of the lower, middle and upper Silurian rocks of Canada. Palaeozoic Rocks, Geological Survey of Canada 1(4): 96-185.
10. _ 1866. Catalogues of the Silurian fossils of the island of Anticosti, with descriptions of some new species and genera. Canadian Geological Survey Special Publication: 1-93.
11. Boucot, A. J. 1959. A new family and genus of Silurian orthotetacid brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology 33: 25-28, pl. 3.
12. _ & Johnson, J. G. 1967. Silurian and Upper Ordovician atrypids of the genera Plectatrypa and Eospirigerina. Norsk Geologisk Tiddskrift 47: 79-101.
13. _ & Rubel, M. 1971. Descriptions of brachiopod genera of subfamily Virgianinae Boucot and Amsden, 1963. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Keemia-Geoloogia 20: 271-280, pls 1-6.
14. _ & Staton, R. D. 1964. On some atrypoid, retzioid and athyridoid Brachiopoda. Journal of Paleontology 38: 805-822, pls 125-8.
15. Cleevely, R. J., Tripp, R. P. & Howells, Y. 1989. Mrs Elizabeth Gray (1831-1924): a passion for fossils. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series 17: 167-258.
16. Cocks, L. R. M. 1967. Llandovery stropheodontids from the Welsh Borderland. Palaeontology 10: 245-265, pls 37-39.
17. _ 1968. Some strophomenacean brachiopods from the British Lower Silurian. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 15: 285-324, pls 1-14.
18. _ 1970. Silurian brachiopods of the Superfamily Plectambonitacea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 19: 139-203, pls 1-17.
19. _ 1978. A review of British Lower Palaeozoic brachiopods, including a synoptic revision of Davidson's monograph. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph] 131: 1-256.
20. _ 1982. The commoner brachiopods of the latest Ordovician of the Oslo-Asker District, Norway. Palaeontology 25: 755-781, pls 78-84.
21. _ & Rong Jia-yu 1989. Review of the brachiopod superfamily Plectambonitacea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Geology) 45: 77-163.
22. _ & _ 2007. Earliest Silurian faunal survival and recovery after the end-Ordovician glaciation: evidence from the brachiopods. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences (in press).
23. _ & Toghill, P. 1973. The biostratigraphy of the Silurian rocks of the Girvan District, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 129: 209-243, pls 1-3.
24. _ & Torsvik, T. H. 2002. Earth geography from 500 to 400 million years ago: a faunal and palaeomagnetic review. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159: 631-644.
25. _ & _ 2005. Baltica from the late Precambrian to mid-Palaeozoic times: the gain and loss of a terrane's identity. Earth-Science Reviews 72: 39-66.
26. _, McKerrow, W. S. & Verniers, J. 2003. The Silurian of Avalonia. New York State Museum Bulletin 493: 35-52.
27. _, Woodcock, N. H., Rickards, R. B., Temple, J. T. & Lane, P. D. 1984. The Llandovery Series of the Type Area. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 38: 131-182.
28. Conrad, T. A. 1843. Observations of the lead-bearing limestone of Wisconsin and a description of a new genus of trilobites and fifteen new Silurian fossils. Journal of the Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia 9: 329-335.
29. Cooper, G. A. 1930a. The brachiopod Pionodema and its homeomorphs. Journal of Paleontology 4: 369-382, pls 35-37.
30. _ 1930b. New species from the Upper Ordovician of Percé. American Journal of Science 20: 265-288, pls 1-2.
31. _ 1935. Oligorhynchia, a new Ordovician (Chazyan) brachiopod. American Journal of Science 29: 48-53, pl. 1.
32. _ & Muir Wood, H. M. 1951. Brachiopod homonyms. Journal Washington Academy of Sciences 41: 195-196.
33. Copper, P. 2004. Silurian (Late Llandovery - Ludlow) atrypid brachiopods. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 215 pp, 29 pls.
34. Dalman, J. W. 1828. Upstalning och Beskrifning af de i Sverige funne Terebratuliter. Kongliga Vetenskapsakademien Handlingar [for 1827]: 85-155, pls 1-6.
35. Davidson, T. 1847. Observations on some of the Wenlock-limestone Brachiopoda, with descriptions of several newspecies. London Geological Journal 1: 52-65, pls 12-13.
36. _ 1848. Mémoire sur les Brachiopodes du système Silurien superieur d'Angleterre. Bulletin de la Societé géologique de la France [Series 2] 5: 309-338, pls 3-4.
37. _ 1869-1871. A Monograph of the British Fossil Brachiopoda Part VII, Nos III and IV. The Silurian Brachiopoda. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph]: 169-397, pls 23-50.
38. _ 1882. Monograph of the British Fosil Brachiopoda. Volume V, Part I. Devonian and Silurian Supplements. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph]: 1-134, pls 1-7.
39. _ 1883. Monograph of the British Fossil Brachiopoda. Volume V, Part II. Silurian Supplement. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph]: 135-242, pls 8-17.
40. Dewing, K. 1999. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian strophomenid brachiopods of Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana 17: 1-143, pls 1-31.
41. Donovan, S. K. & Clark, N. D. L. 1992. An unusual crinoid columnal morphospecies from the Llandovery of Scotland and Wales. Palaeontology 35: 27-35.
42. Emmons, E. 1842. Geology of New York, Part II, comprising the survey of the second geological district. Natural History of New York 1: 1-437, pls 1-17.
43. Fearnhead, F. E. & Donovan, S. K. 2005. New and 'forgotten' crinoids from the Llandovery (early Silurian) of the British Isles. Palaeontological Society Abstracts with Programme 49: 40-41.
44. Floyd, J. D. & Williams, M. 2003. A revised correlation of Silurian rocks in the Girvan district, SW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93: 383-392.
45. Foerste, A. F. 1909. Fossils from the Silurian formations of Tennessee, Indiana and Kentucky. Bulletin of Denison University Science Laboratories 14: 61-115, pls 1-4.
46. Freshney, E. C. 1959. Extension of the Silurian succession in the Craighead Inlier, Girvan. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 24: 27-31.
47. Hall, J. 1843. Survey of the Fourth Geological District. Natural History of New York, Geology 4: 1-525, pls 1-19.
48. _ 1859. Observations on genera of Brachiopoda. New York State Cabinet of Natural History Annual Report 12: 8-110.
49. _ 1867. Account of some new or little-known species of fossils from the rocks of the age of the Niagara Group. New York State Cabinet of Natural History Annual Report 20: 305-401, pls 10-23.
50. _ 1871. Notes on some new or imperfectly known forms among the Brachiopoda. New York State Cabinet of Natural History Annual Report 23: 1-5.
51. _ 1879. The fauna of the Niagara Group in central Indiana. New York State Museum of Natural History Annual Report 28: 99-203, pls 3-34.
52. _ & Clarke, J. M. 1892-1894. An introduction to the study of the genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda. Natural History of New York, Palaeontology 8: Part 1, 1-367, pls 1-20; Part 2, 1-394, pls 21-84.
53. Harper, C. W. 1973. Brachiopods of the Arisaig Group (Silurian-Lower Devonian) of Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 215: 1-163, pls 1-28.
54. _ & Boucot, A. J. 1978. The Stropheodontacea. Part I: Leptostrophiidae, Eostropheodontidae and Strophonellidae. Palaeontographica A161: 55-118, pls 1-18.
55. _, Johnson, C. W. & Boucot, A. J. 1967. The Pholidostrophiinae. Senckenbergiana Lethea 48: 403-461, pls 1-10.
56. Harper, D. A. T. 1984-2006. Brachiopods from the Upper Ardmillan succession (Ordovician) of the Girvan district, Scotland. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph] Part 1 (1984): 1-78, pls 1-11; Part 2 (1989): 79-128, pls 12-22; Part 3 (2006): 129-187, pls 23-33.
57. Havlíček, V. & Štorch, P. 1990. Silurian brachiopods and benthic communities in the Prague Basin (Czechoslovakia). Rozpravy Ústrědního Ústavu Geologické ho 48: 1-275, pls 1-80.
58. Holtedahl, O. 1916. Strophomenidae of the Kristiania region. Videnskapselkapets Skrifter i Kristiania Matematisk-Naturisdenskabelig Klasse 12 (1915): 1-118, pls 1-16.
59. Howells, Y. 1982. Scottish Silurian trilobites. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph] 135: 1-76, pls 1-15.
60. Hurst, J. M. 1974. Aspects of the systematics and ecology of the brachiopod Pholidostrophia in the Ashgill, Llandovery and Wenlock of Britain. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 146: 298-324.
61. Jin, J. 1989. Late Ordovician-Early Silurian rhynchonellid brachiopods from Antocosti Island, Québec. Biostratigraphie du Paléozoique 10: 1-217, pls 1-30.
62. _, Caldwell, W. G. E. & Norford, B. S. 1993. Early Silurian brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the Hudson Bay lowlands, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 457: 1-221, pls 1-39.
63. _ & Chatterton, B. D. E. 1997. Latest Ordovician-Silurian articulate brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the Avalanche Lake area, southwestern District of Mackenzie, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana 13: 1-167, pls 1-50.
64. _ & Copper, P. 2000. Late Ordovician and Early Silurian pentamerid brachiopods from Anticosti Island, Qúebec, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana 18: 1-140, pls 1-31.
65. Johnson, J. G. & Boucot, A. J. 1967. Gracianella, a new late Silurian genus of atrypoid brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology 41: 868-873, pls 109-110.
66. Jones, O. T. 1928. Plectambonites and some allied genera. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Palaeontology 1: 367-527, pls 21-25.
67. Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) 2000-2004. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Vol. H (Brachiopoda) Revised. Volumes 2 to 4. Geological Society of America and Kansas University Press, Lawrence, KA, 1688 pp.
68. Kozłowski, R. 1929. Les brachiopods gotlandiens de la Podolie polonaise. Palaeontologica polonica 1: 1-254, pls 1-12.
69. Kutorga, S.S. 1846. Ueber das silurische und devonische Schichten-System von Gatschina. Russisch-Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft zu St. Petersbourg, Verhandlungen 1845-1846: 85-139, pls 1-8.
70. _ 1848. Ueber die Brachiopoden-familie der Siphonotretaceae. Verhandlung Russisch-Kaiserliche Mineralogische Gesellschaft zu St Petersbourg 1847: 250-286, pls 6, 7.
71. Lamont, A. 1935. The Drummuck Group, Girvan; a stratigraphical revision, with descriptions of new fossils from the lower part of the Group. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 19: 288-334, pls 7-9.
72. _ 1940. Derived Upper Llandovery fossils in Bunter Pebbles. Cement, Lime and Gravel 15: 26-30.
73. Lapworth, C. 1882. The Girvan succession. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 38: 537-666.
74. Li, R. & Copper, P. 2006. Early Silurian (Llandovery) orthide brachiopods from Anticosti Island, eastern Canada: the O/S extinction recovery fauna. Special Papers in Palaeontology 76: 1-71, pls 1-19.
75. Lindström, G. 1861. Bidrag till kannendomen om Gotlands brachiopoden. Ofversigt af Konglige Ventenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar 17: 337-382, pls 12, 13.
76. McLearn, F. H. 1924. Palaeontology of the Silurian rocks of Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 137: 1-179, pls 1-30.
77. M'Coy, F. 1846. A synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland collected from the several districts by Richard Griffith F.G.S. Privately published, Dublin, 72 pp, 5 pls.
78. _ 1851. On some new Cambro-Silurian fossils. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 2) 8: 387-409.
79. Modzalevskaya, T. L. & Popov, L. E. 1995. Earliest Silurian articulate brachiopods from central Kazakhstan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40: 399-426.
80. Mørk, A. 1981. A reappraisal of the Lower Silurian brachiopods Borealis and Pentamerus. Palaeontology 24: 537-553, pls 83-85.
81. Muir Wood, H. M. 1962. On the morphology and classification of the brachiopod Suborder Chonetoidea. British Museum (Natural History) Monograph:1-132, pls 1-16.
82. Murchison, R. I. 1839. The Silurian System. John Murray, London, 768 pp, 37 pls.
83. Musteikis, P. & Cocks, L. R. M. 2004. Strophomenide and orthotetide Silurian brachiopods from the Baltic region, with particular reference to Lithuanian boreholes. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49: 455-482.
84. Oehlert, D. P. 1888. Descriptions de quelques espèces dévoniennes du Département de la Mayenne. Bulletin de la Société d'études Scientifiques d'Angers 17: 65-120, pls 6-10.
85. Öpik, A. A. 1933. Über Plectamboniten. Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis) Acta et Commentationes A24: 1-79, pls 1-12.
86. Peach, B. N. & Horne, J. 1899. The Silurian rocks of Britain. Part 1. Scotland. Geological Survey Memoir 1: 1-749.
87. Popov, L. E., Holmer, L. E. & Gorjansky, V. J. 1997. Late Ordovician and early Silurian trimerellide brachiopods from Kazakhstan. Journal of Paleontology 71: 584-598.
88. Racheboeuf, P. R. & Copper, P. 1986. The oldest chonetacean brachiopods (Ordovician-Silurian, Anticosti Island, Québec). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23: 1297-1308, pls 1, 2.
89. _ & Lespérance, P. J. 1995. Revision of Silurian and Devonian chonetoidean brachiopods from Québec and northern New Brunswick (Canada), Documents du Laboratoire Géologique, Lyon 136: 1-99, pls 1-10.
90. Raymond, P. E. 1911. The Brachiopoda and Ostracoda of the Chazyan. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 7: 215-269.
91. Reed, F. R. C. 1917. The Ordovician and Silurian Brachiopoda of the Girvan District. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 51: 795-998, pls 1-24.
92. _ 1935. Some new brachiopods from Girvan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10th Series) 16: 1-12, pl. 1.
93. Rong Jia-yu & Cocks, L. R. M. 1994. True Strophomena and a revision of the classification and evolution of strophomenoid and 'stropheodontoid' brachiopods. Palaeontology 37: 651-694, pls 1-7.
94. _ & Yang Xue-chang 1981. Middle and late early Silurian brachiopod faunas in southwest China. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Memoirs 13: 165-270, pls 1-26.
95. Rubel, M. 1962. Estonian Llandovery brachiopods of the Superfamily Orthacea. Eesti NSV Teaduste AkadeemiaGeologia instituudi uurimused 9: 75-94, pls 1-4. [In Russian].
96. Salter, J. W. 1851. List of some of the Silurian fossils of Ayrshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 7:170-178, pls 8-10.
97. Savage, T. E. 1913. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Alexandrian Series in Illinois and Missouri. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 23: 67-160, pls 1-7.
98. Schuchert, C. & Cooper, G. A. 1931. Synopsis of the brachiopod genera of the subborder Orthoidea and Pentameroidea, with notes on the Telotremata. American Journal of Science 22: 241-251.
99. Shaler, N. S. 1865. List of the Brachiopoda from the island of Anticosti, sent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Museum of Comparative Zoology Bulletin 1: 61-70.
100. Sowerby, J. de C. 1815-1818. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, Volume 2. Published by the author, London, 235 pp. pls 103-203.
101. Temple, J. T. 1968. The Lower Llandovery (Silurian) brachiopods from Keisley, Westmorland. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph] 122: 1-58, pls 1-10.
102. _ 1970. The Lower Llandovery brachiopods and trilobites from Ffridd Mathrafal, near Meifod, Montgomeryshire. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph] 124: 1-76, pls 1-19.
103. _ 1987. Early Llandovery brachiopods of Wales. Palaeontographical Society [Monograph] 139: 1-137, pls 1-15.
104. Thomsen, E. & Baarli, B. G. 1982. Brachiopods of the Lower Llandovery Sælabonn and Solvik Formations of the Ringerike, Asker and Oslo districts. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo 278: 63-77, pls 1-3.
105. Twenhofel, W. H. 1914. The Anticosti Island faunas. Canadian Geological Survey Museum Bulletin 3: 1-39, pl. 1.
106. _ 1928. Geology of Anticosti Island. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 154: 1-481, pls 1-60.
107. Walmsley, V. G. & Boucot, A. J. 1971. The Resserellinae - a new subfamily of Late Ordovician to Early Devonian dalmanellid brachiopods. Palaeontology 14: 487-531, pls 91-102.
108. Whittard, W. F. & Barker, G. H. 1950. The Upper Valentian brachiopod fauna of Shropshire, Part I, Inarticulata, Protremata, Orthoidea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12 3: 553-590, pls 5-8.
109. Williams, A. 1950. New stropheodontid brachiopods. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 40: 277-282.
110. _ 1951. Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery District. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 107: 85-136, pls 3-7.
111. _ 1962. The Barr and Lower Ardmillan Series (Caradoc) of the Girvan District, south-west Ayrshire, with descriptions of the Brachiopoda. Geological Society, London, Memoir 3: 1-267, pls 1-25.
112. _ 1963. The Caradocian brachiopod fauna of the Bala District, Merionethshire. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 8: 327-471, pls 1-16.
113. Ziegler, A. M., Cocks, L. R. M. & Bambach, R. K. 1968. The composition and structure of Lower Silurian marine animal communities. Lethaia 1: 1-27.