The effect of walking speed on the gait of typically developing children

Journal of Biomechanics

Volumn 41, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1639-1650

  Schwartz, Michael H ^a,b   Rozumalski, Adam ^a,b   Trost, Joyce P ^a  

^a GILLETTE CHILDREN'S SPECIALTY HEALTHCARE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Children; Electromyography; Gait; Kinematics; Kinetics; Spatio temporal parameters; Speed; Walking

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; GESTURE RECOGNITION; KINEMATICS; MAMMALS;

GAIT; SPATIO-TEMPORAL PARAMETERS;

MOTION COMPENSATION;

ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; GAIT; GROUND REACTION FORCE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; JOINT FUNCTION; KINEMATICS; KINETICS; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; WALKING SPEED;

ADOLESCENT; ANKLE JOINT; BIOMECHANICS; CHILD; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEMALE; GAIT; HUMANS; MALE; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; WALKING;

EID: 43549108118     PISSN: 00219290     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.03.015     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Andriacchi T.P., Ogle J.A., and Galante J.O. Walking speed as a basis for normal and abnormal gait measurements. Journal of Biomechanics 10 (1977) 261-268
2. Bertram J.E., and Ruina A. Multiple walking speed-frequency relations are predicted by constrained optimization. Journal of Theoretical Biology 209 (2001) 445-453
3. Burnfield J.M., Few C.D., Mohamed O.S., and Perry J. The influence of walking speed and footwear on plantar pressures in older adults. Clinical Biomechanics 19 (2004) 78-84
4. Chester V.L., Tingley M., and Biden E.N. A comparison of kinetic gait parameters for 3-13-year olds. Clinical Biomechanics 21 (2006) 726-732
5. Den Otter A.R., Geurts A.C.H., Mulder T., and Duysens J. Speed related changes in muscle activity from normal to very slow walking speeds. Gait & Posture 19 (2004) 270-278
6. Detrembleur C., Willems P., and Plaghki L. Does walking speed influence the time pattern of muscle activation in normal children?. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 39 (1997) 803-807
7. Diop M., Rahmani A., Belli A., Gautheron V., Geyssant A., and Cottalorda J. Influence of speed variation and age on ground reaction forces and stride parameters of children's normal gait. International Journal of Sports Medicine 26 (2005) 682-687
8. Donelan J.M., and Kram R. Exploring dynamic similarity in human running using simulated reduced gravity. Journal of Experimental Biology 203 (2000) 2405-2415
9. Frigo C., and Tesio L. Speed-dependent variations of lower-limb joint angles during walking. A graphic computerized method showing individual patterns. American Journal of Physical Medicine 65 (1986) 51-62
10. Ganley K.J., and Powers C.M. Gait kinematics and kinetics of 7-year-old children: a comparison to adults using age-specific anthropometric data. Gait & Posture 21 (2005) 141-145
11. Ganley K.J., and Powers C.M. Intersegmental dynamics during the swing phase of gait: a comparison of knee kinetics between 7-year-old children and adults. Gait & Posture 23 (2006) 499-504
12. Grieve D.W., and Gear R.J. The relationships between length of stride, step frequency, time of swing and speed of walking for children and adults. Ergonomics 9 (1966) 379-399
13. Hallemans A., De Clercq D., and Aerts P. Changes in 3D joint dynamics during the first 5 months after the onset of independent walking: a longitudinal follow-up study. Gait & Posture 24 (2006) 270-279
14. Hanlon M., and Anderson R. Prediction methods to account for the effect of gait speed on lower limb angular kinematics. Gait & Posture 24 (2006) 280-287
15. Hermens, H.J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., Disselhorst-Klug, C., Hägg, G., 1999. Surface ElectroMyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles, [cited; Available from: www.seniam.org].
16. Hof A.L. Scaling gait data to body size. Gait & Posture 4 (1996) 222-223
17. Hof A.L., Elzinga H., Grimmius W., and Halbertsma J.P.K. Speed dependence of averaged EMG profiles in walking. Gait & Posture 16 (2002) 78-86
18. Kimura T., Yaguramaki N., Fujita M., Ogiue-Ikeda M., Nishizawa S., and Ueda Y. Development of energy and time parameters in the walking of healthy human infants. Gait & Posture 22 (2005) 225-232
19. Kirtley C., Whittle M.W., and Jefferson R.J. Influence of walking speed on gait parameters. Journal of Biomedical Engineering 7 (1985) 282-288
20. Kram R., Domingo A., and Ferris D.P. Effect of reduced gravity on the preferred walk-run transition speed. Journal of Experimental Biology 200 (1997) 821-826
21. Leardini A., Capozzo A., Catani F., Toksvig-Larsen S., Petitto A., Sforza V., Cassanelli G., and Giannini S. Validation of a functional method for the estimation of hip joint centre location. Journal of Biomechanics 32 (1999) 99-103
22. Lelas J.L., Merriman G.J., Riley P.O., and Kerrigan D.C. Predicting peak kinematic and kinetic parameters from gait speed. Gait & Posture 17 (2003) 106-112
23. Moretto P., Bisiaux M., and Lafortune M.A. Froude number fractions to increase walking pattern dynamic similarities: application to plantar pressure study in healthy subjects. Gait & Posture 25 (2007) 40-48
24. Murray M.P., Kory R.C., Clarkson B.H., and Sepic S.B. Comparison of free and fast speed walking patterns of normal men. American Journal of Physical Medicine 45 (1966) 8-23
25. Murray M.P., Mollinger L.A., Gardner G.M., and Sepic S.B. Kinematic and EMG patterns during slow, free, and fast walking. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2 (1984) 272-280
26. Paul J.P. The effect of walking speed on the force actions transmitted at the hip and knee joints. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 63 (1970) 200-202
27. Schwartz M.H., and Rozumalski A. A new method for estimating joint parameters from motion data. Journal of Biomechanics 38 (2005) 107-116
28. Schwartz M.H., Viehweger E., Stout J., Novacheck T.F., and Gage J.R. Comprehensive treatment of ambulatory children with cerebral palsy: an outcome assessment. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 24 (2004) 45-53
29. Segal A., Rohr E., Orendurff M., Shofer J., O'Brien M., and Sangeorzan B. The effect of walking speed on peak plantar pressure. Foot & Ankle International 25 (2004) 926-933
30. Shiavi R., and Griffin P. Changes in electromyographic gait patterns of calf muscles with walking speed. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 30 (1983) 73-76
31. Shiavi R., Bugle H.J., and Limbird T. Electromyographic gait assessment, Part 1: Adult EMG profiles and walking speed. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 24 (1987) 13-23
32. Shiavi R., Hunt M.A., and Waggoner M. Foot contact timing and the effect of walking speed in normal childhood and adult gait. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 26 (1988) 342-348
33. Stansfield B.W., Hillman S.J., Hazlewood M.E., Lawson A.A., Mann A.M., Loudon I.R., and Robb J.E. Normalized speed, not age, characterizes ground reaction force patterns in 5- to 12-year-old children walking at self-selected speeds. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 21 (2001) 395-402
34. Stansfield B.W., Hillman S.J., Hazlewood M.E., and Robb J.E. Regression analysis of gait parameters with speed in normal children walking at self-selected speeds. Gait & Posture 23 (2006) 288-294
35. van der Linden M., Kerr A., Hazlewood M.E., Hillman S.J., and Robb J.E. Kinematic and kinetic gait characteristics of normal children walking at a range of clinically relevant speeds. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 22 (2002) 800-806
36. Vaughan C.L., and O'Malley M.J. Froude and the contribution of naval architecture to our understanding of bipedal locomotion. Gait & Posture 21 (2005) 350-362
37. Vaughan C.L., Langerak N.G., and O'Malley M.J. Neuromaturation of human locomotion revealed by non-dimensional scaling. Experimental Brain Research 153 (2003) 123-127