Case-control study of risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in hospitals of Karachi-Pakistan

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 754-761

  Khan, Uzma R ^a   Janjua, Naveed Z ^a,b   Akhtar, Saeed ^c   Hatcher, Juanita ^a  

^a AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^c KUWAIT UNIVERSITY   (Kuwait)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C; Pakistan; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY;

ANTIBODY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HEALTH RISK; HEPATITIS; IMMUNOASSAY; PREGNANCY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; IATROGENIC DISEASE; INFECTION RISK; JAUNDICE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PAKISTAN; PRENATAL CARE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; TERTIARY HEALTH CARE; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CROSS INFECTION; FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INJECTIONS; MIDDLE AGED; PARITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

ASIA; EURASIA; KARACHI; PAKISTAN; SIND; SOUTH ASIA;

HEPATITIS C VIRUS;

EID: 43549084197     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: 13653156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02075.x     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Ahmad K (2004) Pakistan: a cirrhotic state? Lancet 364, 1843 1844.
2. Akhtar S, Moatter T, Azam SI et al. (2002) Prevalence and risk factors for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 9, 309 314.
3. Akhtar S, Younus M, Adil S et al. (2004) Hepatitis C virus infection in asymptomatic male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 11, 527 535.
4. Altaf A, Fatmi Z, Ajmal A et al. (2004) Determinants of therapeutic injection overuse among communities in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 16, 35 38.
5. Bari A, Akhtar S, Rahbar MH et al. (2001) Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in male adults in Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan. Tropical Medicine & International Health 6, 732 738.
6. Batty DS, Swanson SJ, Kirk AD et al. (2001) Hepatitis C virus seropositivity at the time of renal transplantation in the United States: associated factors and patient survival. American Journal of Transplantation 1, 179 184.
7. CDC Staff Members (1998) Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 47, 1 39.
8. CDGK (2007) City District Government Karachi. Available at: http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/ (accessed 5 November 2007).
9. Chang TT, Liou TC, Young KC et al. (1994) Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus: the important role of inapparent transmission. Journal of Medical Virology 42, 91 96.
10. Chlabicz S, Grzeszczuk A, Prokopowicz D et al. (2004) Medical procedures and the risk of iatrogenic hepatitis C infection: case-controlled study in north-eastern Poland. Journal of Hospital Infection 58, 204 209.
11. Couzigou P, Richard L, Dumas F et al. (1993) Detection of HCV-RNA in saliva of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 34, S59 S60.
12. Giannini C Brechot C (2003) Hepatitis C virus biology. Cell Death and Differentiation 10 (Suppl. 1 S27 S38.
13. Habib M, Mohamed MK, Abdel Aziz F et al. (2001) Hepatitis C virus infection in a community in the Nile Delta: risk factors for seropositivity. Hepatology 33, 248 253.
14. Ho MS, Hsu CP, Yuh Y et al. (1997) High rate of hepatitis C virus infection in an isolated community: persistent hyperendemicity or period-related phenomena? Journal of Medical Virology 52, 370 376.
15. Hyams KC, Palinkas LA, Burr RG et al. (1989) Viral hepatitis in the US Navy, 1975-1984. American Journal of Epidemiology 130, 319 326.
16. Jaffery T, Tariq N, Ayub R et al. (2005) Frequency of hepatitis C in pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Journal of College Physicians and Surgeons - Pakistan 15, 716 719.
17. Janjua NZ, Akhtar S, Hutin Y et al. (2005) Injection use in two districts of Pakistan: implications for disease prevention. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 17, 401 408.
18. Janjua NZ, Hutin YJ, Akhtar S et al. (2006) Population beliefs about the efficacy of injections in Pakistan's Sindh province. Public Health 120, 824 833.
19. Janjua NZ, Razaq M, Chandir S et al. (2007) Poor knowledge - predictor of nonadherence to universal precautions for blood borne pathogens at first level care facilities in Pakistan. BMC Infectious Diseases 7, 81.
20. Jehan I, McClure EM, Salat S et al. (2007) Stillbirths in an urban community in Pakistan. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197, 257.e1 257.e8.
21. Karaca C, Cakaloglu Y, Demir K et al. (2006) Risk factors for the transmission of hepatitis C virus infection in the Turkish population. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 51, 365 369.
22. Khan AJ, Luby SP, Fikree F et al. (2000) Unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C in a periurban community in Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, 956 963.
23. Khokhar N, Alam AY, Naz F et al. (2005) Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in patients on long-term hemodialysis. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - Pakistan 15, 326 328.
24. Luby SP, Qamruddin K, Shah AA et al. (1997) The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiology and Infection 119, 349 356.
25. Mele A, Tosti ME, Marzolini A et al. (2000) Prevention of hepatitis C in Italy: lessons from surveillance of type-specific acute viral hepatitis. SEIEVA collaborating Group. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 7, 30 35.
26. Mohamed MK, Abdel-Hamid M, Mikhail MN et al. (2005) Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C in Egypt. Hepatology 42, 683 687.
27. Muhammad N Jan MA (2005) Frequency of hepatitis C in Buner, NWFP. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons - Pakistan 15, 11 14.
28. al-Nasser N (1992) Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C (HCV): a major mode of spread in the Saudi Arabia population. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 12, 211 215.
29. National Institute of Population Studies (2007) Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07 Preliminary Report Islamabad, Pakistan.
30. Neal KR, Jones DA, Killey D et al. (1994) Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. A case-control study of blood donors in the Trent Region (UK). Epidemiology and Infection 112, 595 601.
31. Pastore L, Fiore JR, Tateo M et al. (2006) Detection of hepatitis C virus-RNA in saliva from chronically HCV-infected patients. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 19, 217 224.
32. Rao MR, Naficy AB, Darwish MA et al. (2002) Further evidence for association of hepatitis C infection with parenteral schistosomiasis treatment in Egypt. BMC Infectious Diseases 2, 29.
33. Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ et al. (2005) Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infectious Diseases 5, 558 567.
34. Statistics F. B. O. (1998) 'Population Census Organisation Pakistan.' Available at: http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/index.html (accessed 1 October 2007).
35. Sun CA, Chen HC, Lu SN et al. (2001) Persistent hyperendemicity of hepatitis C virus infection in Taiwan: the important role of iatrogenic risk factors. Journal of Medical Virology 65, 30 34.
36. Wang CS, Chang TT, Choo P et al. (1998) Differences in risk factors for being either a hepatitis B carrier or anti-hepatitis C+ in a hepatoma-hyperendemic area in rural Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 51, 733 738.
37. Wang CS, Chang TT, Yao WJ et al. (2002) Comparison of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus prevalence and risk factors in a community-based study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66, 389 393.
38. WHO (2000) Hepatitis Fact Sheet No. 164. WHO, Geneva.