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Fridkin SK, Kaufman D, Edwards JR, et al. Changing incidence of Candida bloodstream infections among NICU patients in the United States: 1995-2004. Pediatrics 2006; 117:1680-1687. Largest multicenter data analysis of Candida BSIs, data from the NNIS from 1995 to 2004 from 132 NICUs and 130 523 neonates. For infants <1000 g, >50% of NICUs had fungal BSI rates of 7.5% and 25% had rates >13.5%. There was variation between NICUs ranging from 3 to 23% for the 10th and 90th percentiles. Limited in only reporting BSIs and not all ICI.
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Smith PB, Morgan J, Benjamin JD, et al. Excess costs of hospital care associated with neonatal candidemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:197-200. Candida BSI was associated with increased median hospital costs of $28 446 and length of stay of 9 days. Hospital costs were significantly higher in infants >750 g and length of stay in infants >1000 g. Study limitation: used ICD-9 codes which may or may not have been chosen for ICIs.
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Smith PB, Morgan J, Benjamin JD, et al. Excess costs of hospital care associated with neonatal candidemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:197-200. Candida BSI was associated with increased median hospital costs of $28 446 and length of stay of 9 days. Hospital costs were significantly higher in infants >750 g and length of stay in infants >1000 g. Study limitation: used ICD-9 codes which may or may not have been chosen for ICIs.
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46
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Zaoutis TE, Heydon K, Localio R, et al. Outcomes attributable to neonatal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:1187-1193. ICIs increased costs by >$39 045 in infants <1000 g and by $122 302 in infants ≥1000 g with an additional length of stay of 16 days. Overall morality rate of 26% with attributable mortality of 11.9% due to invasive candidiasis. At one center the ICD-9 code was only used in 70% of the cases. Study limitation: used ICD-9 codes which may or may not have been chosen for ICIs.
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Zaoutis TE, Heydon K, Localio R, et al. Outcomes attributable to neonatal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:1187-1193. ICIs increased costs by >$39 045 in infants <1000 g and by $122 302 in infants ≥1000 g with an additional length of stay of 16 days. Overall morality rate of 26% with attributable mortality of 11.9% due to invasive candidiasis. At one center the ICD-9 code was only used in 70% of the cases. Study limitation: used ICD-9 codes which may or may not have been chosen for ICIs.
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47
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Makhoul IR, Bental Y, Weisbrod M, et al. Candidal versus bacterial late-onset sepsis in very low birthweight infants in Israel: a national survey. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65:237-243. Candidal sepsis, compared with bacterial sepsis, was associated with decreasing gestational age and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). BPD only (OR1.84; 95% CI 1.03-3.23) and BPD with postnatal steroid therapy (OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.59-4.46) were independently associated with an increased risk for candidal sepsis.
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Makhoul IR, Bental Y, Weisbrod M, et al. Candidal versus bacterial late-onset sepsis in very low birthweight infants in Israel: a national survey. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65:237-243. Candidal sepsis, compared with bacterial sepsis, was associated with decreasing gestational age and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). BPD only (OR1.84; 95% CI 1.03-3.23) and BPD with postnatal steroid therapy (OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.59-4.46) were independently associated with an increased risk for candidal sepsis.
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48
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The rate of candidaemia in preterm infants born at a gestational age of 23-28 weeks is inversely correlated to gestational age
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Johnsson H, Ewald U. The rate of candidaemia in preterm infants born at a gestational age of 23-28 weeks is inversely correlated to gestational age. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93:954-958.
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Risk factors for candidemia in critically ill infants: A matched case-control study
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Feja KN, Wu F, Roberts K, et al. Risk factors for candidemia in critically ill infants: a matched case-control study. J Pediatr 2005; 147:156-161.
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