Differential Effects of Emotion-Focused Therapy and Psychoeducation in Facilitating Forgiveness and Letting Go of Emotional Injuries

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 185-196

  Greenberg, Leslie S ^a   Warwar, Serine H ^a   Malcolm, Wanda M ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

emotion focused therapy; forgiveness; interpersonal injuries; letting go; psychoeducation

Indexed keywords

EID: 43449102472     PISSN: 00220167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.55.2.185     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Akhtar S. Forgiveness: Origins, dynamics, psychopathology, and technical relevance. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 71 (2002) 175-212
2. Al-Mabuk R.H., Enright R.D., and Cardis P.A. Forgiveness education with parentally love-deprived late adolescents. Journal of Moral Education 24 (1995) 427-444
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. (2000), Author, Washington, DC
4. Battle C., Imber S., Hoehn-Saric R., Stone A., Nash C., and Frank J. Target complaints as criteria of improvements. American Journal of Psychotherapy 20 (1968) 184-192
5. Baures M.M. Letting go of bitterness and hate. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 36 (1996) 75-90
6. Beck A.T., Steer R.A., and Garbin M.G. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review 8 (1988) 77-100
7. Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M., Mock J., and Ebaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4 (1961) 561-571
8. Berecz J.M. All that glitters is not gold: Bad forgiveness in counseling and preaching. Pastoral Psychology 49 (2001) 253-275
9. Bolger E. Grounded theory analysis of emotional pain. Psychotherapy Research 9 (1999) 342-362
10. Boss J. Throwing pearls to the swine: Women, forgiveness, and the unrepentant abuser. In: Kaplan L.D., and Bove L.F. (Eds). Philosophical perspectives on power and domination: Theories and practices (1997), Rodopi, Atlanta, GA 235-247
11. Coyle C.T., and Enright R.D. Forgiveness intervention with postabortion men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 (1997) 1042-1046
12. Cronbach L.J., and Furby L. How we should measure "change"-or should we?. Psychological Bulletin 74 (1970) 68-80
13. Davenport D.S. The functions of anger and forgiveness: Guidelines for psychotherapy with victims. Psychotherapy 28 (1991) 140-144
14. Derogatis L.R. SCL-90-R administration, scoring, and procedures manual for the revised version (1983), Clinical Psychiatric Research, Baltimore
15. Derogatis L.R., Rickels K., and Roch A.F. The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A step in the validation of a new self-report scale. British Journal of Psychiatry 128 (1976) 280-289
16. Elliott R., Watson J., Goldman R., and Greenberg L. Learning emotion-focused therapy (2004), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
17. Enright R.D., and Eastin D.L. Interpersonal forgiveness within the helping professions: An attempt to resolve differences of opinion. Counseling and Values 36 (1992) 84-103
18. Enright R.D., and Fitzgibbons R.P. Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope (2000), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
19. Enright R.D., Rique J., and Coyle C.T. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI) user's manual (2000), International Forgiveness Institute, Madison, WI
20. Fincham F.D. The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships 7 (2000) 1-23
21. Fitzgibbons R.P. The cognitive and emotive uses of forgiveness in the treatment of anger. Psychotherapy 23 (1986) 629-633
22. Fredrickson B.L. What good are positive emotions?. Review of General Psychology 2 (1998) 300-319
23. Fredrickson B., Mancuso R., Branigan C., and Tugade M. The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion 23 (2000) 237-258
24. Freedman S.R., and Enright R.D. Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 983-992
25. Gendlin E.T. Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method (1996), Guilford Press, New York
26. Greenberg L.S. Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through feelings (2002), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
27. Greenberg L.S. Emotion-focused therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 11 (2004) 3-16
28. Greenberg L.S., Auszra L., and Herrmann I.R. The relationship among emotional productivity, emotional arousal, and outcome in experiential therapy of depression. Psychotherapy Research 17 (2007) 482-493
29. Greenberg, L. S., Malcolm, W. M., & Warwar, S. H., (2002). Emotion-focused therapy manual for resolving interpersonal emotional injuries. Unpublished manuscript, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
30. Greenberg L.S., and Paivio S.C. Working with emotions in psychotherapy (1997), Guilford Press, New York
31. Greenberg L.S., Rice L.N., and Elliot R. Facilitating emotional change: The moment by moment process (1993), Guilford Press, New York
32. Greenberg L.S., and Rosenberg R. Therapist experience of empathy. In: Watson J.C., Goldman R.N., and Warner M. (Eds). Client-centred and experiential psychotherapy in the 21st century: Advances in theory, research, and practice (2002), PCCS Books, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, United Kingdom
33. Greenberg L.S., and Watson J. Experiential therapy of depression: Differential effects of client-centered relationship conditions and process experiential interventions. Psychotherapy Research 8 (1998) 210-224
34. Greenberg L.S., and Watson J. Emotion-focused therapy for depression (2006), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
35. Harris A.H.S., and Thoresen C.E. Forgiveness, unforgiveness, health, and disease. In: Worthington Jr. E.L. (Ed). Handbook of forgiveness (2005), Routledge, New York 321-333
36. Hebl J.H., and Enright R.D. Forgiveness as a psychotherapeutic goal with elderly females. Psychotherapy 30 (1993) 658-667
37. Hope D. The healing paradox of forgiveness. Psychotherapy 24 (1987) 240-244
38. Horvath A., and Greenberg L.S. Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology 36 (1989) 223-233
39. Karen R. The forgiving self: The road from resentment to connection (2001), Doubleday, New York
40. Kenny D. The effect of nonindependence on significance testing in dyadic research. Personal Relationships 2 (1995) 67-75
41. Klassen D. The forgiveness workbook (2001), Listening Centre, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
42. Macaskill A., Maltby J., and Day L. Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. Journal of Social Psychology 142 (2002) 663-665
43. Malcolm W.M., Warwar S.H., and Greenberg L.S. Facilitating forgiveness in individual therapy as an approach to resolving interpersonal injuries. In: Worthington Jr. E.L. (Ed). Handbook of forgiveness (2005), Routledge, New York 379-391
44. McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., & Worthington, E. L. Jr. (1997, August). A sustainable future for the psychology of forgiveness. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
45. McCullough M.E., and Witvliet C.V.O. The psychology of forgiveness. In: Snyder C.R., and Lopez S. (Eds). Handbook of positive psychology (2001), Oxford, New York 446-458
46. McCullough M.E., and Worthington Jr. E.L. Encouraging clients to forgive people who have hurt them: Review, critique, and research prospectus. Journal of Psychology and Theology 22 (1994) 3-20
47. McCullough M.E., Worthington Jr. E.L., and Rachal K.C. Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997) 321-336
48. Missirlian T., Toukmanian S., Warwar S., and Greenberg L. Emotional arousal, client perceptual processing, and the Working Alliance in Experiential Psychotherapy for Depression. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 73 (2005) 861-871
49. Orcutt H.K. The prospective relationship of interpersonal forgiveness and psychological distress symptoms among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology 53 (2006) 350-361
50. Paivio S.C., and Greenberg L.S. Resolving "unfinished business": Efficacy of experiential therapy using empty-chair dialogue. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 (1995) 419-425
51. Paivio S.C., Hall I.E., Holowaty K.A.M., Jellis J.B., and Tran N. Imaginal confrontation for resolving child abuse issues. Psychotherapy Research 11 (2001) 433-453
52. Paivio S.C., and Nieuwenhuis J.A. Efficacy of emotionally focused therapy for adult survivors of child abuse: A preliminary study. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 (2001) 115-134
53. Raudenbush S.W., and Bryk A.S. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. 2nd ed. (2002), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
54. Ripley J., and Worthington E. Hope-focused and forgiveness-focused group interventions to promote marital enrichment. Journal of Counseling and Development 80 (2002) 452-463
55. Rowe J.O., Halling S., Davies E., Leifer M., Powers D., and Van Bronkhorst J. The psychology of forgiving another: A dialogal research approach. In: Valle R.S., and Halling S. (Eds). Existential-phenomenological perspective in psychology: Exploring the breadth of human experience (1989), Plenum Press, New York
56. Shrout P.E., and Fleiss J.L. Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin 86 (1979) 420-428
57. Singh, M. (1994). Validation of a measure of session outcome in the resolution of unfinished business. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
58. Skinner C.J., Holt D., and Smith T.M.F. Analysis of complex surveys (1989), Wiley, West Sussex, England
59. Smedes L.B. Forgive and forget: Healing the hurts we don't deserve (1984), Harper San Francisco, San Francisco
60. Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B., Gibbon M., and First M.B. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II) (1990), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC
61. Wade N.G., and Worthington Jr. E.L. Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness?. Journal of Counseling & Development 81 (2003) 343-353
62. Warwar, S. (2003). Relating emotional processes to outcome in experiential psychotherapy of depression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
63. Warwar, S., & Greenberg, L. S. (1999). Client Emotional Arousal Scale-III. Unpublished manuscript, York Psychotherapy Research Clinic, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
64. Warwar, S., & Greenberg, L. (2002). Emotional Arousal Session Report Measure. Unpublished manuscript, York University, North York, ON, Canada.
65. Watson J., and Greenberg L. Pathways to change in the psychotherapy of depression: Relating process to session change and outcome. Psychotherapy 33 (1996) 262-274
66. Witvliet C., Ludwig T., and Vander Laan K. Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science 12 (2001) 117-123
67. Worthington Jr. E.L. The pyramid model of forgiveness: Some interdisciplinary speculations about unforgiveness and the promotion of forgiveness. In: Worthington Jr. E.L. (Ed). Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives (1998), Templeton Foundation Press, Philadelphia 107-138
68. Worthington Jr. E.L. Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving (2001), Crown Publishing, New York
69. Worthington Jr. E.L. Initial questions about the art and science of forgiving. In: Worthington Jr. E.L. (Ed). Handbook of forgiveness (2005), Routledge, New York 1-13
70. Worthington Jr. E.L., and Drinkard D.T. Promoting reconciliation through psychoeducational and therapeutic interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 26 (2000) 93-101
71. Worthington Jr. E.L., Sandage S.J., and Berry J.W. Group interventions to promote forgiveness: What researchers and clinicians ought to know. In: McCullough M.E., Pargament K.I., and Thoresen C.E. (Eds). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (2000), Guilford Press, New York 228-253
72. Worthington Jr. E.L., and Wade N.G. The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 18 (1999) 385-418