The history of left septal fascicular block: Chronological considerations of a reality yet to be universally accepted

Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 114-128

  Perez Riera, Andres Ricardo ^a,i   Uchida, Augusto Hiroshi ^b   Schapachnik, Edgardo ^c   Dubner, Sergio ^d   Zhang, Li ^e   Ferreira Filho, Celso ^a   Ferreira, Celso ^a,f   Ferrara, Dardo E ^g   de Luna, Antoni Bayes ^h   Moffa, Paulo Jorge ^b  

^a FACULDADE DE MEDICINA DO ABC   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c HOSPITAL GENERAL DE AGUDOS DR COSME ARGERICH   (Argentina)

^d Clinica y Maternidad Suizo Argentina   (Argentina)

^e UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^g EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

ⁱ Hospital Sant Pau ^*  (Brazil)

Author keywords

Fascicular blocks; Hemiblocks; Left Hissian intraventricular system; Left septal fascicular block

Indexed keywords

CHAGAS DISEASE; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE; HEART VENTRICLE CONDUCTION; HIS BUNDLE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING CORONARY ARTERY; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; REVIEW; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; VECTORCARDIOGRAPHY;

EID: 43449099767     PISSN: None     EISSN: 09726292     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. His H Jr. Die Tatigkeit des embryonalen herzens deren Redeutung fur die Lehere von der Herzbewegegung beim Erwachsensn. Med. Klin.1893; 1: 14.
2. Silverman ME, Grove D, Upshaw CB Jr. Why does the heart beat? The discovery of the electrical system of the heart. Circulation. 2006; 113: 2775-2781.
3. Tawara S: Das Reizleitungssystem des Saeugetierherzens: eine anatomisch-histologische Studie uber die Atrioventrikularbundel und der Purkinjeschen Faden. Jena, Germany: Verslag Gustav Fischer, 1906:35-201.
4. Tawara S. Die topographie und histologie der bruckenfaser: ein beitrag zur lehre vonder bedeutung der Purkinjeschen faden Zantralbl Physiol. 1906; 19: 70-79.
5. Suma K. Sunao Tawara: a father of modern cardiology. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001; 24: 88-96.
6. Rothberger CJ, Winterberg H.: Experimentelle Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Reizleitungsstorungen in den Kammern des Saugetierherzens. Zeitschr. f. d. Ges. Exp Med. 1917; 5: 264.
7. Scher AM, Young AC. The pathway of ventricular depolarization in the dog. Circ Res. 1956; 4: 461-469.
8. Uhley HN, Rivkin L. Peripheral distribution of the canine A-V conduction system. Am J Cardiol. 1960; 5: 688-691.
9. Uhley HN, Rivkin LM. Electrocardiographic patterns following interruption of the main and peripheral branches of the canine left bundle of His. Am. J Cardiol. 1964; 13:41-41.
10. Robb JS, Comparative basic Cardiology. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1964.
11. Rosenbaum MB, Elizari MV, Lazzari JO. Los Hemibloqueos. Editorial Paidos. Buenos Aires, 1967.
12. Rosenbaum MB. Types of left bundle branch block and their clinical significance. J Electrocardiol 1969; 2:197-206.
13. Rosenbaum MB, Elizari MV, Lazzari JO, Nau GJ, Lui RJ, Halpern MS: Intraventricular trifascicular block. Review of the literature and classification. Am Heart J 1969; 78: 450-459.
14. Rosenbaum MB, Elizari MV, Lazzari JO: The Hemiblocks: Diagnostic criteria and clinical significance. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1970; 39:141-146.
15. Elizari MV, Acunzo RS, Ferreiro M. Hemiblocks revisited. Circulation. 2007; 115:1154-1163.
16. Barry A, Pattern BN. The structure of the adult heart, In: Pathology of the heart and blood vessels. 3rd Ed, edited by bould SE, Thomas S. 1968; p.123.
17. Cohen SI, Lau SH, Stein E, Young MW, Damato AN. Variations of aberrant ventricular conduction in man: evidence of isolated and combined block within the specialized conduction system. An electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study. Circulation 1968; 38: 899-916.
18. Durrer D, Van Dam RT, Freud GE, et al. Total excitation of the isolated human heart. Circulation 1970; 44: 899-912.
19. Alboni P, Malacame C, Baggioni G, et al. Left bifascicular block with normally conducting middle fascicle. J Electrocardiol 1977; 10: 401-404.
20. Rossi L. Trifascicular conduction system and left branch hemiblock. Anatomical and histopathological considerations. G Ital Cardiol. 1971; 1:55-62.
21. Demoulin JC, Kulbertus HE. Histopathological examination of concept of left hemiblock. Br Heart J 1972; 34, 807-814.
22. Demoulin JC, Kulbertus HE. Left bemiblocks revisited from the histopathological view point. Am Heart J 1973; 86: 712-713.
23. Uhley HN. Some controversy regarding the peripheral distribution of the conduction system. Am J Cardiol 1972; 30:919-920.
24. Hecht, HH, Kossmann CE, Childers RW, et. al. Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction. Revised the nomenclature and concepts. Am J Cardiol 1973; 31:232-244.
25. Uhley HN. The Quadrifascicular Nature of the Peripheral Conduction System, in Dreifus LS, and Likoff W, (eds.): Cardiac Arrhythmias; New York: Grune & Stratton. Inc. 1973.
26. Myerburg RJ, Nilsson K, Gelband H. Physiology of canine intraventricular conduction and endocardial excitation. Circ Res 1972; 30:217-243.
27. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A, Basset A, Gelband H. Functional properties of the distal AV conducting system. Adv Cardiol. 1975; 14:94-104.
28. Myerburg RJ, Stewart JW, Hoffman BF. Electrophysiological properties of the canine peripheral A V conduction system. Circ Res 1970; 26:361-378.
29. Gambetta M, Childers RW. Rate-dependent right precordial Q waves: "Septal focal block". Am J Cardiol 1973;32:196-201.
30. Lazzara R, Yeh BK, Samet P. Functional anatomy of the canine left bundle branch. Am J Cardiol 1974; 33: 623-632.
31. Lazzara R, El-Sherif N, Befeler B, Scherlag BJ. Regional refractoriness withim. the ventricular conduction system. An evaluation of the "gate" hypothesis. Circ Res 1976; 39: 254-262.
32. Kulbertus, HE. Concept of left hemiblocks, revisited. A histopathological and experimental study. Adv Cardiol. 1975; 14:126435.
33. Kulbertus HE, Demoulin J: Pathological basis of concept of left hemiblock. in The conduction system of the heart, Wellens HJJ, Lie KI, Janse MJ, editors: Leiden, Philadelphia, 1976, p 287 Lea & Febigej.
34. Medrano GA, Brenes CP, De Micheli A, Sodi Pallares D. Simultaneous block of the anterior and posterior subdivisions of the left branch of the bundle of His (biphasic block), and its association with the right branch block (triphasic block). Experimental and clinical electrocardiographic study. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1970; 40.752-770.
35. Massing GK, James TN. Anatomical configuration of the His bundle and bundle branches in the human heart. Circulation 1976; 53:609-621.
36. Kulbertus HE, de-Leval-Rutten F, Casters P. Vectorcardiographic study of aberrant conduction. Anterior displacement of QRS: another form of intraventricular block. Br Heart J 1976; 38:549-557.
37. Hoffman I, Mahter L, Hilzenrath J, Hamby RI. Anterior conduction delay: A possible cause for prominent anterior QRS forces. J Electrocardiol 1976; 9:15-21.
38. De Padua F, Reis DD, Lopes VM, et al.: Left median hemiblock - a chimera? In: Rijlant P; Kornreich F, eds. 3rs Int. Congr. Electrocardiology. (17th Int. Symp. Vectorcardiography). Brussels, 1976.
39. de Padua F, dos Reis DD, Lopes VM, Pereira Miguel J, Lopes MG, da Silva TM, de Padua JP. Left median hemiblock - a chimera? Adv Cardiol. 1978, 21:242-248.
40. De Padua F Preirina A, Lopes MG, Conduction defects. In Comprehensive Electrocardiology Theory and Practice in Health and Disease Editors Petter W Macfarlane, TD Veitch Lawrie. University of Glasgow, UK 1989; pp: 459-509.
41. Cooksey JD, Dunn M, Massie E: Fascicular block. In Clinical Vectorcardiography and Electrocardiography. Second Edition. Year Book Medical Publishers. Chicago. 1977, p:351
42. Nakaya Y, Hiasa Y, Murayama Y, Ueda S,, Nagao T, Niki T, Mori H, Takashima Y. Prominent anterior QRS force as a manifestation of left septal fascicular block. J Electrocardiol 1978; 11:39-46.
43. Nakaya Y, Hiraga T. Reassessment of the Subdivision Block of the Left Bundle Branch. Jpn Circ J 1981; 45:503-516.
44. Iwamura N, Kodama I, Shimizu T, Hirata Y, Toyama J, Yamada K. Functional properties of the left septal Purkinje network in premature activation of the ventricular conduction system. Am Heart J 1978; 95:60-69.
45. Dabrowska B, Ruka M, Walczak E. The electrocardiographic diagnosis of left septal fascicular block. Eur J Cardiol 1979;6:347-357.
46. Dabrowska B. Role of the septal fascicle of the left bundle branch in the system of intraventricular conduction. Kardiol Pol 1979; 22:497-501.
47. Cheng CH, Nobuyoshi M, Kawai C. ECG pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy in nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The significance of the mid-precordial changes. Am Heart J 1979; 97:697-695.
48. Athanassopoulos CB. Transient focal septal block. Chest 1979; 75:728-730.
49. Tranchesi J, Moffa PJ, Pastore CA, et al. Block of the antero-medial division of the left bundle branch of His in coronary diseases. Vectorcardigraphic characterization. Arq Bras Cardiol 1979; 3:355-360.
50. Cesar LAM, Carvalho VB, Moffa PJ, et al. Bloqueio da divisao antero-medial do feixe de His e obstrucao da arteria coronaria descendente anterior. Correlacao eletrocinecoronariografica. Rev Latina de Cardiol 1990; 1:57-63.
51. Nakaya Y, Inoue H, Hiasa Y, Niki T, Mori H. Functional importance of the left septal Purkinje network in the left ventricular conduction system. Jpn Heart J 1981; 22:363-376.
52. Moffa PJ, Del Nero E, Tobias NM, Serro Azul LG, Pileggi F, Decourt LV.: The left anterior septal block in Chagas disease. Jap Heart J. 1982; 23:163-165.
53. Moffa PJ. Eletrocardiograma Normal E Patologico. Nocoes de vectorcardiografía. Joao Tranchesi. Sexta edicao, Capitulo XVI. Atheneu Editora Sao Paulo Ltda. 1983. pag: 294-347.
54. Inoue H, Nakaya Y, Niki T, Mori H, Hiasa Y. Vectorcardiorgraphic and epicardial activation studies on experimentally induced subdivision block of the left bundle branch. Jpn Circ J 1983; 47:1179-1189.
55. Sakaguchi Y, Konishi N, Enoki N, Shimoyama T, Hiasa Y, Murata Y, Kagoshima T, Ishikawa H, Okada RA. Mprphological study of the left bundle branch in the normal human heart. Acta Pathol Jpn 1988; 38:417-424.
56. Mori H, Kobayashi S, Mohri S. Electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of the left septal fascicular block and its frequency among primarily elderly hospitalized patients. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1992; 29:293-297.
57. Dhala A, Gonzalez Zuelgaray J, Deshapande S, et. al.: Unmasking the trifascicular left intraventricular conduction system by ablation of the right bundle branch. Am J Cardiol. 1996; 77: 706-712.
58. Moffa PJ, Ferreira BM, Sanches PC, Tobias NM, Pastore CA, Bellotti G. Intermittent antero-medial divisional block in patients with coronary disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 1997; 68:293-296.
59. Moffa PJ, Sanches PCR, Joao Tranchesi. Eletrocardiograma Normal e Patologico. Nocoes de vetorcardiografía. Setima edicao, Capitulo XVI. 1a Edicao pela Editors, ROCA Ltda. Sao Paulo 2001. pp. 413-461.
60. Sanches PCR, Moffa PJ, Sosa E, et al. Electrical Endocardial Mapping of Five Patients with Typical ECG of Left-Middle (Septal) Fascicular Block. In Proceedings of the XXVIII International Congress on Electrocardiology Guaruja SP Brazil. Editor Pastore CA, Heart Institute of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2001 pp 89-95.
61. Josephson ME, Horowitz LN, Speilman SR et al. Role of catheter mapping in the preoperative evaluation of ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1982; 49:207-220.
62. MacAlpin RN. In search of left septal fascicular block. Am Heart J 2002; 144:948-954.
63. MacAlpin RN, Left Septal Fascicular Block: Myth or Reality? Indian pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003; 3: 157-177.
64. Uchida AH, Moffa PJ, Riera AR, Ferreira BM. Exercise-induced left septal fascicular block: an expression of severe myocardial ischemia. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006; 6:135-138.
65. Bayes de Luna A, Zareba W. New terminology of the cardiac walls and new classification of Q-wave M infarction based on cardiac magnetic resonance correlations. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2007;12: 1-4.
66. Rosembaum MB, Elizari MV, Lazzari JO. Los Hemibloqueos. Editorial Paidos, Buenos Aires. Chapter II; pp 77, 1968.