Implicit ingroup metafavoritism: Subtle preference for ingroup members displaying ingroup bias

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 807-818

  Castelli, Luigi ^a,b   Tomelleri, Silvia ^a   Zogmaister, Cristina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b Dipartimento di Psicologia Dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione   (Italy)

Author keywords

Implicit processes; Ingroup bias; Intragroup dynamics

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DECISION MAKING; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; GROUP PROCESS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; PEER GROUP; PERCEPTION; PERSONALITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ATTITUDE; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; GROUP PROCESSES; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; JUDGMENT; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PEER GROUP; PERSONALITY; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL CONFORMITY; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 43449096008     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167208315210     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Aboud, F.E. (1988). Children and prejudice. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
2. Aboud, F.E. (2003). The formation of ingroup attitudes and outgroup prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes ? Developmental Psychology, 39, 48-60.
3. Abrams, D., Marques, J.M., Brown, N., & Henson, M. (2000). Pro-norm and anti-norm deviance within and between groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 906-912.
4. Baron, A.S., & Banaji, M.R. (2006). The development of implicit attitudes: Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science, 17, 53-58.
5. Bodenhausen, G.V., Macrae, C.N., & Garst, J. (1998). Stereotypes in thought and deed: The social-cognitive origins of intergroup discrimination. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler, & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 311-335). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
6. Branscombe, N.R., Wann, D.L., Noel, J.G., & Coleman, J. (1993). Ingroup or out-group extremity: Importance of the threatened social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 381-388.
7. Brewer, M.B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
8. Brewer, M.B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: In-group love or out-group hate ? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-444.
9. Castano, E., Yzerbyt, V., Paladino, M.P., & Sacchi, S. (2002). I belong, therefore, I exist: Ingroup identification, ingroup entitativity, and ingroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 135-143.
10. Castelli, L., Arcuri, L., & Zogmaister, C. (2003). Perceiving ingroup members who use stereotypes: Implicit conformity and similarity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 163-175.
11. Castelli, L., De Amicis, L., & Sherman, S.J. (2007). The loyal member effect: On the preference for ingroup members who engage in exclusive relations with the ingroup. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1347-1359.
12. Castelli, L., Pavan, G., Ferrari, E., & Kashima, Y. (2007). The stereotype and the chameleon: On the subtle processes that reinforce stereotype use. Manuscript submitted for publication.
13. Castelli, L., Vanzetto, K., Sherman, S.J., & Arcuri, L. (2001). The explicit and implicit perception of ingroup members who use stereotypes: Blatant rejection but subtle conformity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 419-426.
14. Castelli, L., Zecchini, A., Sherman, S.J., & De Amicis, L. (2005). The impact of implicit prejudice about the elderly on the reaction to stereotype confirmation and disconfirmation. Current Psychology, 24, 134-146.
15. Castelli, L., Zogmaister, C., Smith, E.R., & Arcuri, L. (2004). On the automatic evaluation of social exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 373-387.
16. Crandall, C.S., Eshleman, A., & O' Brien, L. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 359-378.
17. Crosby, F., Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 546-563.
18. Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
19. Dovidio, J.F., & Gaertner, S.L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11, 315-319.
20. Dovidio, J.F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S.L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-68.
21. Fazio, R.H., Jackson, J.R., Dunton, B.C., & Williams, C.J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
22. Franco, F.M., & Maass, A. (1999). Intentional control over prejudice: When the choice of the measure matters. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 469-477.
23. Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1985). The effects of an overheard racial slur on evaluations of the target: How to spread a social disease. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 61-72.
24. Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
25. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
26. Gregg, A.P., Seibt, B., & Banaji, M.R. (2006). Easier done than undone: Asymmetry in the malleability of implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 1-20.
27. Hogg, M.A., Hardie, E.A., & Reynolds, K.J. (1995). Prototypical similarity, self-categorization, and depersonalized attraction: A perspective on group cohesiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 159-177.
28. Jacoby, L.L., Kelley, C.M., Brown, J., & Jasechko, J. (1989). Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 326-338.
29. Jacoby, L.L., Yonelinas, A.P., & Jennings, J.M. (1997). The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 13-48). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
30. Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A.R. (1996). Intergroup norms and intergroup discrimination: Distinctive self-categorization and social identity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1222-1233.
31. Jost, J.T. (2001). Outgroup favoritism and the theory of system justification: A paradigm for investigating the effects of socioeconomic success on stereotype content. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (pp. 89-102). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
32. Leonardelli, G.J., & Brewer, M.B. (2001). Minority and majority discrimination: When and why. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 468-485.
33. Levine, J.M. (1989). Reaction to opinion deviance in small groups. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.), Psychology of group influence (pp. 187-231). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
34. Leyens, J.-P., & Yzerbyt, V.Y. (1992). The ingroup overexclusion effect: Impact of valence and confirmation on stereotypical information search. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 549-569.
35. Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G.R. (1989). Language use in intergroup context: The linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 981-993.
36. Mae, L., & Carlston, D.E. (2005). Hoist your own petard: When prejudice remarks are recognized and backfire on speakers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 240-255.
37. Marques, J.M., Abrams, D., Paez, D., & Taboada, C. (1998). The role of categorization and in-group norms in judgments of groups and their members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 976-988.
38. Marques, J.M., & Yzerbyt, V.Y. (1988). The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity toward ingroup members in inter- and intragroup situations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 287-292.
39. Marques, J.M., Yzerbyt, V.Y., & Leyens, J.-P. (1988). The "blacksheep effect": Extremity of judgments toward ingroup members as a function of group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 1-16.
40. Moskowitz, G.B., Salomon, A.R., & Taylor, C.M. (2000). Preconsciously controlling stereotyping: Implicitly activated egalitarian goals prevent the activation of stereotypes. Social Cognition, 18, 151-177.
41. Mummendey, A., Otten, S., Berger, U., & Kessler, T. (2000). Positive-negative asymmetry in social discrimination: Valence of evaluation and salience of categorization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1258-1270.
42. Nesdale, D., & Flesser, D. (2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72, 506-517.
43. Nosek, B., & Banaji, M.R. (2001). The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625-664.
44. Otten, S., & Wentura, D. (1999). About the impact of automaticity in the minimal group paradigm: Evidence from affective priming tasks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1049-1071.
45. Rudman, L.A. (2004). Sources of implicit attitudes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 79-82.
46. Rudman, L.A., Feinberg, J., & Fairchild, K. (2002). Minority members' implicit attitudes: Automatic ingroup bias as a function of group status. Social Cognition, 20, 294-320.
47. Rudman, L.A., & Goodwin, S.A. (2004). Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 494-509.
48. Rudman, L.A., Phelan, J.E., & Heppen, J.B. (2007). Developmental sources of implicit attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1700-1713.
49. Ruscher, J.B. (1998). Prejudice and stereotyping in everyday communication. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 241-307). New York: Academic Press.
50. Scheepers, D., Branscombe, N.R., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002). The emergence and effects of deviants in low and high status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 611-617.
51. Stephan, W.G., Boniecki, K.A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K.S., Jackson, L.A., et al. (2002). The role of threats in the racial attitudes of Blacks and Whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1242-1254.
52. Tajfel, H., Billig, M.G., Bundy, H.P., & Flament, C.I. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
53. Turner, J.C., Hogg, M., Oakes, P.J., Reicher, S.D., & Wetherell, M.S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
54. Vaes, J., Paladino, M.P., Castelli, L., Leyens, J.-P., & Giovanazzi, A. (2003). On the behavioral consequences of infra-humanization: The implicit role of uniquely human emotions in intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1016-1034.
55. Wilson, T.D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T.Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126.
56. Yzerbyt, V.Y., Leyens, J.-P., & Bellour, F. (1995). The ingroup overexclusion effect: Identity concerns in decisions about group membership. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 1-16.